Psychology - Chapter 6: Learning

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior