Psychology
The father of behaviorism
John B. Watson
this field of psychology studies various physical and psychological changes across the different age stages of individuals
developmental
Jean Piaget
developmental theory
logos
discourse, study
The brain consists of several different components
distinctive functions
the hypnotist can ''take control'' of hypnotized patients and thus can command them to engage in behaviors against their will
false
the stage of deep sleep
Nonrapid Eye Movement (non-REM)
the ability to influence inanimate objects by willpower (mind over matter)
Psychokinesis
Structuralism
Psychology first became a science in its own right, examining elements of consciousness
A sleep disorder in which the sufferer reports an itching, burning, or otherwise uncomfortable feeling in his legs, usually exacerbated when resting or asleep
Restless legs syndrome
it is the primary psychological, cognitive process of knowing reality
Sensation
one of the types of memory storage that begins processing perceptual information transferred from sensory memory
Short-Term Memory (STM)
According to -- majority of human behaviours are triggered by unconscious motivation
Sigmund Freud
The father of the psychoanalytic approach
Sigmund Freud
focused on the unconscious describing the individual's present state, studied the mind in terms of hierarchical arrangements of experiences in the form of different layers of consciousness
Sigmund Freud
A sleep disorder that characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep
Sleep apnea
It is a disruptive sleep disorder, most frequently experienced in childhood, that may involve loud screams and intense panic
Sleep terrors
includes all of the neural tissues inside the skull, and the backbone is made up of the spinal cord and brain.
The central nervous system (CNS)
the part of the nervous system, the brain, enables our humanity—our thinking, feeling, and acting
The central nervous system (CNS)
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt, Grandville Stanely Hall, Edward Tichener
the first educator to offer a psychology course in America, "father of American psychology"
William James
Functionalism
William James, James McKeen Raymond Cattell, John Dewey
Neuron has three essential parts:
a cell body (or soma), the dendrite, the axon
a sleep disorder in which the sufferer grinds his teeth during sleep
bruxism
the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and that keeps the cell alive;
cell body
mental properties - typical characteristics of a person's peculiarities
character, temperament, ability, skill
Sensation
allows us to reflect on objects and phenomena through the senses. it's awareness about various stimuli we encounter in different modalities such as vision, hearing, touch and taste
3 stage - psychology as a science that studies
behavior
focuses on the role of different parts of brain in regulating feelings, memories, emotions and other aspects of behaviour
biological approach
Psychological approaches
biological, psychoanalytic, humanistic, behaviorist, cognitive
I stage of formation of psychology (over two thousand years ago)
a science of the soul
psychology is
a systematic and scientific study of mental processes, experiences and behaviours - both overt and covert
deals with various types of psychological disorders that affect the individual's mental health
abnormal
mental process is the process of
cognition, volition, emotion
This approach mainly focuses on the study of the information processing capacity of the individual in terms of perception, remembering, thinking, language, reasoning, problem-solving and decision making, which are called higher mental processes.
cognitive
This approach relies on computational models and assumes that behavior and mental processes are possibly understood by treating information processing
cognitive
deals with the acquisition, storage, transformation and application of information the individual uses to understand and interpret events happening around us
cognitive
Mental processes
cognitive processes, emotions, will
The ability to think, feel, the desire was called
consciousness
the upper level of the mental life of which the person is aware as contrasted, as a quality or state or fact of being conscious of an external object, state and characterized by sensation, emotion, volition, and thought.
consciousness
the part of the neuron that collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma;
dendrite
Wundt's student
Edward Bradford Titchener
Attention is the cognitive function that allows us to focus on a particular stimulus among many available stimuli selectively. For example, while listening to a lecture in the classroom, we attend to the words pronounced by the teacher and try to ignore the other stimuli present in the classroom, such as noise from the window.
In the first stage, stimulus input usually involves your sensory organs. Your sensory organs perceive this stimulus and save it to sensory memory within 1-4 seconds. In the second stage, if you focus (attend) on the new information from sensory memory, it can be transferred into short-term memory (working memory) and save data for 1 minute. In the third stage, to save new information in long-term memory, it is necessary to encode it (connect it with one meaning) and retain it for the long run (days, months, years). After, you can retrieve this information after duration
Interested in the function of consciousness and how people adapted to their natural environment. Fostered developmental behaviorism and applied psychology
Functionalism
types of experiment
laboratory and natural
allows us to code, store, and recover information from the past
memory
a layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that allows faster transmission of the electrical signal
myelin sheath
axons are often surrounded by
myelin sheath
Structuralism - based on
natural sciences; experimental
Cognitive Approach's focus is
on the information processing capacity of the individual
studies leadership motivation, job satisfaction and performance appraisal
organizational
"rests" the body back down (calm)
parasympathetic
it is part of the lobes that control somatic or voluntary sensory functions
parietal lobe
it is a psychological method based on non-participant observation when the researcher maintains an optimum distance and has little impact on the events under study
passive
psyche in Greek
spirit, soul, mind
any event or situation—internal or external—that elicits (goads) response from an organism that activates a sensory receptor (vision, hearing, smell, and taste).
