Psychology 102 Chapter 12

William James would suggest that we feel sorry because we

cry and are afraid because we tremble.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Type A:

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people (Type A)

Type B:

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people (Type B)

general adaptation syndrome (GAS):

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, exhaustion (general adaptation syndrome (GAS))

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by avoiding or ignoring a stressor

and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction is known as emotion-focused coping.

Highly emotional people are intense partly because of their interpretations. They may personalize

events as being somehow directed at them, and they may generalize their experiences by blowing single incidents out of proportion.

You look down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. You immediately feel your heart start to pound and you simultaneously

experience fear. The theory that best explains this emotional response is the Cannon-Bard theory.

After John's stroke, his family noticed he was depressed and had difficulty showing positive emotions. This was contrary to the easy-going, positive characteristics he

formerly displayed. According to Eddie Harmon-Jones, the stroke was probably located in the left frontal lobe.

In times of stress, the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete

glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as cortisol.

psychophysiological illness:

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches (psychophysiological illness)

The interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine integrates behavioral and

medical knowledge, applying this knowledge to health and disease.

adaptation-level phenomenon:

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience (adaptation-level phenomenon)

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual

passion. This best illustrates spillover effect.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon:

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood (feel-good, do-good phenomenon)

Performance on tasks depends on arousal level as well as the type of task. For optimal

performance on a DIFFICULT task, relatively low arousal is best.

subjective well-being:

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life (subjective well-being)

Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to

show high levels of brain activity in the left frontal lobe.

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion that emphasizes the

simultaneous experience of body response and emotional feeling.

People tend to use emotion-focused, rather than problem-focused, coping

strategies when they believe they cannot change a stressful situation.

Penicillin is made from natural

substances found in botanical life.

aerobic exercise:

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety (aerobic exercise)

two-factor theory:

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal (two-factor theory)

coronary heart disease:

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries (coronary heart disease)

This subfield of alternative medicine uses touch and manipulation with

the hands as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. manipulative therapies

relative deprivation:

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself (relative deprivation)

stress:

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging (stress)

psychoneuroimmunology:

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health (psychoneuroimmunology)

facial feedback effect:

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness (facial feedback effect)

Cannon-Bard theory:

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion (Cannon-Bard theory)

James-Lange theory:

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (James-Lange theory)

lymphocytes:

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances (lymphocytes)

Support groups, cognitive therapy, and relaxation

therapy can all help slow down the progression of AIDS in a HIV-positive person.

In his general adaptation syndrome (GAS), Selye noted that the greatest

threat to one's immune system is during the exhaustion phase.

When the DNA pieces called telomeres get

too short, the cell can no longer divide.

tend and befriend:

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) (tend and befriend)

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that we experience emotion after

we experience a physical response.

Julie is competing in a basketball free throw contest. She is likely to perform

well if her physiological arousal during the performance is moderate.

Roger has a good amount on his plate. He works full-time, has a part-time job, and has a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs. He seems to be coping with everything quite

well, for the moment anyway. According to Selye, he is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? phase 2, in a state of resistance

The director of an assisted-living housing complex was puzzled by the following situation. When she let the residents choose their own dinner-time, as well as

what they wanted to eat, she realized there were far fewer health problems and deaths. To what might she attribute this? perceived control

Moderate exercise has been found to increase the average

life expectancy by 2 years.

Emotions consist of which of the following 3 components:

1) expressive behaviors and feelings 2) bodily arousal and expressive behaviors 3) conscious experience and feelings

polygraph:

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion (polygraph)

emotion:

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience (emotion)

health psychology:

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine (health psychology)

A person who is depression-prone tends to have increased

activity in his or her right frontal lobe.

coping:

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods (coping)

Studies have shown that people who are easily angered to even small

amounts of stress are more prone to heart attacks.

Research indicates that people who are recently widowed

are more vulnerable to disease.

To experience an emotion, a person must be physically

aroused and cognitively label that arousal. This theory of emotion was suggested by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

The sympathetic nervous system is to arousal

as the parasympathetic nervous system is to calming.

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM):

as yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement (complement) or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies. When research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice (complementary and alternative medicine (CAM))

emotion-focused coping:

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction (emotion-focused coping)

problem-focused coping:

attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor (problem-focused coping)

A response of the whole organism to a stimulus that includes a mixture of physiological arousal, expressive

behaviors, and conscious experience is called emotion.

A state of calm marked by relaxed muscles, slowed

breathing and heart rate, and decreased blood pressure is called the relaxation response.

Dr. Harper is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns and the reduction of new HIV cases within the Latino population of a major city. He is examining what is working and what is not working to stem the tide in this high-risk area of the city. He is also looking at medication

compliance and wellness examinations. He is a health psychologist.

Problem-focused coping is to addressing work problems with a colleague as

emotion-focused coping is to talking to your hair stylist about all of the problems at work.

catharsis:

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges (catharsis)

In China acupuncture therapy is believed to work to reduce pain by correcting imbalances of

energy flow at points on the skin.

In a positive mood, a person will experience

increased activity in her or his left frontal lobe.

Robert Zajonc's theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotion

instantly, before cognitive appraisal.

A train is rapidly approaching, and Antonio's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal

is likely to be accompanied by dilation of his pupils.

Aerobics increases the body's production of serotonin and increases

its production of endorphins.

Carlos' wife is going the hospital for a painful spinal tap procedure and he is permitted to be with her during the

procedure. What advice would you give Carlos that would reduce the stress for his wife? hold her hand and talk to her about funny events in her life

The subfield of alternative medicine that employs plant and plant

products for pharmacological use is called biologically-based medicine.

The correct order of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is an alarm

reaction, resistance, exhaustion.

Zajonc believes that we actually have many emotional

reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretations of a situation.

Walter Cannon suggested that very similar physiological

reactions are associated with a variety of different emotions?

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the

release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Robert Zajonc and Joseph LeDoux have shown that some emotional

responses involve no conscious thinking.