Psychology Final Exam Part 1

Psychologists define learning as the process of

acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.

In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable.

dependent

The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called

dual processing

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

memory

Learning specific behaviors simply by watching others perform them is known as

observational learning.

Morphine and heroin are

opiates

Consciousness is defined as

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates

overconfidence

An axon is

the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body

Cognition refers to

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory.

The endocrine system consists of the

glands that secrete hormones

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

Freudian psychology

Circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

A gender role refers to

a set of expected behaviors for men or for women

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as

a survey

A reflex refers to

an automatic response to sensory stimulation

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of

behavior and mental processes

One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology involves a focus on

continuity and stages

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome

The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.

genes and experience

The use of physical punishment may

have all of these results.

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

independence; interdependence

The function of dendrites is to

receive incoming signals from other neurons

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

reinforcement.

Norms are best described as

rules for socially acceptable behavior

Adolescence extends from

the beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood.

The central nervous system consists of

the brain and the spinal cord

The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the influence of

the environment

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

vary together