stimulus
one of the types of long term memory that deals with memory for actions or ways of doing certain things or performing certain activities, such as skills and tasks
procedural memory
Mental Phenomena
process, state, property
simply a free interpretation by the researcher of the tasks performed by the participant. This category of tests does not use self-reports of the subjects
projective (Lusher test)
the totality of elements forming the mind
psyche
a systematic and scientific study of mental processes, experiences and behaviors.
psychology
The most common form of written survey
questionnaire
allows us to reflect on objects or phenomena that are not perceived at the moment
representation
Paul Ekman's 7 basic emotions:
sad, joy, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt
cognitive processes - 8
sensation, perception, attention, speech, memory, thinking, imagination, representation
a method of obtaining the necessary information using questions and answers. it can be verbal or written
survey
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Neuron-to-neuron connections
synapses
Modeling can be
technical, logical, mathematical, cybernetic
the main unit of investigation is
the individual human being and the person's experience, mental processes and behaviours.
The subject of psychology is
the mental phenomena in human life
1 stage - The objective was
to explain all the incomprehensible phenomena in a person's life by the presence of a soul
3 stage - the main task
to set up experiments and observe what can be directly seen, namely: behavior, actions, reactions of a person
the part of the neuron that transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons
axon
Piaget concluded, form the basis of children's exploration and play and are a four-part process:
1. Assimilation 2. Equilibrium - current schemas support the gaining of new knowledge; 3. Disequilibrium - new information or an experience changes 4. Accommodation - the child uses new information or experiences to adapt or modify existing schema.
The somatic nervous system consists of
- all the Sensory nerves, which transmit information from the sense receptors—to the central nervous system - all the Motor nerves, relay messages from the central nervous system to all the body's skeletal muscles
The nervous system is divided into two major parts—
- the Central Nervous System (CNS) - the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
8. The Principle of Common Fate The Principle of Common Fate is the rule that objects that move in the same direction seem more related than elements that are stationary or move in different directions. You can often see this principle at work on product pages. For example, in the screenshot from the Allbirds website, you can see that all the sneakers are facing the same direction. However, in the photos at the bottom of the screen that depict different types of shoes, the models' feet all face different directions
9. The Principle of Parallelism The Principle of Parallelism is the understanding that parallel objects are seen as more related than elements not parallel to each other, as you can see in the diagram. We can see this principle at work on Away's home page. Many of their images depicting their products place the objects parallel. In contrast, images of travel destinations at the bottom of the page are not parallel, underscoring their differences.
ambiguous, vague and unstructured stimuli such as pictures, inkblots, drawings, incomplete sentences
A Projective test
observation works out when the researcher mixes with the event under study and conducts the investigation
Active (participant)
Periodic limb movement disorder
A sleep disorder which involves sudden involuntary movement of limbs.
Fields of psychology - 7
Abnormal, Cognitive, Educational, Environmental, Health, Organizational, Developmental
created one of the first psychological tests for assessing intelligence
Alfred Binet
The unit of analysis for the ——— is explicit, objective and overt behaviour and its relationship with environmental stimulation.
Behaviorist Approach
Расстройство сна, при котором страдающий скрежещет зубами во время сна
Bruxism
....... assumes that the person is active and self-actualizing agent and has a choice in deciding his behaviour.
Carl Rogers
emphasized conscious experiences of the present situation, the role of interpersonal experiences across the course of life, and people's capacity to grow toward psychological maturity
Carl Rogers
the father of the humanistic approach
Carl Rogers
Functionalism - based on
Charles Darwin's natural selection
a conversation between 2 or more people is
Dialogue
Long-term memory is divided into Explicit memory and Implicit memory. Explicit memory is conscious memories that can easily be verbalized. They are more complex memories because they are often holistic and involve recalling many different aspects of a situation. To consciously recall something, such as your memory of events that occurred yesterday, you not only recall the event, but you also recall the context in which the event occurred, that is, the time of day, the place, and other objects and people that were present, etc. Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as "non-declarative" because an individual cannot verbally "declare" these memories. Implicit memories are unconscious and often involve memories for specific step-bystep procedures or specific feelings/emotions. For example, your ability to carry out the various processes involved in riding a bicycle is mainly unconscious; they have been "proceduralized"
Explicit memory includes Declarative Memory. Declarative memory is the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled. Declarative memory is divided into Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory: - Episodic Memory: It refers to the personal experiences of an individual. You do so many things in a day. They are your unique experiences. The memory of such experiences is accessible by you only. They are parts of your episodic memory, such as events and experiences. - Semantic Memory deals with knowledge, meaning, and generalized experiences. Whatever we remember from books and information about world events and meanings of words are included in it, such as facts and concepts.
