Psychology 101

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a neutral stimulus and a neutral response.

False

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical Conditioning

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instincts

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again increases.

True

Latent learning is learning that occurs, but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

True

Reflexes are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events. Reflexes are simpler than instincts; instincts involve the organism as a whole while reflexes do not.

True

Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). Alcoholics who wish to use taste aversion could take an emetic that will cause vomiting only if alcohol is ingested. If they ingest alcohol they will throw up and gradually come to associate the taste of alcohol with nausea and avoid alcohol in the future.

True

The conditioned response (CR) is caused by the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.

True

The conditioning approach to behavior modification: An unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (e.g., salivation). The stimulus occurs immediately before the response.

True

The four means of modifying behavior are negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment.

True

The four reinforcement schedules are fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio.

True

When using a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. When using a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, a predetermined number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded. The difference is when the reward occurs: after a specific time period versus after a certain number of responses.

True

With a variable interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed. With a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses. The difference is when a reward is given: after an unpredictable amount of time versus after an unpredictable amount of responses have occurred.

True