Psychology

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The father of behaviorism

John B. Watson

this field of psychology studies various physical and psychological changes across the different age stages of individuals

developmental

Jean Piaget

developmental theory

logos

discourse, study

The brain consists of several different components

distinctive functions

the hypnotist can ''take control'' of hypnotized patients and thus can command them to engage in behaviors against their will

false

the stage of deep sleep

Nonrapid Eye Movement (non-REM)

the ability to influence inanimate objects by willpower (mind over matter)

Psychokinesis

Structuralism

Psychology first became a science in its own right, examining elements of consciousness

A sleep disorder in which the sufferer reports an itching, burning, or otherwise uncomfortable feeling in his legs, usually exacerbated when resting or asleep

Restless legs syndrome

it is the primary psychological, cognitive process of knowing reality

Sensation

one of the types of memory storage that begins processing perceptual information transferred from sensory memory

Short-Term Memory (STM)

According to -- majority of human behaviours are triggered by unconscious motivation

Sigmund Freud

The father of the psychoanalytic approach

Sigmund Freud

focused on the unconscious describing the individual's present state, studied the mind in terms of hierarchical arrangements of experiences in the form of different layers of consciousness

Sigmund Freud

A sleep disorder that characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep

Sleep apnea

It is a disruptive sleep disorder, most frequently experienced in childhood, that may involve loud screams and intense panic

Sleep terrors

includes all of the neural tissues inside the skull, and the backbone is made up of the spinal cord and brain.

The central nervous system (CNS)

the part of the nervous system, the brain, enables our humanity—our thinking, feeling, and acting

The central nervous system (CNS)

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt, Grandville Stanely Hall, Edward Tichener

the first educator to offer a psychology course in America, "father of American psychology"

William James

Functionalism

William James, James McKeen Raymond Cattell, John Dewey

Neuron has three essential parts:

a cell body (or soma), the dendrite, the axon

a sleep disorder in which the sufferer grinds his teeth during sleep

bruxism

the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and that keeps the cell alive;

cell body

mental properties - typical characteristics of a person's peculiarities

character, temperament, ability, skill

Sensation

allows us to reflect on objects and phenomena through the senses. it's awareness about various stimuli we encounter in different modalities such as vision, hearing, touch and taste

3 stage - psychology as a science that studies

behavior

focuses on the role of different parts of brain in regulating feelings, memories, emotions and other aspects of behaviour

biological approach

Psychological approaches

biological, psychoanalytic, humanistic, behaviorist, cognitive

I stage of formation of psychology (over two thousand years ago)

a science of the soul

psychology is

a systematic and scientific study of mental processes, experiences and behaviours - both overt and covert

deals with various types of psychological disorders that affect the individual's mental health

abnormal

mental process is the process of

cognition, volition, emotion

This approach mainly focuses on the study of the information processing capacity of the individual in terms of perception, remembering, thinking, language, reasoning, problem-solving and decision making, which are called higher mental processes.

cognitive

This approach relies on computational models and assumes that behavior and mental processes are possibly understood by treating information processing

cognitive

deals with the acquisition, storage, transformation and application of information the individual uses to understand and interpret events happening around us

cognitive

Mental processes

cognitive processes, emotions, will

The ability to think, feel, the desire was called

consciousness

the upper level of the mental life of which the person is aware as contrasted, as a quality or state or fact of being conscious of an external object, state and characterized by sensation, emotion, volition, and thought.

consciousness

the part of the neuron that collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma;

dendrite

Wundt's student

Edward Bradford Titchener

Attention is the cognitive function that allows us to focus on a particular stimulus among many available stimuli selectively. For example, while listening to a lecture in the classroom, we attend to the words pronounced by the teacher and try to ignore the other stimuli present in the classroom, such as noise from the window.

