Psychology Final Review
Creative Thinking
Divergent versus Convergent Thinking (willingness to face risk, inner motivation)
A researcher is asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the drugs that are being manufactured by a given company. To ensure that experimenter bias and research participants bias do not influence the result, the researcher should design a set of
Double-blind experiments
Inductive Reasoning
Driven by data, bottom-up, specific to general.
Deductive Reasoning
Driven by logic, top-down, general to specific.
The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will
EXPERIENCE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL REACTIONS STIMULTANEOUSLY
Physical Changes in Adulthood
Early Adulthood, 20s - peak of physical development 30s - declines in strength, speed. Middle Adulthood, (hair loss, gain weight or lose height, menopause for women. Later adulthood, accumulated wear and tear, less ability to repair and regenerate.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence
A driver had an automobiles accident in which their siblings and another passenger were killed. The driver's inability to recall the accident best illustrates.
REPRESSION
A student is studying for a final exam. In the Context of study tips from the science of memory, which of the following practices would help improve the task of rehearsing information?
REWRITING OR RETYPING THEIR STUDY MATERIAL
An aid worker volunteers to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of its people. The people currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would they need next?
SAFETY
Paraprofessionals provide some mental health services in which context?
SELF-HELP SUPPORT GROUPS
A five-year-old boy is intrigued by his mother's cosmetic collection
SOCIAL COGNITIVE
A pop star's fans observe that the star's lives stage performance are better than the studio recorded songs. The pop star's improved performance in the presence of an audience best illustrates the concept of
SOCIAL FACILIATION
A college student needs to study but has two young children to take care of. A friend set up a schedule to watch the kids so the students could study. Which type of social supports benefits is this?
TANGIBLE ASSITANCE
In the context of sex and its biological components, which of the following statements is true of chromosomes?
THE 23rd PAIR OF SEX CHROSOMES IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERMINING A HUMAN'S GENETIC SEX
True statement about depressive disorders
THE BILOGIVAL FACTOES IMPLICATED IN DEPRESSICE DISORCERS ARE BRAIN STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, NEUTRANSMITTERS, AND GENES
Which of the following statements is true of the psychological factors involved in suicide?
THE MOST COMMON DISORDERS AMONG INDIVIDUAL WHO DIE BY SUICIDE ARE DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY
Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex is involved in higher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and self-control?
THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between religious faith and health?
THE SOCIAL CONNECTIONS PROMOTED BY RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY CAN HELP PREVENT LONELINESS
"I know it! It's um...um... It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to
THE TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON
Which of the following statements is true of tranquilizers?
THEY REDUCE ANXIETY BY MAKING INDIVIDUALS CALMER AND LESS EXCITABLE
According to the psychoanalytic approach toward psychotherapy, which of the following is an essential part of the job of a psychotherapist?
TO FREE THE CLIENT FROM THE CONFLICT THAT RESIDES IN THEIR UNCONSICOUS MIND
Which of the following is true according to research on sexual behavior and psychological well-being?
FREQUENCY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IS POSITIVELY RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING, BUT ONLU UP TO A POINT
An individual is experiencing a lot of stress based on negative events. As a result of this additional stress, the individual is unable to sleep. Which of the following would be the most likely issue?
Insomnia
Chunking
grouping items into a unit
bottom-Up processing
initiated by sensory input and outside world's influence on perception
BURNOUT
is a distressed psychological state in which a person is emotional exhaustion and little motivation for work.
__SCHIZOPHRENIA__
is a severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals experiencing this disorder may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality
Wernicke's Area
language comprehension
Concepts
mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics (Prototype Model is understood/stored)
Superego
moral branch of personality; "conscience"
Sensorimotor Stage (birth- 2 years)
object permanence
Authoritative
parents encourage independence with limits
Repression
push unacceptable impulses out of awareness, foundation for all defense mechanisms
Delay of Gratification
putting off pleasurable experiences knowing there will be future payoff
Syntax
rules for combining words to form phrases and sentences.
Religious Faith
social connections not lonely
A teen is driving on the interstate highway for the first time since obtaining a driver's license. The teen is nervous and wants to get off the highway but cannot do so; their heart and pulse are racing. In this scenario, the physiological responses can be best attributed to the _____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Social Relationships
tangible assistance
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it takes sense.
