Psychology Modules - Chapter 12

A neurodevelopmental disorder that is marked by persistent problems in maintaining attention and difficulty engaging in quiet activities is __________. (a) ADHD (b) ASD (c) Anxiety disorder (d) Schizophrenia

(a) ADHD

A mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person's brain and can affect the way the individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others is known by the the American Psychiatric Association as __________. (a) An abnormality (b) Deviant (c) A disorder (d) Unusual

(a) An abnormality

Someone who shows persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions in addition to engaging in repetitive behaviors would likely be diagnosed with __________. (a) Autism spectrum disorder (b) Down syndrome (c) Anxiety-related disorder (d) Generalized anxiety disorder

(a) Autism spectrum disorder

Learned helplessness theory is an approach to depression that originated in the __________ approach. (a) Behavioral (b) Cognitive (c) Psychoanalytic (d) Biochemical

(a) Behavioral

When individuals have been diagnosed with more than one disorder, their conditions are referred to as being __________. (a) Comorbid (b) Abnormal (c) At-risk (d) On the spectrum

(a) Comorbid

One study has found that people with ASD had less white matter connections to areas of the brain involved in __________. (a) Facial expressions (b) Upper-body movement (c) Heart and lung operation (d) Movement of the legs and feet

(a) Facial expressions

Andrea has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She has a persistent delusion that she is the Virgin Mary. What is the best description for her delusion? (a) It is a positive symptom (b) It is a negative symptom (c) It is a motor symptom (d) It is a personality disorder

(a) It is a positive symptom

For the past three weeks, Amin has felt lethargic, had problems sleeping and making decisions, lost pleasure and interest in activities he previously enjoyed, and had feelings of worthlessness. The most likely diagnosis for Amin is __________. (a) Major depressive disorder (b) Dissociative identity disorder (c) Bipolar disorder (d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

(a) Major depressive disorder

The approach that focuses on how people with ASD are more likely to focus on fine details rather than the "big picture" is called the __________ approach. (a) Sensory processing (b) Cognitive (c) Social motivation (d) Genetic factors

(a) Sensory processing

Because the level of impairment that people with ASD experience is quite variable, it is called a __________. (a) Spectrum (b) Comorbidity (c) Disorder (d) Risk factor

(a) Spectrum

Some people who have ASD may never learn to talk or be able to take care of themselves, whereas others who have ASD may excel at school and have long-lasting relationships with others. This illustrates how ASD is a __________. (a) Spectrum (b) Personality disorder (c) Stigma (d) Cognitive

(a) Spectrum

Which of the following are features of the biological approach to psychological disorders? (Select all that apply.) (a) Individuals are treated by doctors (b) Medications are often prescribed (c) There is emphasis on the person's context (d) There is little emphasis on diagnostic labels and more on the person's humanity

(a) and (b)

Which of the following statements are true regarding the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.) (a) It is the product of a 14 year revision process (b) It is the only diagnostic manual of mental disorders (c) It is published by the American Psychiatric Association (d) The DSM has been revised once since 1952

(a) and (c)

The two features that characterize autism spectrum disorder are which of the following? (a) Showing persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various settings (b) Low birth weight, severe mobility restriction, and an inability to speak (c) Delays in physical growth, characteristic facial features, and some intellectual disability (d) Showing restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

(a) and (d)

Anorexia nervosa may require hospitalization and feeding tubes; however, other forms of treatment include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) (a) Drug therapies (b) Psychotherapy (c) Electroconvulsive therapy (d) Neurosurgery

(a), (b)

What are some examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia? (a) Flat affect (b) Social withdrawl (c) Delusions of grandeur (d) Hallucinations

(a), (b)

ADHD is characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) (a) Impulsivity (b) Hyperactivity (c) Inattention (d) Intense focus (e) Flat affect

(a), (b), (c)

Research has identified some socioeconomic factors that are related to the development of depression. What are these factors? (Select all that apply.) (a) Poverty (b) Unemployment (c) Poor standard of living (d) Catastrophic thinking

(a), (b), (c)

The three most common eating disorders are which of the following? (a) Binge eating (b) Anorexia nervosa (c) Bulimia nervosa (d) Purge eating (e) Fugue eating

(a), (b), (c)

Which of the following are true in regard to schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) (a) It is characterized by disordered thought (b) A common cause of relapse is failure to take medications (c) A person may develop multiple personalities (d) It is a serious psychological disorder

(a), (b), (d)

Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders? (Select all that apply.) (a) Generalized anxiety disorder (b) Panic disorder (c) Dysthymic disorder (d) Specific phobia (e) Schizophrenia

(a), (b), (d)

According to the NIMH, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability in the United States. What are the main features of this disorder? (Select all that apply.) (a) Depressed mood and lack of interest (b) Loss of energy (c) Depression and mania (d) Changes in appetite and sleep

(a), (b), and (d)

The results from a study looking at early evidence of ASD in children show that compared to typically developing children, very young children who develop ASD show which of the following? (Select all that apply.) (a) high levels of early language ability (b) Sharp focus and strong attention paid to strangers (c) Low levels of joint attention (d) High levels of early language ability (e) Less interest in the gaze of another person

(a), (c), (e)

Those who have depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for which of the following? (Select all that apply.) (a) Norepinephrine (b) Oxytocin (c) Glutamate (d) Serotonin

(a), (d)

What are some examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) (a) Hallucinations (b) Reduced goal-directed behavior (c) Lack of emotion (d) Delusions

(a), (d)

Which of the following examples demonstrate hallucinations? (Select all that apply.) (a) Morgan sees her dead grandmother in her bedroom at night (b) Jeremy has a belief that he is William the Conqueror and that he has to serve as monarch (c) Isaac says: "way to go, onward and outward, a stitch in time, only." (d) Rachel continuously detects the smell of burning rubber, but no one else can smell it

(a), (d)

Which of the following situations describes the definition of a phobia? (a) Marilyn is very nervous much of the time, so nervous that she has problems functioning (b) Brent is deathly afraid of spiders, and this is a problem for him because he repairs heating systems (c) Allysa experiences discrete episodes of terror, problems breathing, dizziness, and a concern that she is going crazy

(b) Brent is deathly afraid of spiders, and this is a problem for him because he repairs heating systems

Roberta has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She firmly believes that she works for the CIA and God. This is an example of (a) __________. (a) Flat affect (b) Delusion (c) Daydream (d) Hallucination

(b) Delusion

Behavior is considered deviant if it __________. (a) Is a danger to the person or to others (b) Differs from what is acceptable in a culture (c) Prevents an individual from caring for him or herself (d) Upsets the individual

(b) Differs from what is acceptable in a culture

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of PTSD? (a) Problems with memory and concentration (b) Indulging in repetitive and ritualistic behaviors (c) Flashbacks (d) Feeling numb

(b) Indulging in repetitive and ritualistic behaviors

Which statement best describes the DSM-5? (a) It is used to display psychosocial and environmental problems (b) It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment (c) It is the only manual psychological disorders (d) It gives a numerical rating indicating the level at which a person is currently functioning

(b) It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment

Research shows that children with ASD differ from typically developing children in their __________ during social interactions. (a) Desire to maintain touch while communicating (b) Lack of attention to faces (c) Ability to remember names

(b) Lack of attention to faces

Research about the behavioral explanations of depression have found which of the following? (a) Negative thoughts are the result of schemas that are dysfunctional and maladaptive and that shape the depressed individual's experiences (b) Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless (c) Vulnerability and stress are both related to the development of schizophrenia (d) Dissociative identity disorder leads to a feeling of learned helplessness, which leads to depression

(b) Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless

Dissociation is thought to be a person's way of dealing with extreme stress by which of the following? (a) Performing repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that are designed to neutralize anxiety (b) Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event (c) Focusing and expanding upon negative experiences and overgeneralizing as to their meaning (d) Avoiding overconsumption and absorption of calories

(b) Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event

Barry has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His demeanor is unusual compared to most people because he does not show emotional expression when he speaks and he does not appear to have the ability to read others' emotional expressions. These symptoms are also known as __________. (a) Hallucinations (b) Negative symptoms of schizophrenia (c) Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (d) Delusions

(b) Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in binge-eating disorder? (a) High levels of cortisol (b) Oxytocin levels in the brain (c) Dopamine reward pathways in the brain (d) Overactive endocrine system

(b) Oxytocin levels in the brain

Which of the following disorders is not related to obsessive-compulsive disorder? (a) Trichotillomania (b) Post-traumatic stress disorder (c) Excoriation (d) Hoarding behavior disorder

(b) Post-traumatic stress disorder

The scientific consensus is that __________ do(es) not cause autism spectrum disorder. (Select all that apply.) (a) Maternal infections (b) Vaccines (c) Parenting (d) Older parental age (e) Complications before birth

(b) and (c)

Which of the following reflect the American Psychiatric Association's definition of abnormality? (Select all that apply.) (a) It is insanity (b) It is a mental illness (c) It is the inability to appreciate the wrongfulness of one's acts (d) It manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others

