Psychology Chapter 4
Rapid eye movement ( REM)
sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, paralysis of large muscles, fast and irregular heart rate and respiration rate, increased brain-wave activity, and vivid dreams.
Timing; Quantity: Quality
Dysomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve impairment of the ____, _____, or ____ of sleep
Manifest content; Latent content
In Freud's ideas, the ___ is the dream as recalled by the dreamer and ____ is the underlying meaning of the dream
Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming
The ____ is the idea that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep
Restorative theory of sleep
The ____ theory is the theory that the function of sleep is to restore body and mind and the being awake produces wear and tear on the body and brain
Evolutionary theory of dreaming
The ____ theory of dreaming says that dreams enabled people to rehearse skills needed to fend off threats and predators
Circadian theory of sleep
The ____ theory of sleep says that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the night
Pineal gland
The _____ gets information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus as to when it should secrete melatonin in order to induce sleep
Stages
The _____ of sleep consist of stages 1,2,3,4, and REM
Slow-wave sleep
The deep sleep associated with Stage 3 and Stage 4 NREM sleep is called
Sleep cycle
The entire____ lasts about 90 minutes and each person has several every night during sleep
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
The_____is a tiny pair of structures in the brain's hypothalamus that controls the timing of circadian rhythms; it is the biological clock
REM rebound
When people are deprived of REM sleep , they will make up for it with an increased amount afterward. This is called______
Parasomnia
___ are sleep disturbances in which behaviors and psychological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is sleeping
Consciousness
___ is everything of which we are aware at any given time(our thoughts, feelings,sensations, and perceptions)
Beta waves
____ are alert, awake brain waves associated with mental activity
Melatonin
____ is a hormone that induces sleep and is produces by the pineal gland from dawn to just before dusk each night
Sleep spindles
____ occur during Stage 2 sleep and are waves with alternating periods of calm and flashes of intense activity
Sleep deprivation
____ results from staying awake for long periods of time or not getting enough sleep and results difficulty concentrating, memory lapses, attention problems, and problems with learning new information. Physical health can also decline
Cognitive theory of dreaming
____ theory of dreaming says that dreaming is simply thinking while asleep
REM dreams
_____ are mostly found during REM sleep and are vivid and story like; some are found during NREM sleep and are more thought like and are less memorable
Sleep terrors
_____ happen during Stage 4 sleep where the person springs up in a state of panic, this state resolves quickly, and the person falls back to sleep
Circadian rhythms
______ are the regular fluctuations within each 24 hour period, from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors
Alpha waves
____are brain waves associated with a deep relaxed state
Subjective night
____is the time in the 24 hour period when the biological clock is telling a person to go to sleep
Sleep-talking
____or somniloquy can occur in any stage and often makes little sense
insomnia
___is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, by waking up to early, or by sleep that is light, restless, or of poor quality of sleep
narcolepsy
___is an incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep usually lasting 10-20 minutes
Delta waves
are the slowest brain waves and are seen in deep sleep; more than 50 % for stage 4
Sleep apnea
is a disorder in which there are periods during sleep when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe
Nightmares
occur during REM sleep, are vivid, memorable, and disturbing
Sleepwalking
or somnambulism occurs during a partial arousal from Stage 4 sleep and the person does not become fully conscious
NREM
sleep is 4 sleep stages in which there are no rapid eye movements; Characterized by slow, regular heart rate and respiration and little body movement