Sensation
the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming them into neural energy
An employee has been working as a teataster for approximately 15 years. The employee visits tea gardens in the country of Bodonia to grade teas according to their quality and taste. While tasting, the employee's prior knowledge is used to grade the teas. In this scenario, the employee is most likely engaged in
top-down processing
Pragmatics
use of language
17-year-old is interested in music and wants to become a pop star, so they joined a piano and vocal training classes. According to Marcia's theory on identity status, which of the following dimensions of identity is being focused on by this teenager?
COMMITMENT
Mia likes Rodrigo because they share similar interests. They both like reading, watching documentaries, and listening to classical music. In this case, Mia's attraction toward Rodrigo is best explained by the concept of
CONSENSUAL VALIDATION
Properties that determine sex as male or female
(23rd pair of chromosomes: XY or XX
Coping with stress
(Emotion-focused v. Problem-focused coping)
Erikson: Psychosocial Development
(Identity versus Identity Confusion)
Gardner's Frames of Mind
(Verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existentialist, and musical)
Becoming physically active
(activity predicts better psychological and physical functioning)
Redo notes
(handwritten best), Talk to others, test yourself, Ask yourself questions.
Teratogens are agents that cause birth defects
(nicotine, alcohol, STI's)
Eating Right
(planning meals)
Measuring Intelligence
(validity, reliability, standardization)
Which of the following helps to create healthy eating practices?
CREATE A SOUND NUTRIONAL PLAN
A teacher grading papers has the following scores: 92, 90, 88, 86, 84, and 82. What is the range of the scores?
10
Who among the following is most likely an authoritative parent?
A PARENT WHO COLLABORATES WITH THEIR CHILD TO RESOLVE ISSUES
Problem-focused coping
A type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor
A child often speaks out of turn in class without thinking and has trouble reading and concentrating on larger blocks of writing for nay period of time. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
ADHD
The anterior (front) part of the pituitary gland is known as the master gland because
ALMOST ALL OF ITS HORMONES DIRECT THA ACTIVITY OF TARGET GLANDS ELSEWHERE IN THE BODY
Which following manufacturing process is Food and Fun following in the given scenario?
AN ASSEMBLY LINE
Which of the following best defines an emotion?
AN EFFECT THAT CAN INVOLVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL, CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE, AND BEHAVIORAL ESPRESSION
An individual who feels no sexual attraction to others of any gender and who does not identify with any sexual orientation would be described as
ASEXUAL
Marcia's Four Identity Statuses
Diffusion: No exploration or commitment Foreclosure: Commitment without exploration Moratorium: Exploration without commitment Achievement: Commitment after exploration
A person diagnosed with bipolar disorder has been placed on medication to help regulate neurotransmitter's function. Which approach does this exemplify?
BIOLOGICAL
A psychologist believes that the differences between the genders can be attributed to the varying levels of estrogen and testosterone in males and females.
BIOLOGICAL
A person experiences periods where they feel so good, they are able to clean their entire house in just a couple of minutes. They do not go on spending sprees or feel like they are superheroes. Which of the following is this individual like
BIOPOLAR II DISORDER
A humanistic psychologist is most likely to focus on a person's
CAPACITY FOR PERSONAL GROWTH
According to cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behaviors conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by
CHANGING THEIR ATTITUDES TO FIT THE BEHAVIOR
A teacher challenged a student to memorize 15 letters in the same order, within half a minute. The student arranged these letters into groups. The given scenario exemplifies the use of
CHUNKING
Aleksandr's vision is a focus of interest for many ophthalmologists. Aleksandr is able to see well when there is low illumination but not so well when there is a lot of light. For instance, if outdoors during the day, he is unable to detect most colors. Which poorly functioning structure of the eye is most likely causing this unusual vision?
Cones
which of the following is the best representation of the flow of information within a neuron?
DENDRITE TO CELL BODY TO AXON
A young adult who was abused as a child developed two additional personalities. Which of the following is the individual experiencing?
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISODER
The CEO of a company that is going through a financial crisis asks the employees to brainstorm and create a list all possible solutions to revive the company business. In this scenario, the CEO is asking their employees to engage in
DIVERGENT THINKING
Steps in problem solving
Find and frame the problem, develop good problem-solving strategies (subgoals, algorithms, heuristics), Evaluate solutions, Rethink, and redefine problems.