a process of self-examination when the person describes and analyzes thoughts as they occur
Introspection (self-observation)
Willam James's student - the 14th President of American Psychological Association (APA)
Mary Whiton Calkins
the condition or status of an entity or system at a particular time
Mental state
A sleep disorder that is characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of "nodding off.
Narcolepsy
Furthermore, unhealthy conditions, disorders and diseases can also cause sleep problems, including
Pathological sleepiness Insomnia and accidents Hypertension and elevated cardiovascular risks (MI, stroke) Emotional disorders (depression, bipolar disorder) Obesity; metabolic syndrome and diabetes Alcohol and drug abuse
A sleep disorder condition in which people bizarre physical activities during REM sleep in response to intense, violent dreams
REM sleep behavior disorder
psychological research method based on self-assessments or self-reports of the subjects
Subjective methods
the primary method of psychology
experiment
It is a psychological method to obtain information about people's patterns and opinions via questions and answers
Survey
Brain structures are often grouped into the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. The hindbrain structures control heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and many other vital functions. The part of the hindbrain known as the brainstem begins when the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the skull. The brainstem handles functions that are so critical to physical survival that its damage is life-threatening. The medulla is the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, and swallowing. It consists of the medulla, pons, reticular formation and midbrain. The medulla is the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, and swallowing. The medulla handles these functions automatically, so you do not have to decide consciously to breathe or remember to keep your heart beating. Above the medulla and at the top of the brainstem is a bridgelike structure called the pons that extends across the top front of the brainstem and connects to both halves of the cerebellum. The pons plays a role in body movement and even influence sleep and dreaming. Extending through the central core of the brainstem into the pons is another important structure, the reticular formation, sometimes called the reticular activating system (RAS). The reticular formation plays a crucial role in attention. For example, a driver may be listening intently to a radio program when, suddenly, a car cuts in front of her. In response, the reticular formation blocks the sensory information coming from the radio and fixes the driver's attention on the potential danger posed by the other driver's action. Once the traffic pattern returns to normal, the reticular formation allows her to attend to the radio again while monitoring the traffic situation. Also, with the help of reticular formation, important messages get through even when we are asleep. For example, this is why parents may be able to sleep through a thunderstorm but awaken to their baby's slightest cry. The midbrain is found in between the hindbrain and the forebrain. It regulates the motor function and allows the motor and sensory information to pass from the brain to the rest of the body. It contains structures linking the hindbrain's physiological processes to its cognitive functions. The substantia nigra is located in the midbrain. The system in the midbrain controls unconscious motor movements. For example, When you ride a bicycle or walk upstairs without giving your activities any conscious thought, the nuclei of the cells that allow you to do so are found in the substantia nigra
The largest part of the brain is the forebrain. It is the part of the brain where cognitive and motor functions are controlled. Two important forebrain structures lie just above the brainstem. Under the cortex are several other structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala, forming the limbic system (involved in emotional behaviour, motivation, and learning). The forebrain also features essential structures in the limbic system, which controls basic emotions and psychological drives. The limbic system is made up of several different structures, but three of the most important are the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the thalamus and the hypothalamus. A critical component of the limbic system is the amygdala, an almond-shaped set of neurons responsible for fear processing. Another essential part of the limbic system is the hippocampus responsible for long-term memory formation. Olfactory bulb - relays messages about the smell to the central limbic areas for processing. The thalamus is considered to be the neural railway station of the brain. Sensory input from the body travels to the thalamus, where it is then relayed to the rest of the brain as a specific sensation. The thalamus is also involved with consciousness, alertness, and sleep. The hypothalamus is involved with food, body temperature, and various emotional behaviours. If body temperature gets too high, the hypothalamus instructs the body to sweat. If the body is cold, the hypothalamus will cause shivers. Irregular hypothalamic behaviour can, in turn, lead to sweating and shivering when these reactions are not needed. It also houses the biological clock, the mechanism responsible for the timing of the sleep/wakefulness cycle and the daily fluctuation. Because of the biological clock, once your body gets used to waking up at a particular time, you tend to awaken at that time every day, even if you forget to set your alarm clock. The physiological changes in the body that accompany strong emotion, sweaty palms are also initiated by neurons concentrated primarily in the hypothalamuS
The function of these tissues is to transmit messages to and from the body and brain.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
includes all nerves that are not encased in bone.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
it is a nervous system which includes all nerves
