psychology chapters 1,2,3,5,6, and 7

A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of 100 110 90

100

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. 95 140 or above 70 or below

70 or below

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting psychological research in a laboratory? It is possible to study all aspects of the mind and behavior in a laboratory. A laboratory setting is close to the real world and therefore causes subjects to behave naturally. A laboratory is a controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the real world removed. It is easy to conduct laboratory research without subjects knowing that they are being observed.

A laboratory is a controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the real world removed.

________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired Spontaneous recovery Generalization Extinction Acquisition

Acquisition

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of procedural memory? Alba, a typist, typing a letter without looking at the keyboard Anna recalling the names of her colleagues Brenda recollecting the incidents that took place at a party Valeria, a student, recounting the scenes in a theater act

Alba, a typist, typing a letter without looking at the keyboard

According to American linguist Noam Chomsky, identify a true statement about language universals. Children are highly affected by the language input they receive from their environments. Children learn language without an awareness of its underlying logic.

Children learn language without an awareness of its underlying logic.

In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following scenarios is an example of the survey method? Dr. Adele observes children as they learn to read. Dr. Trooper collects children's school grades and test scores. Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week. Dr. Gomes studies his patients while they undergo psychological counseling.

Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of explicit memory? Joseph replaying a song in his mind that he heard at an event James riding his motorcycle without consciously remembering how to ride a motorcycle Emma recounting the events in a movie that she saw last Friday Talia, a professional basketball player, showing off her basketball skills

Emma recounting the events in a movie that she saw last Friday

________ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage Decay Encoding

Encoding

________ provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions in the nervous system. Sclerenchyma cells Dendrites Neurons Glial cells

Glial cells

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning? It involves making predictions and then evaluating the predictions by making further observations. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences.Thinking It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. It involves drawing conclusions based on facts.

It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences.

In the context of the neural impulse, which of the following is true about the depolarization of neuron membranes? It is the phase that allows sodium ions to move out of the neuron. It is characterized by more negatively charged ions on the inside of the cell and more positively charged ions on the outside. It occurs when there is a decrease in the charge difference between the fluids inside and outside of the neuron.

It occurs when there is a decrease in the charge difference between the fluids inside and outside of the neuron.

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears the sound of a bell. However, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior? Generalization has occurred. Spontaneous recovery has not been triggered. Extinction has occurred.

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears the sound of a bell. However, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior?

_______is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense. Consciousness Perceptions Reception Sensation

Perception

is a language's sound system. Morphology Phonology

Phonology

Identify a true statement about elaboration in memory. Deep, elaborate processing weakens the process of remembering. The process of elaboration is evident only in the mental activity of the brain. Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate on information.Memory Encoding The more elaborate the processing of a stimulus, the weaker the memory will be.

Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate on information.

In the context of ethics guidelines in psychological research, identify a true statement about deception. Participants in studies involving deception are unable to withdraw their consent. Participants in studies involving deception are likely to be harmed during the study. Researchers who employ deception in their studies avoid debriefing the participants even after the study's completion. Researchers who employ deception in their studies must be able to justify lying to participants.

Researchers who employ deception in their studies must be able to justify lying to participants.

Which of the following is true of sensory memory? Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person. Sensory memory is brief and without detail. Sensory memory is typically reflected in the sights and sounds one encounter in daily life. Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more.

Sensory memory is typically reflected in the sights and sounds one encounters in daily life.

According to ________ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to ________ there are nine types of intelligence. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences; Sternberg's triarchic theory artificial intelligence (AI) theory; Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences Sternberg's triarchic theory; Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Sternberg's triarchic theory; Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

________ are chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the neuron's terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron. Dendrites Neurotransmitters Synapses

Synapses

________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Which of the following statements is true about algorithms? Working backward when applying algorithms is a good problem-solving strategy. They come in different forms, such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions. Compared to humans, computers can less efficiently apply algorithms. They are more likely than heuristics to solve real-world problems.

They come in different forms, such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions

Which of the following is a potential problem of using correlational studies in psychological research? They cannot be used in situations where the issue of ethics is important. They do not allow researchers to use just one variable to predict the movement of the other variable. They can be used to study the relationship between only two variables. They fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables.

They fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables

________ refers to the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. Accuracy Stability Validity Reliability

Validity

________ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology. Wilhelm Wundt William James Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud

Wilhelm Wundt

In the context of shaping, operant conditioning relies on the notion that a behavior is likely to be avoided if it is associated with a positive stimulus. repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus result in aversive conditioning. an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes. a behavior is likely to be repeated if it is followed by a reward.

a behavior is likely to be repeated if it is followed by a reward

Pavlov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because the bell had become a conditioned response. associated with food. an unconditioned stimulus for food.

a conditioned response

Your relative is experiencing memory loss related to Alzheimer disease. Research suggests that the decline in memory is due to a(n) ________ deficiency in this individual's brain. dopamine serotonin acetylcholine

acetylcholine

In the United States, intelligence is generally defined as an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience. the ability to participate responsibly in family and social life. the ability to know what to do and follow through with appropriate action, under most circumstances. a trait that is shaped entirely by genetics.

an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

Psychologists who adopt a(n) ________ approach examine behavior and mental processes by focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. biological behavioral evolutionary psychodynamic

biological

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the ________ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore. visuospatial working memory phonological loop central executive

central executive

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of observational learning . operant conditioning. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning

Lauren is at the airport waiting to board her flight. She initiates a friendly conversation with another passenger. Despite the noise at the airport and multiple announcements being made at the same time, Lauren is able to focus on the passenger's voice. This scenario best demonstrates the volley principle. Stroop effect. sound shadow. cocktail-party effect.

cocktail-party effect

Samuel, a psychologist, wants to investigate why people remember their first dates for a lifetime but tend to forget subsequent dates with the same partner. In this scenario, Samuel is most likely a(n) psychodynamic psychologist. evolutionary psychologist. biological psychologist. cognitive psychologist.

cognitive psychologist

Andrea, a psychologist, conducts a study to determine the effect of students' ages on their college grades. She divides a class into two groups: Below Age and Above Age. Members of the Below Age group are less than 18 years of age, whereas members of the Above Age group are 18 years of age or above. In this scenario, which of the following illustrates the dependent variable? informed consent freedom from harm deception confidentiality

college grades

People's decisions are likely to be biased because they tend to seek out and listen to others whose views confirm their views while they avoid those with dissenting views. This is a characteristic of the availability heuristic. hindsight bias. the representativeness heuristic. confirmation bias.

confirmation bias

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study? case study correlational research survey experimental research

correlational research

Emily selects a new paint color for her bedroom. She notices a difference between sky blue and midnight blue. Emily's ability to distinguish between these two colors can best be explained by the concept of top-down processing. selective attention. difference threshold.

difference threshold

The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates chunking. vigilance. divided attention.

divided attention.

In the country of Calibria, men prefer to date women with wide hips because they believe that these women are able to reproduce better. This scenario most likely illustrates the ________ to psychology humanistic approach cognitive approach evolutionary approach

evolutionary approach

Which of the following is one of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system? fight-or-flight reaction tell muscles what to do calm the body convey information from skin to the central nervous system (CNS)

fight-or-flight reaction

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process? rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time developing good problem-solving strategies finding and framing problems

finding and framing problems

Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a fixed-ratio schedule. fixed-interval schedule.

fixed-interval schedule

William James, a prominent American psychologist and philosopher, focused on human interactions with the outside world to understand the purpose of thoughts. His view is known as psychoanalysis. structuralism. functionalism. behaviorism.

functionalism

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? relying on the opinions of others practicing groupthink grasping the deeper meaning of ideasThinking providing a single accurate solution to any problem

grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

Working memory is the same thing as short-term memory. is a passive memory system. holds information temporarily while cognitive tasks are being performed.

holds information temporarily while cognitive tasks are being performed

Abe and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Abe and Carl's views reflect the ________ approach to psychology. psychodynamic behavioral humanistic sociocultural

humanistic

In an experiment, the ________ is conceptualized as the "potential cause" and the ________ is conceptualized as the "resulting effect." dependent variable; independent variable third variable; dependent variable third variable; independent variable independent variable; dependent variable

independent variable; dependent variable

According to the principle of ________, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop. informed consent freedom from harm deception confidentiality

informed consent

In the context of memory encoding, which of the following statements is true of mental imagery? It entails memorizing a stimulus rather than creating a concept around it. It entails visualizing material that one wants to remember in ways that create a lasting portrait. It essentially involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. It primarily involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.

it entails visualizing material that one wants to remember in ways that create a lasting portrait.