In the first stage, stimulus input usually involves your sensory organs. Your sensory organs perceive this stimulus and save it to sensory memory within 1-4 seconds. In the second stage, if you focus (attend) on the new information from sensory memory, it can be transferred into short-term memory (working memory) and save data for 1 minute. In the third stage, to save new information in long-term memory, it is necessary to encode it (connect it with one meaning) and retain it for the long run (days, months, years). After, you can retrieve this information after duration

Interested in the function of consciousness and how people adapted to their natural environment. Fostered developmental behaviorism and applied psychology

Functionalism

types of experiment

laboratory and natural

allows us to code, store, and recover information from the past

memory

a layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that allows faster transmission of the electrical signal

myelin sheath

axons are often surrounded by

myelin sheath

Structuralism - based on

natural sciences; experimental

Cognitive Approach's focus is

on the information processing capacity of the individual

studies leadership motivation, job satisfaction and performance appraisal

organizational

"rests" the body back down (calm)

parasympathetic

it is part of the lobes that control somatic or voluntary sensory functions

parietal lobe

it is a psychological method based on non-participant observation when the researcher maintains an optimum distance and has little impact on the events under study

passive

psyche in Greek

spirit, soul, mind

any event or situation—internal or external—that elicits (goads) response from an organism that activates a sensory receptor (vision, hearing, smell, and taste).

stimulus

one of the types of long term memory that deals with memory for actions or ways of doing certain things or performing certain activities, such as skills and tasks

procedural memory

Mental Phenomena

process, state, property

simply a free interpretation by the researcher of the tasks performed by the participant. This category of tests does not use self-reports of the subjects

projective (Lusher test)

the totality of elements forming the mind

psyche

a systematic and scientific study of mental processes, experiences and behaviors.

psychology

The most common form of written survey

questionnaire

allows us to reflect on objects or phenomena that are not perceived at the moment

representation

Paul Ekman's 7 basic emotions:

sad, joy, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt

cognitive processes - 8

sensation, perception, attention, speech, memory, thinking, imagination, representation

a method of obtaining the necessary information using questions and answers. it can be verbal or written

survey

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Neuron-to-neuron connections

synapses

Modeling can be

technical, logical, mathematical, cybernetic

the main unit of investigation is

the individual human being and the person's experience, mental processes and behaviours.

The subject of psychology is

the mental phenomena in human life

1 stage - The objective was

to explain all the incomprehensible phenomena in a person's life by the presence of a soul

3 stage - the main task

to set up experiments and observe what can be directly seen, namely: behavior, actions, reactions of a person

the part of the neuron that transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons

axon

Piaget concluded, form the basis of children's exploration and play and are a four-part process:

1. Assimilation 2. Equilibrium - current schemas support the gaining of new knowledge; 3. Disequilibrium - new information or an experience changes 4. Accommodation - the child uses new information or experiences to adapt or modify existing schema.

The somatic nervous system consists of

- all the Sensory nerves, which transmit information from the sense receptors—to the central nervous system - all the Motor nerves, relay messages from the central nervous system to all the body's skeletal muscles

The nervous system is divided into two major parts—

- the Central Nervous System (CNS) - the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

8. The Principle of Common Fate The Principle of Common Fate is the rule that objects that move in the same direction seem more related than elements that are stationary or move in different directions. You can often see this principle at work on product pages. For example, in the screenshot from the Allbirds website, you can see that all the sneakers are facing the same direction. However, in the photos at the bottom of the screen that depict different types of shoes, the models' feet all face different directions

9. The Principle of Parallelism The Principle of Parallelism is the understanding that parallel objects are seen as more related than elements not parallel to each other, as you can see in the diagram. We can see this principle at work on Away's home page. Many of their images depicting their products place the objects parallel. In contrast, images of travel destinations at the bottom of the page are not parallel, underscoring their differences.

ambiguous, vague and unstructured stimuli such as pictures, inkblots, drawings, incomplete sentences

A Projective test

observation works out when the researcher mixes with the event under study and conducts the investigation

Active (participant)

Periodic limb movement disorder

A sleep disorder which involves sudden involuntary movement of limbs.