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the part of the nervous system comprising an extensive system of nerves linked to the brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
based on interrogating subjects for questions that allow you to get reliable information about the presence or severity of psychological characteristics. This test helps to find out your personality traits and build your personality profile and basis on the number of answers
The test questionnaire
The object of psychology is
a person's psyche
in Russia - 1st laboratory
Vladimir Bekhterev
the sympathetic nervous system was named the "fight-or-flight" response (emergency)
Walter Canon
Psychological approaches
a narrow study of the psyche and psychological phenomena by various psychological concepts to describe personality's behavior, experience, and mental processes
mental states - emotional states
anxiety, frustration, stress, affect
a long segmented fiber
axon
allows us to selectively focus on a particular stimulus among many stimuli available to us
attention
it is the psychological and cognitive process that allows us to focus on a particular stimulus among many available stimuli selectively
attention
regulates involuntary actions such as internal-organ function and blood-vessel movement that operate without any conscious control or awareness on your part
automatic
1879, Wilhelm Wundt
established the first experimental science/laboratory
Functionalism - focus on
examining patterns of development and mental testing in children and tested general behavioral differences
focuses on the impact of various psychological factors on the onset progress and treatment of illness, deals with various lifestyle diseases
health psychology
Structuralism - Focus on
identifying and examining components of conscious experience. E.g. sensation, perception, feelings based on introspection and self-observation
allows us to form images, ideas, and sensations in the mind based on past perception in the absence of direct sensory data, often by combining fragments of previous sensory experiences into new syntheses
imagination
A sleep disorder that involves persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep
insomnia
comprises of a variety of open-ended questions and the interviewee gives his or her responses as freely as possible.
interview
the most common form of survey
interview
face-to-face interaction that occurs between two persons.
interview (structured interviews and unstructured interviews)
the process of attempting to directly access one's own internal psychological processes, judgments, perceptions, or states
introspection
Observation includes
introspection, active observation, passive observation
allows us to acquire new knowledge and skills through experience and practice
learning
a nerve cell which function is to receive and transmit information from receptors
neuron
an assessment instrument consisting of a set of items or questions with specific correct answers
objective test
a systematic and purposeful perception of the phenomenon under study
observation
The earliest methods of studying psychological phenomena
observation, self-observation, survey
Subjective methods
observation, survey, test
allows us to make out the meaning of information
perception
2 stage - The main method of study
person's observation of one's (introspection) and the description of facts
the specific sensitive formations that perceive (receive) and transform stimulus (irritants) from our body's external or internal environment and send it to the nervous system
receptors
controls voluntary movements such as those in the skin, bones, joints and skeletal muscles
somatic
used to represent, process, store and transmit verbal information
speech
The central nervous system (CNS) includes
spinal card, brain
an extension of the brain
spinal cord
4 stage - now - psychology is a science that
studies objective laws, manifestations and mechanisms of the psyche
Mental phenomena is
subjective human experience, a fundamental property, which is the direct representation of the subject
an assessment tool scored according to personal judgment, views
subjective test
The primary psychological research methods can be divided into three main groups:
subjective, objective, modelling
The tip of each branch of an axon is called a(n)
terminal button
involves obtaining information about the psychological characteristics of a person based on the analysis of specific tasks. In this test of the "test-to-be-tested" type, perform a detailed list of tasks. The number of completed tasks is the basis for judging the presence or absence and the degree of development of a certain psychological quality. Most tests in this category determine the level of intellectual growth
test task
the object is
the basic laws of the generation and functioning of psychic reality
A treelike fiber known as ........ collects information from other cells and passes the information to the cell body (soma);
the dendrite
the primary controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body, gathers, synthesize, and uses data from the environment
the nervous system
The cell body (soma) contains ..... to keeps the cell alive.
the nucleus
The spinal cord links
the peripheral nervous system, the brain
Biological Approach's primary focus is on ...
the role of different brain parts in regulating feelings, memories, emotions and other aspects of behavior. looks for the physiological basis of human behavior
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) - 2 subdivisions
the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system
III stage, psychology was (XX century)
the study as a science of behavior
II stage was (17th century - development of natural sciences)
the study of psychology as the science of consciousness
the cognitive function in which ideas, images, mental representations, or other hypothetical elements of thought are experienced or manipulated by transforming available information
thinking
Sigmund Freud assumed that majority of human behaviours are triggered by ...
unconscious motivation
used in those cases when it is necessary to observe the actions and behavior of the participant
verbal survey
a conscious management of behavior and activities
will
allows reaching more people in a relatively short time
written survey