Psychology ch. 23-31
When Tony is in a bad mood, he more easily recalls his parents' critical comments than their encouraging ones. When he is in a good mood, he more easily recalls their encouraging comments than their critical ones. This best illustrates that our mood states influence the process of
Retrieval
With whom do you associate the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg
Among Americans scoring in the top 1 percent of their age group on the ________ at age 13, more than half have earned doctorates
SAT
Stephie has to take the SAT exam for her applications to graduate schools. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the SAT exam and general intelligence?
Scores on the SAT and general intelligence have a strong positive correlation.
Syntax
Sentence structure
Jada began to read when she was 4 years old. Based on this information, what can we predict about her performance on the college aptitude test she will take as an eighth-grader?
She will score considerably higher than most high school seniors.
Which of the following people best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?
Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources
In which stage of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model do we rehearse information?
Short-term memory
Piper is taking an intelligence test that provides a single score, while Taylor is taking a test that has separate scores for four different categories of questions. Piper's test is the ________, and Taylor's is the ________.
Stanford-Binet and WAIS
triarchic intelligence
Sternberg's idea that there are 3 main intelligences; analytical, creative, and practical
________ is an early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
Telegraphic speech
The role of intense, daily practice in developing expert performance skills is known as
The 10-year rule
A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of how widespread hunger is than did a statistical chart summarizing the worldwide scope of the problem. This suggests that his understanding of the world hunger problem was influenced by
The availability heuristic
Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia?
The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.
________ may lead us to ignore other relevant information as we intuitively compare something to a particular prototype
The representativeness heuristic
Why does the predictive validity of general aptitude tests decrease as the educational experience of the students who take them increases?
There is a relatively restricted range of aptitude test scores among students at higher educational levels.
The test Vincente is taking includes questions such as "In what way are brass and steel alike?" Vincente is taking the
WAIS
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of
Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis.
According to Allen Baddeley and others, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual information in our ________ memory.
Working
Which form of memory was NOT originally included in the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?
Working memory
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is
a diverse set of distinct abilities
Spearman's g factor refers to
a general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
If a test is standardized, this means that
a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.
process simulation
a process where we visualize the process of a specific event
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
statistical learning
ability to detect speech patterns (like syllable breaks)
Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's
ability to reason speedily and abstractly
To qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.
abstract reasoning
practical skills
activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety
Those diagnosed with an intellectual disability score approximately 70 or below on an intelligence test and also demonstrate a limitation in
adaptive behavior
The use of ________ always guarantees a solution but requires a considerable amount of time and effort.
algorithms
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
David's motorcycle would occasionally lose power or stall out. David thought about possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his motorcycle to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. David decided to put an additive in the gas tank to see if that corrected the problem. Which of Sternberg's intelligences was David using?
analytical intelligence
An impairment of language is known as
aphasia
To a child, "You follow me" and "Me follow you" communicate different ideas. A chimpanzee well trained in sign language might use the same sequence of signs for both phrases because it is incapable of
appropriate syntax
A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test
aptitude
Tests designed to predict the ability to learn new skills are called
aptitude tests
Achievement tests are designed to
assess learned knowledge or skills.
Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
Information about where, when, and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be
automatically processed
The vivid memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of
availability heuristic
Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play the piano.
basal ganglia
We lack conscious awareness of many procedural memories in part because of limited neural communication from the
basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex.
A full week after Usha heard her mother read her a list of 12 different farm animals, Usha is most likely to remember the animals ________ of the list.
beginning
The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best underscored by the research on
belief perseverance
bodily-kinesthetic
body smart
Researchers have found that rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted
cerebellum
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
chunking
A group of people of very similar age who are participants in a longitudinal study are called a
cohort
Boys are most likely to outperform girls in a
computerized video game competition.
By learning to classify cats and dogs, monkeys demonstrate a capacity to form
concepts
Steven has an intellectual disability and never learned how to speak, read, or write. Which area of independent living is he having difficulties with?
conceptual skills
Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates
confirmation bias
Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by
confirmation bias
An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as
connectionism
Environments that maximize creativity are likely to be those that foster
contemplation
If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to have
content validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest is referred to as
content validity
After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates
context-dependent memory
factor analysis
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.
creative
Allowing time for complex ideas to incubate outside of conscious awareness is most likely to promote
creativity
Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of
creativity
Researchers at one point in time assess and compare the performance of different age groups on the SAT. The procedure used in this research best illustrates
cross-sectional study
Older people's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning. This best illustrates the stability of
crystallized intelligence
Which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills?
crystallized intelligence
Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of
deep processing
To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates
deep processing
Source amnesia helps to explain
deja vu
Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be
distorted by our current expectations
Which of the following techniques is more likely to produce better long-term recall of information?
distributed practice
Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates
divergent thinking
intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
doing something because you enjoy it vs. doing something because you get a reward
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory
echoic
Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates
effortful processing
An important aspect of social intelligence is called
emotional intelligence
When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates
emotional intelligence
Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates
encoding specificity principle
Consciously recalling an event that you experienced during your last year of high school best illustrates
episodic memory
test standardization
establishing standards for administering a test and interpreting scores
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
The representativeness heuristic is defined as
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
Tyree is listening to a speaker on campus who proclaims that "the government should use intelligence scores to identify those who should and should not reproduce in order to benefit mankind." This speaker is advocating
eugenics
Howard Gardner has proposed ________ as a ninth type of intelligence
existential intelligence
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions
Episodic memory is best described as ________ memory of _________.
explicit, personally experienced events
Gardner's concept of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is most likely to be criticized for
extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills or talents.
To assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities, psychologists have made extensive use of
factor analysis
Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
flashbulb
The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________
fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your
frontal lobes
The heritability of intelligence is lowest among
genetically similar individuals who have been raised in different environments.
Human language appears to have evolved from
gestured communication
The process of encoding refers to
getting information into memory
Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a
grammar test
It would be reasonable to suggest that the Flynn effect is due in part to
greater educational opportunities, smaller families, and rising living standards
temporal lobe
hearing
Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sense that they have
helped limit reliance on educators' subjectively biased judgments of students' academic potential.
A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of
heuristics
Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called
heuristics
Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of
hierarchical organization
A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity.
high to low
Women have scored ________ on math tests when no male test-takers were in the tested group, and Blacks have scored ________ when tested by Blacks than when tested by Whites.
higher; higher
A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the
hippocampus; cerebral cortex
Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.
implicit
Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory
implicit
Morpheme
in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
Stress hormones promote stronger memories by
increasing the availability of glucose.
In the early twentieth century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed by some psychologists of that day to
innate mental inferiority
In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called
intuitions
When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if
involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.
L. L. Thurstone identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities, including word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning. He claimed that word fluency
involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning.
Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that
it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories.
Wernicke's area is a region of the brain involved in
language comprehension
The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of
language on thinking.
J. McVicker Hunt observed children in an Iranian orphanage being raised in an extremely deprived environment. These children were passive and cognitively immature. Hunt's successful training program for Iranian caregivers encouraged them to engage in ________ with these infants
language-fostering games
Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the
left frontal lobe
Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.
left hippocampus; right hippocampus
Little Annika's capacity to form concepts of different animals such as horses, cats, and rabbits improved dramatically once she learned to name horses, cats, and rabbits. This best illustrates the impact of
linguistic determinism
During sleep, the brain consolidates information into ________ memory
long term
Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?
long term memory
By activating the amygdala, stress hormones promote
long-term potentiation
The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as
long-term potentiation
Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.
long-term; working
Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots, using an intelligence test the Scots had taken as 11-year-olds. The procedure used in this research best illustrates a
longitudinal study
Repeatedly assessing the intelligence of the same group of people at different times across their life span best illustrates a
longitudinal study
Stereotype threat involves a concern about confirming
low performance expectations.
availability heuristic
making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
Explicit memories are
memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on
memory
The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain illustrates
memory consolidation
During the day, Bekah learned a lot of information about World War II. During her sleep that night, memories of this history were transferred from her hippocampus to areas within her brain's cortex. This transfer best illustrates
memory consolidation.
When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
memory construction
A lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms is called a
memory trace
Stress provokes the amygdala to initiate ________ that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming area.
memory trace
To determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child's
mental age
For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as
mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of
mental image
In one experiment, participants primed with words related to ________ were less likely to help another person who asked for their help
money
The recall of sad experiences is often primed by feelings of sadness. This most clearly illustrates
mood-congruent memory
The restandardization of intelligence tests over the past decade renders ________ Americans eligible for special education and ________ Americans eligible for the death penalty.
more; fewer
By demonstrating both intelligence and grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of both ability and
motivation
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Long-term potentiation is believed to be
neural basis for learning and memory
Because it happens without our awareness, implicit memory is also called
nondeclarative memory.
The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that
people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language is a
phoneme
Dr. Abreu believes that intelligence is determined not by one gene but by many interacting genes. Dr. Abreu believes that intelligence is
polygenetic
Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called
positive transfer
Geneva is the mayor of a small city. When a serious flood struck the city, she allocated people, financial resources, and temporary housing to help those whose homes were damaged by the flood. According to Sternberg, Geneva is demonstrating ________ intelligence.
practical
Triarchic Intelligence Theory
pratical- talent and expertise help complete the task at hand analytical - solving a well defined problem with a single answer creative intelligence - creating new ideas to help solve novel situations
Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.
predictive validity
Psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to assess the ________ of the intelligence test.
predictive validity
Our tendency to recall the first items in a list is referred to as
primacy effect
After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of
priming
Hearing the word rabbit may lead people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
priming
The basal ganglia most clearly facilitate the processing of
procedural memories
The original Atkinson and Shiffrin memory model focused on how we
process our explicit memories.
semantic processing
processing a word by its meaning
Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for
productive language
The last three steps of the SQ3R study technique are
read, retrieve, and review
To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's
reasoning skills
Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?
recall
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n)________ effect than is their later recall of the items
recency
After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n)________ effect than is their later recall of the items.
recency
The ability to produce words is to productive language as the ability to comprehend speech is to ________ language
receptive
Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?
