Psychology Ch8
Flynn Effect
Average gain of 5-25 IQ points in Westernized nations over last 30 years Reflects increased technological complexity, better education and nutrition Demands greater cognitive effort
G-factor
General intellectual abilities reasoning, problem-solving, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to one's environment
Organic Causes of Intellectual Disability
Genetic Abnormalities Fetal Damage Birth Injuries Postnatal Problems
Representativeness Heuristic
Giving a choice greater weight if it seems to be representative of what is already known
Intelligence
Global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
Giftedness
Having a high IQ (usually above 130) Having special talents or aptitudes (playing Mozart at age 5)
Postnatal Problems
Malnutrition Exposure to toxins - lead, PCBs, etc. Familial intellectual disability
Divergent Thinking
Many possibilities developing from one starting point creative thinking
Convergent Thinking
Many thoughts or variations converging on a single answer conventional thinking
Framing
The way a problem is stated or the way it is structured Attend to positive qualities when focus is on gains Attend to negative qualities when focus is on losses
Illogical thought
Thought that is intuitive, associative or personal
Hot Cognition
Using emotional reactions to various alternatives to determine the right answer
IQ is NOT a good predictor of success in
art, music, writing, dramatics, science and leadership
Smarter people have a slight tendency to be more
creative
Orientation
defining the problem
Mentally Gifted
"Gifted" Score greater than 130 on IQ tests 2% of population
Correlation between IQ scores and grades
0.50
Twin Studies
Comparison of characteristics of twins who were raised together or separated at birth Used to identify relative impact of heredity and environment
Expert Systems
Computer programs that respond like a human expert Convert complex skills into clearly stated rules
Successin (AI)
Computers can perform activities that can be reduced to a set of rules EX: solving Rubik's Cube, Chess Valuable in situations needing speed, vast memory, and persistence
Intellectual Determination
Desire to know, to excel, and to persevere
Genetic Abnormalities
Down Syndrome PKU
Adoption Studies
Families with one biological child and one adopted child Only difference is genes Environment plays a large role
Fetal Damage
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Unusual Uses Test
Find as many uses for an object as possible
Problems in (AI)
Humans can mentally "shift gears" from topic to topic; computers cannot
Intellectual Disability
IQ score below 70 Significant impairment of adaptive behavior Feelings are normal
Underlying Odds
Ignoring base rates - underlying probability of an event
Anagrams Test
Make as many new words as possible from the letters given in a word
Consequences Test
List all the consequences that would follow if a basic change were made in the world.
Familial intellectual disability
Occurs in homes that have inadequate nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care, and emotional support Low IQ due to impoverished environment
Savant Syndrome
One with limited intelligence shows exceptional mental ability in narrow areas May be due to left hemisphere damage May be due to intense practice
Creative Stages of Thought
Orientation Preparation Incubation Illumination Verification
Birth Injuries
Oxygen deprivation during delivery Premature birth
Computer Simulations
Programs attempting to duplicate specific human behaviors Computer acts as a "laboratory" for testing cognition models
Intuition
Quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of formal logic or clear reasoning Provides fast answers Can be misleading (maybe disastrous)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Refers to creating computer programs capable of doing things requiring intelligence when done by people Can help us understand how people do those same things
"Genius"
Score greater than 140 on IQ tests One-half of 1% of population
Operational Definition
Specifies procedures used to measure
Group Tests
Tests can be given to a large group of people with little supervision. usually contain multiple choice
Illumination
The "a-ha" experience; rapid insight into the solution
Hypochondrias
a person who regularly interprets normal body sensations as signs of a serious disease
somatization disorders
anxieties are expressed as numerous physical ailments
Creative people have openness
experience
preparation
gaining as much information as possible
Deductive thought
going from general principles to specific situations
Logical thought
going from given information to new conclusions based on specific rules.
Inductive Thought
going from specific facts or observations to general principles
Originality
how novel,unusual or unique your suggestions are
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky studied
how we make decisions in uncertainty
Creative people value
independence and have a preference for complex things
Creative people usually have a greater than average range of
knowledge and interests
Flexibility
number of times you shift from one class of possible uses to another
IQ determines
potential
Hypochondrias,pain disorders,and conversion disorders are types of
somantaform disorders
Creative people enjoy
symbolic thought, ideas, concepts, and possibilities
Verification
testing and critically evaluating the solution
incubation
the problem, while not appearing to be actively worked on, is still "cooking" in the background
Fluency
total number of suggestions you can make