(b) and (d)

Many factors contribute to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.) (a) Religious influence (b) Biological (c) Genes (d) Social

(b), (c), (d)

Which of the following best represent the symptoms of PTSD? (Select all that apply.) (a) The need to repeat certain behaviors in order to reduce anxiety (b) Flashbacks (c) Problems with memory and concentration (d) Impulsive outburst of behavior

(b), (c), (d)

Which of the following are biological explanations of mood disorders? (Select all that apply.) (a) The person is misinterpreting respiratory cues (b) Hormonal factors (c) A reduction in positive reinforcers (d) Heredity (e) Neurotransmitter deregulation

(b), (d), (e)

A situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is a(n) __________ disorder. (a) Anxiety (b) Mood (c) Depressive (d) Personality

(c) Depressive

__________ is(are) sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli. (a) Catatonia (b) Flat affect (c) Hallucinations (d) Delusions

(c) Hallucinations

Children who went on to be diagnosed with ASD were found to be __________ than their typically developing peers. (a) More likely to respond when their name was called (b) Unable to remember their name (c) Less likely to look when their name was called (d) Unlikely to respond to anyone besides their parents

(c) Less likely to look when their name was called

The __________ perspective or model suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual. (a) Humanistic (b) Psychoanalytical (c) Medical (d) Behavioral

(c) Medical

Disorders that happen in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development are know as __________ disorders. (a) Anxiety (b) Stress-related (c) Neurodevelopmental (d) Phobic

(c) Neurodevelopmental

From the sensory processing perspective, __________ are the heart of ASD. (a) Individuals less interested in social stimuli (b) Risk factors including older paternal age and parental exposure to some chemicals (c) Overwhelming sensory experiences

(c) Overwhelming sensory experiences

Adele has experienced a number of discrete periods of terror in which she sweats, trembles, feels dizzy, and is quite certain that she is "going crazy." Her physician has assured her that there is no medical reason for these episodes. What is Adele's most likely diagnosis? (a) Phobic disorder (b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (c) Panic disorder (d) Generalized anxiety disorder

(c) Panic disorder

Sally believes that there is special meaning for her in a billboard that is near her house. Since Sally has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, this is likely an example of __________. (a) Word salad (b) A hallucination (c) Referential thinking (d) A delusion

(c) Referential thinking

__________ refers to a disorder, or class of disorders, in which severe distortion of reality occurs. (a) OCD (b) Personality disorder (c) Schizophrenia (d) Dissociative identity disorder

(c) Schizophrenia

The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to __________ are overactive in people with binge-eating disorder. (a) Hunger (b) Happiness (c) Stress (d) Sleep

(c) Stress

The cognitive approach to ASD emphasizes deficits in which of the following? (a) Emotional (b) Speech patterns (c) Theory of mind (d) IQ score

(c) Theory of mind

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for ASD? (a) Older parental age (b) Parental exposure to some chemicals (c) Vaccines (d) Maternal infections such as rubella or "German measles"

(c) Vaccines

What are the reasons somebody may develop a dissociative disorder? (Select all that apply.) (a) Norepinephrine and serotonin imbalances in the brain (b) Exposure to teratogens (c) To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness (d) To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness

(c), (d)

Which of the following is an example of a delusion related to schizophrenia? (a) Reacting with anger when someone offers help (b) Hearing voices in your head (c) Avoiding real conversations with others (d) Believing that you are the king or queen of a country

(d) Believing that you are the king or queen of a country

A model that is sometimes referred to as an interactionist perspective, in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all considered, is the __________ model. (a) Medical or biological (b) Sociocultural (c) Psychological (d) Biopsychosocial

(d) Biopsychosocial

A disorder that has to do with OCD and has been included in the DSM-5 is which of the following? (a) Schizophrenia (b) Dissociative disorder (c) Anorexia (d) Body dysmorphic disorder

(d) Body dysmorphic disorder

A child with ASD goes through the social world without understanding that other people have subjective experiences different from their own. This understanding of ASD reflects the __________ approach. (a) Etiological (b) Biological (c) Genetic (d) Cognitive

(d) Cognitive

__________ establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behaviors. (a) Nature (b) Instinct (c) Law (d) Culture

(d) Culture

__________ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. (a) Manias (b) Referential thoughts (c) Hallucinations (d) Delusions

(d) Delusions

What disorder is defined by one individual exhibiting multiple personalities, each of which has a unique set of likes and dislikes and their own reactions to situations? (a) Conversion disorder (b) Dissociative amnesia (c) Dissociative fugue (d) Dissociative identity disorder