recognition
To retain a newly introduced nonsense syllable in our working memory, it is most clearly necessary to engage in
rehearsal
spatial
relating to space
Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?
relearning
Dr. Wie assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to recognize facial expressions of various emotions. He is checking the ________ of his new test.
reliability
If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of
reliability
Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test in order to measure the ________ of a test.
reliability
A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as
repression
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
retention; acquisition
Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
retrieval
Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories during the process of
retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory is called
retrieval
When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful
retrieval cue
The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from
retrieving information from memory
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called
retroactive interference
Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the
right frontal lobe
In 8 to 10 seconds, the late memory whiz Kim Peek could read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate
savant syndrome
The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage
selective breeding of highly intelligent people
We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. This illustrates
self-reference effect
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as
semantic memory
Which of the following outlines the sequence of the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?
sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as
sensory memory.
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as
serial position effect
George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory
short term
Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.
short term
The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of
short term memory
social skills
skills for successfully handling social relations and getting along well with others
musical intelligence
skills in tasks involving music
conceptual skills
skills that involve the ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship among its various parts
Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates
spacing effect
When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a math achievement test, he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. Brandon's concern was directly related to the issue of
standardization
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
state-dependent memory
Infants can learn which syllables go together, as in "hap-py-ba-by." This best illustrates the infant's capacity for
statistical learning
An algorithm is a(n)
step by step procedure
Jim, age 55, plays basketball with much younger adults and is concerned that his teammates might consider his age to be a detriment to their game outcome. His concern actually undermines his athletic performance. This best illustrates the impact of
stereotype threat
Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory.
storage
Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves
studying effectively
The nineteenth-century English scientist Sir Francis Galton believed that
superior intelligence is biologically inherited.
Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty
syntax
Wernicke's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe
temporal
belief perseverance
tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
Intelligence scores are most likely to be stable over a one-year period for a
tenth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 95.
Intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that
test performance is influenced by cultural experiences
The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best illustrated by
testing effect
analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
verbal skills
the ability to communicate effectively using spoken or written words
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
practical intelligence
the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge
explicit memory
the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
Research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that
the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are higher than those of North American children.
Bilingual people, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called
the bilingual advantage.
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Proactive interference refers to the
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
Chunking refers to
the organization of information into meaningful units
Long-term memory refers to
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
linguistics
the scientific study of language
Memory researchers have found that ________ is especially strong among members of individualist Western cultures.
the self-reference effec
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
critical period for language
the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful
Framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
The experience of emotionally stressful events is especially likely to promote
tunnel vision memory
Polygenetic
two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic
The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of
two-track mind
Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.
two-word
After Paul's snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in
understanding what others are saying
A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of
validity
Males' mental ability scores show greater ________ than females' mental ability scores.
variability
right temporal lobe
visual memory
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
who the current president is
Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for
widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.
Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that
words shape the way people think
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
working memory
Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet, then a simple question, then another letter, followed by another question, and so on. People who can consciously process and recall the most letters, despite such interruptions, are demonstrating effective
working memory
The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of
working memory
Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
12 seconds
Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is
4.
The word thanks contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).
5; 2
Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is
6
About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.
68
A 12-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of
75
The correlation between academic success and intelligence test scores will be LOWEST if computed for a group of individuals whose scores range between
85-115
When viewing 2500 slides of faces and places for 10 seconds, participants were able to recognize ________ percent of the slides.
90
trial and error
A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.
Flynn effect
A worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades, at a rate of about 3 points per decade
Dramatic experiences that can trigger flashbulb memories are most likely to remain bright and clear in our conscious memories because they
Are frequently rehearsed
The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as
Broca's area
Boosting the production of the protein ________ might trigger increased production of other proteins that help reshape synapses and transfer short-term memories into long-term memories.
CREB
Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?
Charles Spearman
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
The WAIS was initially created by
David Wechsler
Which of the following is true regarding flashbulb memories?
Flashbulb memories may contain errors because they are frequently rehearsed.
Comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample with the average performance of the most recent WAIS standardization sample provides convincing evidence of
Flynn effect
Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude are most likely to criticize
Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences.
existential
HAVING TO DO WITH EXISTENCE; BASED ON EXPERIENCE; HAVING TO DO WITH THE PHILOSOPHY OF EXISTENTIALISM
A lack of conscious memories of your first four years of life best illustrates
Infantile amnesia
Repeated rehearsal of your teachers' lectures and reading assignments leads to lasting memories thanks to the neural process of
LTP
The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for
Lacking definitional clarity
The Stanford-Binet, a revision of the original French intelligence test for use with English-speaking California schoolchildren, was first developed by
Lewis Terman
Brenda is bilingual and speaks both English and Chinese. Depending on which emotion she wants to express and the message she wants to convey, she often switches languages when speaking. This is partly because of
Linguistic relativism
implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
universal grammar
Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure
To study the impact of practice on memory retention, Hermann Ebbinghaus practiced learning
Non sense syllables
Hunt's 1961 book, Intelligence and Experience, helped launch ________ in 1965.
Project Head Start
