psychology exam 2 quiz questions

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________

"know"

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15-20 seconds

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

We watched a video of the grandson of Dr. Scoville, the person who performed the lobotomy on Patient H.M. in the middle of last century. There were some critical ethical issues raised. Which of the following was NOT addressed in the video.

The use of phrenology to diagnoses mental issues

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

accurate

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

In class we did a demo where students were asked to repeat "the" while learning a list of words. Thisprocedure was used to demonstrate the ___

articulatory suppression effect

When recalling a story about attending a play years ago, Bretan recalled they ate popcorn and had asoda. However, this did not happen. The tendency to normalize experiences to fit within ourexpectations is known as

assimilation

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________

autobiographical

The _____ in Baddely's working memory model is involved with inhibition and suppression.

central executive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process

constructive

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven sins of memory described by Schacter?

control

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

form

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration

Mistaking P for T instead of F, which is more visually similar, is an example of the _______ effect

phonological similarity

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

winning the first grade spelling bee

If you are using retrieval practice, research by Karpicke and Roediger suggests that repeating study for only information not recalled on prior test and subsequently testing yourself on all the information is just as effective as repeating study for ______.

words that you missed

In a paced auditory serial addition task, a person is tasked with sequentially adding numbers presented.This type of a task is often used to measure ________

working memory

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye"

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

Greza memorizes lists of groceries by creating meaningful groups of three so that memorizing a list of 18products feels like they memorized a list of 6. This strategy is known as ____

chunking

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.

control

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

counting backwards for 30 seconds before recall

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

distraction

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory

emotional

People with damage to their amygdala and less likely to recall _____ than people without damage

emotional stimuli

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

Reinstating the encoding context during retrieval is believed to be helpful for recall. This is a major component of the _____________ hypothesis.

encoding specificity

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

episodic memory

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________

future

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

graduating from college at age 22

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

highlighting

Previously, the _________ was believed to only be involved with consolidation. However, multiple tracemodels, along with neuroimaging evidence, suggests it is involved with retrieval as well (especially withepisodic memories).

hippocampus

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

hippocampus

Herto knows that Monaco is among the most densely populated countries. Herto repeatedly hears thatMonaco has the lowest population density on Earth from several sources ad subsequently begins to believe it. This is an example of the __________ effect.

illusory truth

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

Research conducted by Graf, Shimamura, and Squire with individuals with amnesia showed that after learning a list of words and compared with neurologically intact individuals, those with amnesia performed more poorly on a subsequent recall task, but equivalently on a _______________

implicit memory task

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________

knowing; remembering

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location

Thoughts of the self are associated with this brain area: _

medial frontal cortex

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory

organization

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory

procedural

Torry is a trumpet player in a local jazz band and plays effortlessly. Torry's ability is an example of ___________ memory

procedural

Incidental exposure to advertisements was used by Perfect and Askew to demonstrate the

propaganda effect

Terpho was planning to pick up a dozen eggs on their way home from work. They forgot to run thiserrand and when they arrived home, they said to themselves "Oh I totally forgot the eggs!" What theyexperienced is specifically a failure of _________ memory.

prospective

For the serial position curve, the distinction between the short-term memory and long term memory isrepresented by the ____ and the ____, respectively

recency effect; primacy effect

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it

reliving

For the remember/know procedure, if a person's memory is accompanied by episodic details, theyshould indicate they _____ and if a person's memory is based on familiarity and lacks episodic details,they should indicate they ____.

remember; know

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories

remote

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

repetition

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____

script

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.

semantic

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short term memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired

For verbal false memories (Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure), characterizing the tendency to misremember a semantically related item because one confuses what came to mind with what they actually heard is an example of _

source error

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory

source misattributions

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, has intact semantic memory, but defective episodic memory. K.C. would mostly likely remember ____ but not _____

the capital of Texas; their first date

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself

For best memory performance, retrieval cues in a paired associates task should be created by

the person whose memory will be tested

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

If you encode information by rhyming a word, research suggests that if the cognitive demands at test match encoding it would be beneficial. This is known as ________________

transfer appropriate processing

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing

transfer-appropriate

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________

two

Research with substances, such as anisomycin and propranolol, has been used to demonstrate thatpreviously learned information can be _

unlearned or altered

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

In our discussion, we discussed on prediction from the cognitive offloading hypothesis was that when people expect information to be accessible in the future, memory was __________ than when people did not expect them to be accessible in the future.

worse