Sandra was injured in a mining accident and has severe brain damage. In time, her brain healed and she went back to working in the mines. The only change was in personality. From being a mildmannered and calm person, Sandra became an aggressive and temperamental person. In this scenario, the region of the cerebral cortex that was most likely damaged in the accident was the________ lobe.
Frontal
A class project required student nurses to take their own blood pressure and body temperature each hour over a 30-day period. When the data was graphed, it was evident that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are
Governed by circadian rhythms
According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences, a psychiatrist is most likely to score high on
INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
Which of the following statements is true of a projective test?
IT ATTEMPTS TO GET INSIDE THE MIND TO DISCOVER HOW A TEST TAKER REALLY FEELS AND THINKS
Which of the following is true of an instinct?
IT IS GENERALLY SET IN MOTION BY A SIGN STUMILUS
Which of the following is true of self-fulfilling prophecy?
IT REFERS TO SOCIAL EXPECTATION THAT CAUSE AND INDIVIDUAL TO ACT IN SUCH A WAY THAT EXPECTATIONS ARE REALIZED
Which of the following statements is true of the Stroop effect?
IT REPRESENT A FAILURE OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION
Top-Down Processing
Initiated by cognitive processing, and internal/mental world's influence on perception
Socioemotional development
Last three stages, (intimacy versus isolation- individuals form intimate relationship with others, integrity versus despair - wellness through reminiscence and seeking meaning through life review)
In which of the following ways does Wrzesniewski define the term "job crafting'?
MAKING PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF A JOB TO MAKE THE WORK ONE'S OWN
Critical Thinking
Mindfulness, alert and mentally present. Open-Mindedness, receptive to new ways of looking at things.
Sean, a nine-year-old, loses his temper and pushes his classmate off a swing. Sean's behavior best illustrates
OVERT AGGRESSION
A researcher wants to study people's reaction to violent images. The researcher tells all the participants of the experiment that they will be subjected to violent images and ask if they are willing to participate. In this scenario, the researchers is
Obtaining informed consent from the participants
What is the main factor that sets the theory of reasoned action apart from the theory of planned behavior?
PERCEIVING CONTROL OVER THE OUTCOME OF A GIVEN BEHAVIOR
An employee must give a presentation but is nervous about it. They begin to practice in front of friends and family and make sure their presentation is as complete as they can. Which type of coping is this employee using?
PROBLEM-FOCUSED
A student is traveling back home from college in a bus. The student sees a pregnant person on the bus standing and gives up the seat to them. In context of altruism, which of the following acts does this scenario best exemplify?
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
A veteran returned home after deployment and active combat. What is this individual likely to be diagnosed with?
PTSD
Cannon-Bard Theory
Perceive external stimulus
Jasmine believes that she is a poor basketball player, yet she plays with her friends whenever they ask. Jasmine claims that when she is with her friends she feels like a different person and can play much better than when she practices on her own. Jasmine's change in ability when she is with her friends can best be attributed to the group influence phenomenon known as
SOCIAL FACILIATION
A person finds a wallet filled with money on the sidewalk. According to psychodynamic perspectives, which structure of personality would influence a decision to find the owner of the wallet rather than keep the money?
SUPEREGO
Implicit memory
The system for long-term memory storage of unconscious memories that cannot be verbally described
Which of the following statements is true of the adrenal glands?
They play an important role in dealing with stress
Identify a true statement about the relationship between language and the brain.
WERNICKE'S AREA IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
Emotion
a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression. (Autonomic Nervous System = Sympathetic Nervous System to Arouses, Parasympathetic Nervous System to calms)
Early adulthood is a period during which a person either builds a network of social relationships or becomes socially lonely. This developmental dilemma, as described by Erikson, is known
as INTIMACY VERSUS ISOLATION
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
can influence emotions and supports James-Lange theory of emotions
Disorders of Sexual Development
congenitally atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical development
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information. Prolongs STM duration indefinitely
Prosocial Behavior
correlated with parental warmth and support.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
effortful retrieval of known information and can retrieve some but not all information.
Amygdala
emotional memories (explicit)
Humanistic Perspectives
emphasis on a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
