Psychology Ch8

Flynn Effect

Average gain of 5-25 IQ points in Westernized nations over last 30 years Reflects increased technological complexity, better education and nutrition Demands greater cognitive effort

G-factor

General intellectual abilities reasoning, problem-solving, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to one's environment

Organic Causes of Intellectual Disability

Genetic Abnormalities Fetal Damage Birth Injuries Postnatal Problems

Representativeness Heuristic

Giving a choice greater weight if it seems to be representative of what is already known

Intelligence

Global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment

Giftedness

Having a high IQ (usually above 130) Having special talents or aptitudes (playing Mozart at age 5)

Postnatal Problems

Malnutrition Exposure to toxins - lead, PCBs, etc. Familial intellectual disability

Divergent Thinking

Many possibilities developing from one starting point creative thinking

Convergent Thinking

Many thoughts or variations converging on a single answer conventional thinking

Framing

The way a problem is stated or the way it is structured Attend to positive qualities when focus is on gains Attend to negative qualities when focus is on losses

Illogical thought

Thought that is intuitive, associative or personal

Hot Cognition

Using emotional reactions to various alternatives to determine the right answer

IQ is NOT a good predictor of success in

art, music, writing, dramatics, science and leadership

Smarter people have a slight tendency to be more

creative

Orientation

defining the problem

Mentally Gifted

"Gifted" Score greater than 130 on IQ tests 2% of population

Correlation between IQ scores and grades

0.50

Twin Studies

Comparison of characteristics of twins who were raised together or separated at birth Used to identify relative impact of heredity and environment

Expert Systems

Computer programs that respond like a human expert Convert complex skills into clearly stated rules

Successin (AI)

Computers can perform activities that can be reduced to a set of rules EX: solving Rubik's Cube, Chess Valuable in situations needing speed, vast memory, and persistence

Intellectual Determination

Desire to know, to excel, and to persevere

Genetic Abnormalities

Down Syndrome PKU

Adoption Studies

Families with one biological child and one adopted child Only difference is genes Environment plays a large role

Fetal Damage

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Unusual Uses Test

Find as many uses for an object as possible

Problems in (AI)

Humans can mentally "shift gears" from topic to topic; computers cannot

Intellectual Disability

IQ score below 70 Significant impairment of adaptive behavior Feelings are normal

Underlying Odds

Ignoring base rates - underlying probability of an event

Anagrams Test

Make as many new words as possible from the letters given in a word

Consequences Test

List all the consequences that would follow if a basic change were made in the world.

Familial intellectual disability

Occurs in homes that have inadequate nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care, and emotional support Low IQ due to impoverished environment

Savant Syndrome

One with limited intelligence shows exceptional mental ability in narrow areas May be due to left hemisphere damage May be due to intense practice

Creative Stages of Thought

Orientation Preparation Incubation Illumination Verification

Birth Injuries

Oxygen deprivation during delivery Premature birth

Computer Simulations

Programs attempting to duplicate specific human behaviors Computer acts as a "laboratory" for testing cognition models

Intuition

Quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of formal logic or clear reasoning Provides fast answers Can be misleading (maybe disastrous)

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Refers to creating computer programs capable of doing things requiring intelligence when done by people Can help us understand how people do those same things

"Genius"

Score greater than 140 on IQ tests One-half of 1% of population

Operational Definition

Specifies procedures used to measure

Group Tests

Tests can be given to a large group of people with little supervision. usually contain multiple choice

Illumination

The "a-ha" experience; rapid insight into the solution

Hypochondrias

a person who regularly interprets normal body sensations as signs of a serious disease

somatization disorders

anxieties are expressed as numerous physical ailments

Creative people have openness

experience

preparation

gaining as much information as possible

Deductive thought

going from general principles to specific situations

Logical thought

going from given information to new conclusions based on specific rules.

Inductive Thought

going from specific facts or observations to general principles

Originality

how novel,unusual or unique your suggestions are

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky studied

how we make decisions in uncertainty

Creative people value

independence and have a preference for complex things

Creative people usually have a greater than average range of

knowledge and interests

Flexibility

number of times you shift from one class of possible uses to another

IQ determines

potential

Hypochondrias,pain disorders,and conversion disorders are types of

somantaform disorders

Creative people enjoy

symbolic thought, ideas, concepts, and possibilities

Verification

testing and critically evaluating the solution

incubation

the problem, while not appearing to be actively worked on, is still "cooking" in the background

Fluency

total number of suggestions you can make