Psychology Exam 3 Review (questions)

Freud considered _____ to be the primary motivating force of human behavior.

the unconscious

Results of Milgram's experiment showed that participants were more likely to fail to comply with the authority figure's requests when _____.

the victim was made to seem more human

Which of the following psychologists is famous for developing a psychological profile of Adolf Hitler?

Henry Murray

Arthur was abusing his wife Amy while arguing with her. The argument led to a scuffle and Arthur slapped Amy and hit her with a stick. Which type of aggression is Arthur's portraying?

overt aggression

Research on gender and love shows that men _____.

fall in love more quickly and easily than women

According to the _____, emotion occurs after physiological reactions.

James-Lange theory

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

Reward

Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Wal-Mart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Wal-Mart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects _____.

cognitive dissonance reduction

Self-fulfilling prophecy _____.

effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior

Motivated behavior is _____.

energized, directed, and sustained

Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking. What does this mean?

Cognitive activity is a necessary precondition for emotion.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?

Dopamine

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

Ernie will be happier than Bert.

When considering the human sexual response pattern, how does the male refractory period compare to that of the female refractory period?

Females do not have a refractory period.

Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?

Gordon Allport

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full?

Leptin

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

Psychodynamic perspectives

Based on the information presented in your textbook, what is the most likely outcome experienced by children who frequently play violent video games?

They are more likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behaviors.

Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later in the same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would attribute her error to _____ and her good catch to her _____.

a bad bounce/good fielding skills

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains _____.

archetypes

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is known as _____.

attribution

Thinking about being in love with someone is an example of _____.

conscious experience

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?

crowdsourcing

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others _____.

diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks

Self-report personality measures _____.

directly ask the test-taker to respond to statements about himself or herself.

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?

displacement

_____ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony in a team.

groupthink

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing _____.

humanistic counseling

One technique for engaging in positive self-reflection is to _____.

keep a gratitude journal

The _____ calms the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

Sam's therapist administered the Rorschach inkblot test during their last session. Sam completed a(n) _____ test of personality.

projective

Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?

psychodynamic

Eysenck suggested that the _____ of extraverts and introverts differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal.

reticular activation system

Aggression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?

serotonin

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

sex/security

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

social contagion

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self _____.

tend to show high levels of psychological well-being

Which of the following statements accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?

Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits.

_____ refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right.

Informational social influence

Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?

James-Lange theory

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of _____ test of personality.

an empirically keyed

_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

cognitive dissonance

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the U.S. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of _____.

explicit racism

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?

id

The elaboration likelihood model _____.

identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

internal/external causes

According to Dan McAdams, our _____ are our identities.

life stories

According to self-perception theory, if you're not sure how you feel about something, how can you find out?

look at your behavior

Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g., fingers, dolls, blocks, rattles). The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

oral

Adding external rewards to a situation in which the person is already intrinsically motivated to perform usually results in _____.

reduced intrinsic motivation

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as _____.

relational agression

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern.

resolution

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

romantic love

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves _____.

self-efficacy and mastery

According to _____, the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources.

the broaden-and-build model

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates _____.

the false consensus effect

According to Rogers, we are all born with a need for _____, or a need to be liked, loved, and accepted by those around us.

unconditional positive regard

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____, which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves.

unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that _____.

when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting

_____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.

Explicit racism/implicit racism

Studies demonstrating the facial feedback hypothesis provide support for the _____.

James-Lange theory of emotion

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group while _____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Prejudice/discrimination

Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms?

Repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water.

need; drive; motivation

A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best demonstrates the persuasion technique called _____.

the foot-in-the-door technique

John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. You feel obligated and agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of _____.

the foot-in-the-door technique

When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social situation. This is an example of _____.

the fundamental attribution error

Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and invested in the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?

the investment model

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of _____.

the self-serving bias

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

ventromedial hypothalamus

Tom has left home and is attending college in a city far away from home where he doesn't know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be most likely to make friends with _____.

Bill, his roommate

_____ emphasize individual achievement, independence, and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures

Kiefer is taking acting classes. His instructor is using Stanislavski's "method acting" technique, which encourages actors to imitate the behavior of someone feeling that emotion. When Kiefer is playing a scene where his character is sad, his instructor may suggest that he cry in order to feel sadness. "Method acting" is most consistent with which of the following?

James-Lange theory

Vickie is doing a research paper on projective personality tests. What conclusions should she draw regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?

Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test.

In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

Oedipus Complex

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?

People are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.

The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists?

Walter Mischel

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

drive/need

Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction _____.

during the early but not later stages of a relationship

The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will _____.

experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously

Diffusion of responsibility is most likely to influence _____.

helping behavior

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as _____.

homeostasis

The term _____ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term _____ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

negative affect/positive affect

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible _____.

only after all other needs have been fulfilled

Clarissa always needs to have something in her mouth. She is trying to give up smoking, but can't get throughout the day without sucking or chewing on her nails, pencils, or any other object she can get her hands on. Freud would suggest that Clarissa may be fixated in the _____ of psychosexual development.

oral