Psychology ch. 23-31

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When Tony is in a bad mood, he more easily recalls his parents' critical comments than their encouraging ones. When he is in a good mood, he more easily recalls their encouraging comments than their critical ones. This best illustrates that our mood states influence the process of

Retrieval

With whom do you associate the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Among Americans scoring in the top 1 percent of their age group on the ________ at age 13, more than half have earned doctorates

SAT

Stephie has to take the SAT exam for her applications to graduate schools. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the SAT exam and general intelligence?

Scores on the SAT and general intelligence have a strong positive correlation.

Syntax

Sentence structure

Jada began to read when she was 4 years old. Based on this information, what can we predict about her performance on the college aptitude test she will take as an eighth-grader?

She will score considerably higher than most high school seniors.

Which of the following people best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?

Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources

In which stage of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model do we rehearse information?

Short-term memory

Piper is taking an intelligence test that provides a single score, while Taylor is taking a test that has separate scores for four different categories of questions. Piper's test is the ________, and Taylor's is the ________.

Stanford-Binet and WAIS

triarchic intelligence

Sternberg's idea that there are 3 main intelligences; analytical, creative, and practical

________ is an early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs

Telegraphic speech

The role of intense, daily practice in developing expert performance skills is known as

The 10-year rule

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of how widespread hunger is than did a statistical chart summarizing the worldwide scope of the problem. This suggests that his understanding of the world hunger problem was influenced by

The availability heuristic

Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia?

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.

________ may lead us to ignore other relevant information as we intuitively compare something to a particular prototype

The representativeness heuristic

Why does the predictive validity of general aptitude tests decrease as the educational experience of the students who take them increases?

There is a relatively restricted range of aptitude test scores among students at higher educational levels.

The test Vincente is taking includes questions such as "In what way are brass and steel alike?" Vincente is taking the

WAIS

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis.

According to Allen Baddeley and others, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual information in our ________ memory.

Working

Which form of memory was NOT originally included in the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

Working memory

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is

a diverse set of distinct abilities

Spearman's g factor refers to

a general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

If a test is standardized, this means that

a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.

process simulation

a process where we visualize the process of a specific event

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

statistical learning

ability to detect speech patterns (like syllable breaks)

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's

ability to reason speedily and abstractly

To qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.

abstract reasoning

practical skills

activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety

Those diagnosed with an intellectual disability score approximately 70 or below on an intelligence test and also demonstrate a limitation in

adaptive behavior

The use of ________ always guarantees a solution but requires a considerable amount of time and effort.

algorithms

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

David's motorcycle would occasionally lose power or stall out. David thought about possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his motorcycle to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. David decided to put an additive in the gas tank to see if that corrected the problem. Which of Sternberg's intelligences was David using?

analytical intelligence

An impairment of language is known as

aphasia

To a child, "You follow me" and "Me follow you" communicate different ideas. A chimpanzee well trained in sign language might use the same sequence of signs for both phrases because it is incapable of

appropriate syntax

A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test

aptitude

Tests designed to predict the ability to learn new skills are called

aptitude tests

Achievement tests are designed to

assess learned knowledge or skills.

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Information about where, when, and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be

automatically processed

The vivid memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of

availability heuristic

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play the piano.

basal ganglia

We lack conscious awareness of many procedural memories in part because of limited neural communication from the

basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex.

A full week after Usha heard her mother read her a list of 12 different farm animals, Usha is most likely to remember the animals ________ of the list.

beginning

The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best underscored by the research on

belief perseverance

bodily-kinesthetic

body smart

Researchers have found that rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted

cerebellum

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

chunking

A group of people of very similar age who are participants in a longitudinal study are called a

cohort

Boys are most likely to outperform girls in a

computerized video game competition.

By learning to classify cats and dogs, monkeys demonstrate a capacity to form

concepts

Steven has an intellectual disability and never learned how to speak, read, or write. Which area of independent living is he having difficulties with?

conceptual skills

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

confirmation bias

Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by

confirmation bias

An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as

connectionism

Environments that maximize creativity are likely to be those that foster

contemplation

If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to have

content validity

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest is referred to as

content validity

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates

context-dependent memory

factor analysis

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.

creative

Allowing time for complex ideas to incubate outside of conscious awareness is most likely to promote

creativity

Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

creativity

Researchers at one point in time assess and compare the performance of different age groups on the SAT. The procedure used in this research best illustrates

cross-sectional study

Older people's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning. This best illustrates the stability of

crystallized intelligence

Which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills?

crystallized intelligence

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of

deep processing

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

deep processing

Source amnesia helps to explain

deja vu

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be

distorted by our current expectations

Which of the following techniques is more likely to produce better long-term recall of information?

distributed practice

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates

divergent thinking

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

doing something because you enjoy it vs. doing something because you get a reward

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory

echoic

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

effortful processing

An important aspect of social intelligence is called

emotional intelligence

When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates

emotional intelligence

Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates

encoding specificity principle

Consciously recalling an event that you experienced during your last year of high school best illustrates

episodic memory

test standardization

establishing standards for administering a test and interpreting scores

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

The representativeness heuristic is defined as

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.