(d) Dissociative identity disorder

What disorder is characterized by long-term, persistent anxiety, and uncontrollable worry? (a) Panic disorders (b) Agrophobia (c) Obsessive Compulsive disorder (d) Generalized anxiety disorder

(d) Generalized anxiety disorder

Research has linked many __________ to the development of ASD. (a) Parental styles (b) Geographic locations of birth (c) Vaccines (d) Genetic mutations

(d) Genetic mutations

Which of the following is NOT an example of social phobia? (a) Jefferey didn't try out for his schools soccer team because he was anxious about making an embarrassing first impression at tryouts (b) Larry loves to dance but quit his dance class because he was terrifies of performing in front of an audience at the recital (c) Heather is terrified of public speaking (d) Liam has an intense fear of heights

(d) Liam has an intense fear of heights

Studies have found very high rates of depression in __________ groups in which poverty and alcoholism are widespread. (a) Asian (b) European American (c) Mexican (d) Native American

(d) Native American

Down Syndrome is an example of a __________ disorder. (a) Attention (b) Trauma-related (c) Anxiety (d) Neurodevelopmental

(d) Neurodevelopmental

__________ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome. (a) Antisocial personality (b) Bipolar (c) Dissociative identity (d) Obsessive-compulsive

(d) Obsessive-compulsive

What disorder is characterized by the episodes involving the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness? (a) Personality disorder (b) Bipolar disorder (c) Mood disorder (d) Panic disorder

(d) Panic disorder

How do the brains of developing adolescents with ASD process speech? (a) Equally in both hemispheres (b) Primarily on the right hemisphere only (c) Hardly at all in either hemisphere (d) Primarily on the left hemisphere only

(d) Primarily on the left hemisphere only

The __________ approach to ASD suggests that individuals with ASD are profoundly less interested in social stimuli compared to typically developing people. (a) Biological (b) Sensory processing (c) Cognitive (d) Social motivation

(d) Social motivation

Which is true in regard to anxiety disorders, according to the DSM-5? (a) There are eight types of anxiety disorders (b) There is only one basic type of anxiety disorder (c) There are an unlimited number of anxiety disorders (d) There are 12 types of anxiety disorders

(d) There are 12 types of anxiety disorders

In a study of a number of countries, __________ were shown to be nearly twice as likely to develop depression as __________. (a) Adults; children (b) Those over 60 years old; those under 25 years old (c) Men; women (d) Women; men

(d) Women; men

__________ are nearly twice as likely as __________ to develop depression. (a) Children; adults (b) Adults; children (c) Men; women (d) Women; men

(d) Women; men

The __________ approach to psychological disorders attributes disorders to organic, internal causes.

Biological

The __________ perspective involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural.

Biopshchosocial

__________ nervosa is to binging and purging as anorexia nervosa is to self-starvation.

Bulimia

__________ are firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality, and they commonly occur with schizophrenia.

Delusions

__________ refers to psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from his or her immediate experience.

Dissociation

In the most severe form of __________ amnesia, individuals cannot even recall their names.

Dissociative

__________ amnesia is characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress.

Dissociative

__________ disorders are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's conscious experience.

Dissociative

__________ disorders are characterized by extreme disturbances in an individual's food consumption behavior.

Eating

True or false: According to the current, predominant understanding of the disorder, genetic factors alone are enough to produce schizophrenia.

False

True or false: Schizophrenia is caused exclusively by biological factors.

False

People with __________ anxiety disorder worry about work, health, and relationships, but also about little things, such as whether their clothes fit just right.

Generalized

__________ play an important role in the development and persistence of ASD.

Genes

According to research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic. This is called the __________ ___________ theory.

Learned helplessness

A biochemical explanation of the cause of mood disorders generally focuses on regulation problems with __________.

Neurotransmitters

Cultural __________ provide guidance about how people should behave and what behavior is healthy.

Norms

__________-_________ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome.

Obsessive compulsive

__________ phobia is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed around other people.

Social

A(n) __________ __________ is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Specific phobia

Contemporary theorists recognize that __________ may contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

Stress

Clinical psychologist Aaron Beck proposed that faulty __________ underline people's depressed feelings.

Thoughts

Anorexia nervosa is much more common in girls and women than boys and men.

True

True or false: Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings.

True

True or false: The links between biology and mood disorders are well established.

True

True or false: Within the medical model perspective abnormalities are called "mental illnesses" and those with disorders called "patients."

True

The __________ disorder called word salad is used to describe incoherent, loose word associations that sometimes appear in the speech of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia.

thought