A person suffering from retrograde amnesia will lose some past memories but have only the sporadic ability to make new memories. recall past memories but not be able to make new ones. lose past memories and the ability to acquire new memories will remain unaffected.

lose past memories and the ability to acquire new memories will remain unaffected.

Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes. social relationships. emotions and sensations.

mental processes.

Emma, a psychologist, wants to study the relationship that exists among college girls who stay in hostels. She disguises herself as a college student and shares a dorm with some girls for a month. During her stay, she observes their various behaviors and makes notes when the girls are fast asleep. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario? naturalistic observation experimenter bias the placebo effect a double-blind experiment

naturalistic observation

Which of the following play(s) an important role in insulin production, metabolism, and body weight? pituitary gland adrenal gland pancreas

pancreas

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the central nervous system. peripheral nervous system.

peripheral nervous system

Which of the following types of energy reception is most activated when a person is watching a silent movie? mechanoreception chemoreception photoreception thermoreception

photoreception

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities. recall; recognition episodic memory; semantic memory recognition; recall

recognition; recall

Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning? lecturing and reprimanding a child for being rude to his or her teachers forbidding a teenager from leaving the house because he got drunk refusing to give his or her favorite toys to a child who refuses to eat forbidding a child from watching television because he broke a glass

refusing to give his or her favorite toys to a child who refuses to eat

Mateo, a waiter at a restaurant, usually takes food orders from customers. On his way back to the kitchen, he consciously repeats the orders in his mind so that he does not forget them. In the context of short-term memory, Mateo applies the technique of ________ to remember the orders. chunking rehearsal

rehearsal

The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called extinction. reinforcement.

reinforcement

A prototype is a representation of the average or ideal member for a concept. tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them. way in which information is processed and manipulated in the decision-making process.

representation of the average or ideal member for a concept.

A person's knowledge about the world is known as ________ memory. autobiographical semantic

semantic

Greta is teaching her students the meaning of words and sentences in the language used in the country of Calibra. In this scenario, Greta is most likely referring to the ________ of the Calibran language. pragmatics phonology syntax semantics

semantics

The ________ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. ambiguity effect framing effect halo effect Correct! serial position effect

serial position effect

Which of the following is a function of endorphins? playing an important role in the experience of love and social bonding stimulating the release of norepinephrine, which helps to control alertness regulating sleep, mood, attention, and learning shielding the body from pain and elevating feelings of pleasure

shielding the body from pain and elevating feelings of pleasure

Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response? learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so throwing a temper tantrum raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting sneezing after sniffing pepper

sneezing after sniffing pepper

If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from different religions, he or she is most likely following the ________ approach to psychology. cognitive humanistic psychodynamic sociocultural

sociocultural

The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating movement in the left side of the body. spatial perception. visual recognition. speech and grammar.

speech and grammar.

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two organizations. motives . stimuli.

stimuli

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, dogs, and even sealskin coats. This study illustrates stimulus acquisition in classical conditioning. extinction. stimulus generalization in classical conditioning.

stimulus generalization in classical conditioning

If you were a psychologist who adopted the structuralism approach, you would be interested in the ________ of the mind, using ________ as your primary research method. structures; externalization structures; introspection functions; experimentation functions; retrospection

structures; introspection

If a person needs to run away from a dangerous situation, the ________ nervous system sends blood to the person's extremities to prepare him or her for taking off sympathetic parasympathetic somatic

sympathetic

If a child's mental age is higher than his or her chronological age, this means that the child's IQ is deteriorating. the child's IQ is above average. the child has an average IQ. the child's IQ is lower than average

the child's IQ is above average.

When typing text messages, Juan usually leaves out the vowels in commonly used words. For example, he types "thn" instead of "then." The receiver is generally able to make sense of Juan's message. Which of the following principles most likely comes into play in this scenario? the principle of size constancy the gestalt principle of proximity the gestalt principle of closure

the gestalt principle of closure

The axon is the branchlike part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons. the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

A(n) ________ is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations. hypothesis operational definition experimental bias theory

theory

Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by speaking aloud one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in bottom-up processing. subliminal perception. top-down processing.

top-down processing.

Dendrites are treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells.

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body

Which of the following is an example of behavior? a student's memory of a motorcycle trip two people holding hands in a park thinking of a family vacation a baby's feelings when his or her mother leaves the room

two people holding hands in a park

In the context of Albert Bandura's observational learning model, seeing a model being punished for an activity makes an observer less likely to repeat the behavior. This process is called aversive conditioning . vicarious punishment.

vicarious punishment.