Tyree is listening to a speaker on campus who proclaims that "the government should use intelligence scores to identify those who should and should not reproduce in order to benefit mankind." This speaker is advocating

eugenics

Howard Gardner has proposed ________ as a ninth type of intelligence

existential intelligence

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions

Episodic memory is best described as ________ memory of _________.

explicit, personally experienced events

Gardner's concept of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is most likely to be criticized for

extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills or talents.

To assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities, psychologists have made extensive use of

factor analysis

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________

fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your

frontal lobes

The heritability of intelligence is lowest among

genetically similar individuals who have been raised in different environments.

Human language appears to have evolved from

gestured communication

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory

Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a

grammar test

It would be reasonable to suggest that the Flynn effect is due in part to

greater educational opportunities, smaller families, and rising living standards

temporal lobe

hearing

Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sense that they have

helped limit reliance on educators' subjectively biased judgments of students' academic potential.

A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

heuristics

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

heuristics

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of

hierarchical organization

A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity.

high to low

Women have scored ________ on math tests when no male test-takers were in the tested group, and Blacks have scored ________ when tested by Blacks than when tested by Whites.

higher; higher

A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

hippocampus; cerebral cortex

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to

identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory

implicit

Morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Stress hormones promote stronger memories by

increasing the availability of glucose.

In the early twentieth century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed by some psychologists of that day to

innate mental inferiority

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

intuitions

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if

involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.

L. L. Thurstone identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities, including word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning. He claimed that word fluency

involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning.

Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that

it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories.

Wernicke's area is a region of the brain involved in

language comprehension

The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of

language on thinking.

J. McVicker Hunt observed children in an Iranian orphanage being raised in an extremely deprived environment. These children were passive and cognitively immature. Hunt's successful training program for Iranian caregivers encouraged them to engage in ________ with these infants

language-fostering games

Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the

left frontal lobe

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.

left hippocampus; right hippocampus

Little Annika's capacity to form concepts of different animals such as horses, cats, and rabbits improved dramatically once she learned to name horses, cats, and rabbits. This best illustrates the impact of

linguistic determinism

During sleep, the brain consolidates information into ________ memory

long term

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

long term memory

By activating the amygdala, stress hormones promote

long-term potentiation

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

long-term; working

Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots, using an intelligence test the Scots had taken as 11-year-olds. The procedure used in this research best illustrates a

longitudinal study

Repeatedly assessing the intelligence of the same group of people at different times across their life span best illustrates a

longitudinal study

Stereotype threat involves a concern about confirming

low performance expectations.

availability heuristic

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Explicit memories are

memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

memory

The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain illustrates

memory consolidation

During the day, Bekah learned a lot of information about World War II. During her sleep that night, memories of this history were transferred from her hippocampus to areas within her brain's cortex. This transfer best illustrates

memory consolidation.

When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

memory construction

A lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms is called a

memory trace

Stress provokes the amygdala to initiate ________ that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming area.

memory trace

To determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child's

mental age

For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as

mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

mental image

In one experiment, participants primed with words related to ________ were less likely to help another person who asked for their help

money

The recall of sad experiences is often primed by feelings of sadness. This most clearly illustrates

mood-congruent memory

The restandardization of intelligence tests over the past decade renders ________ Americans eligible for special education and ________ Americans eligible for the death penalty.

more; fewer

By demonstrating both intelligence and grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of both ability and

motivation

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Long-term potentiation is believed to be

neural basis for learning and memory

Because it happens without our awareness, implicit memory is also called

nondeclarative memory.

The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language is a

phoneme

Dr. Abreu believes that intelligence is determined not by one gene but by many interacting genes. Dr. Abreu believes that intelligence is

polygenetic

Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called

positive transfer

Geneva is the mayor of a small city. When a serious flood struck the city, she allocated people, financial resources, and temporary housing to help those whose homes were damaged by the flood. According to Sternberg, Geneva is demonstrating ________ intelligence.

practical

Triarchic Intelligence Theory

pratical- talent and expertise help complete the task at hand analytical - solving a well defined problem with a single answer creative intelligence - creating new ideas to help solve novel situations

Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.

predictive validity

Psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to assess the ________ of the intelligence test.

predictive validity

Our tendency to recall the first items in a list is referred to as

primacy effect

After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of

priming

Hearing the word rabbit may lead people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

priming

The basal ganglia most clearly facilitate the processing of

procedural memories

The original Atkinson and Shiffrin memory model focused on how we

process our explicit memories.

semantic processing

processing a word by its meaning

Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for

productive language

The last three steps of the SQ3R study technique are

read, retrieve, and review

To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's

reasoning skills

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?

recall

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n)________ effect than is their later recall of the items

recency

After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n)________ effect than is their later recall of the items.

recency

The ability to produce words is to productive language as the ability to comprehend speech is to ________ language

receptive

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

recognition

To retain a newly introduced nonsense syllable in our working memory, it is most clearly necessary to engage in

rehearsal

spatial

relating to space

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?

relearning

Dr. Wie assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to recognize facial expressions of various emotions. He is checking the ________ of his new test.

reliability

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of

reliability

Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test in order to measure the ________ of a test.

reliability

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

repression

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

retention; acquisition

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

retrieval

Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories during the process of

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory is called

retrieval

When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful

retrieval cue

The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from

retrieving information from memory

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

retroactive interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called

retroactive interference

Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the

right frontal lobe

In 8 to 10 seconds, the late memory whiz Kim Peek could read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate

savant syndrome

The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage

selective breeding of highly intelligent people

We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. This illustrates

self-reference effect

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as

semantic memory

Which of the following outlines the sequence of the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as

sensory memory.

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as

serial position effect

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory

short term

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.

short term

The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of

short term memory

social skills

skills for successfully handling social relations and getting along well with others

musical intelligence

skills in tasks involving music

conceptual skills

skills that involve the ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship among its various parts

Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates

spacing effect

When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a math achievement test, he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. Brandon's concern was directly related to the issue of

standardization

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

state-dependent memory

Infants can learn which syllables go together, as in "hap-py-ba-by." This best illustrates the infant's capacity for

statistical learning

An algorithm is a(n)

step by step procedure

Jim, age 55, plays basketball with much younger adults and is concerned that his teammates might consider his age to be a detriment to their game outcome. His concern actually undermines his athletic performance. This best illustrates the impact of

stereotype threat

Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory.

storage

Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves

studying effectively

The nineteenth-century English scientist Sir Francis Galton believed that

superior intelligence is biologically inherited.

Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty

syntax

Wernicke's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe

temporal

belief perseverance

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Intelligence scores are most likely to be stable over a one-year period for a

tenth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 95.

Intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that

test performance is influenced by cultural experiences

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best illustrated by

testing effect

analytical intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving

verbal skills

the ability to communicate effectively using spoken or written words

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

practical intelligence

the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge

explicit memory

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that

the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are higher than those of North American children.

Bilingual people, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called

the bilingual advantage.

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Proactive interference refers to the

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units

Long-term memory refers to

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

linguistics

the scientific study of language

Memory researchers have found that ________ is especially strong among members of individualist Western cultures.

the self-reference effec

Semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

critical period for language

the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

The experience of emotionally stressful events is especially likely to promote

tunnel vision memory

Polygenetic

two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic

The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of

two-track mind

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

two-word

After Paul's snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in

understanding what others are saying

A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of

validity

Males' mental ability scores show greater ________ than females' mental ability scores.

variability

right temporal lobe

visual memory

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

who the current president is

Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for

widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

words shape the way people think

Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

working memory

Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet, then a simple question, then another letter, followed by another question, and so on. People who can consciously process and recall the most letters, despite such interruptions, are demonstrating effective

working memory

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

12 seconds

Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is

4.

The word thanks contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

5; 2

Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is

6

About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.

68

A 12-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of

75

The correlation between academic success and intelligence test scores will be LOWEST if computed for a group of individuals whose scores range between

85-115

When viewing 2500 slides of faces and places for 10 seconds, participants were able to recognize ________ percent of the slides.

90

trial and error

A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

Flynn effect

A worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades, at a rate of about 3 points per decade

Dramatic experiences that can trigger flashbulb memories are most likely to remain bright and clear in our conscious memories because they

Are frequently rehearsed

The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as

Broca's area

Boosting the production of the protein ________ might trigger increased production of other proteins that help reshape synapses and transfer short-term memories into long-term memories.

CREB

Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?

Charles Spearman

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

The WAIS was initially created by

David Wechsler

Which of the following is true regarding flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories may contain errors because they are frequently rehearsed.

Comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample with the average performance of the most recent WAIS standardization sample provides convincing evidence of

Flynn effect

Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude are most likely to criticize

Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences.

existential

HAVING TO DO WITH EXISTENCE; BASED ON EXPERIENCE; HAVING TO DO WITH THE PHILOSOPHY OF EXISTENTIALISM

A lack of conscious memories of your first four years of life best illustrates

Infantile amnesia

Repeated rehearsal of your teachers' lectures and reading assignments leads to lasting memories thanks to the neural process of

LTP

The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for

Lacking definitional clarity

The Stanford-Binet, a revision of the original French intelligence test for use with English-speaking California schoolchildren, was first developed by

Lewis Terman

Brenda is bilingual and speaks both English and Chinese. Depending on which emotion she wants to express and the message she wants to convey, she often switches languages when speaking. This is partly because of

Linguistic relativism

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

universal grammar

Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure

To study the impact of practice on memory retention, Hermann Ebbinghaus practiced learning

Non sense syllables

Hunt's 1961 book, Intelligence and Experience, helped launch ________ in 1965.

Project Head Start


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