Fields of psychology - 7

Abnormal, Cognitive, Educational, Environmental, Health, Organizational, Developmental

created one of the first psychological tests for assessing intelligence

Alfred Binet

The unit of analysis for the ——— is explicit, objective and overt behaviour and its relationship with environmental stimulation.

Behaviorist Approach

Расстройство сна, при котором страдающий скрежещет зубами во время сна

Bruxism

....... assumes that the person is active and self-actualizing agent and has a choice in deciding his behaviour.

Carl Rogers

emphasized conscious experiences of the present situation, the role of interpersonal experiences across the course of life, and people's capacity to grow toward psychological maturity

Carl Rogers

the father of the humanistic approach

Carl Rogers

Functionalism - based on

Charles Darwin's natural selection

a conversation between 2 or more people is

Dialogue

Long-term memory is divided into Explicit memory and Implicit memory. Explicit memory is conscious memories that can easily be verbalized. They are more complex memories because they are often holistic and involve recalling many different aspects of a situation. To consciously recall something, such as your memory of events that occurred yesterday, you not only recall the event, but you also recall the context in which the event occurred, that is, the time of day, the place, and other objects and people that were present, etc. Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as "non-declarative" because an individual cannot verbally "declare" these memories. Implicit memories are unconscious and often involve memories for specific step-bystep procedures or specific feelings/emotions. For example, your ability to carry out the various processes involved in riding a bicycle is mainly unconscious; they have been "proceduralized"

Explicit memory includes Declarative Memory. Declarative memory is the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled. Declarative memory is divided into Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory: - Episodic Memory: It refers to the personal experiences of an individual. You do so many things in a day. They are your unique experiences. The memory of such experiences is accessible by you only. They are parts of your episodic memory, such as events and experiences. - Semantic Memory deals with knowledge, meaning, and generalized experiences. Whatever we remember from books and information about world events and meanings of words are included in it, such as facts and concepts.

a process of self-examination when the person describes and analyzes thoughts as they occur

Introspection (self-observation)

Willam James's student - the 14th President of American Psychological Association (APA)

Mary Whiton Calkins

the condition or status of an entity or system at a particular time

Mental state

A sleep disorder that is characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of "nodding off.

Narcolepsy

Furthermore, unhealthy conditions, disorders and diseases can also cause sleep problems, including

Pathological sleepiness Insomnia and accidents Hypertension and elevated cardiovascular risks (MI, stroke) Emotional disorders (depression, bipolar disorder) Obesity; metabolic syndrome and diabetes Alcohol and drug abuse

A sleep disorder condition in which people bizarre physical activities during REM sleep in response to intense, violent dreams

REM sleep behavior disorder

psychological research method based on self-assessments or self-reports of the subjects

Subjective methods

the primary method of psychology

experiment

It is a psychological method to obtain information about people's patterns and opinions via questions and answers

Survey

Brain structures are often grouped into the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. The hindbrain structures control heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and many other vital functions. The part of the hindbrain known as the brainstem begins when the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the skull. The brainstem handles functions that are so critical to physical survival that its damage is life-threatening. The medulla is the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, and swallowing. It consists of the medulla, pons, reticular formation and midbrain. The medulla is the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, and swallowing. The medulla handles these functions automatically, so you do not have to decide consciously to breathe or remember to keep your heart beating. Above the medulla and at the top of the brainstem is a bridgelike structure called the pons that extends across the top front of the brainstem and connects to both halves of the cerebellum. The pons plays a role in body movement and even influence sleep and dreaming. Extending through the central core of the brainstem into the pons is another important structure, the reticular formation, sometimes called the reticular activating system (RAS). The reticular formation plays a crucial role in attention. For example, a driver may be listening intently to a radio program when, suddenly, a car cuts in front of her. In response, the reticular formation blocks the sensory information coming from the radio and fixes the driver's attention on the potential danger posed by the other driver's action. Once the traffic pattern returns to normal, the reticular formation allows her to attend to the radio again while monitoring the traffic situation. Also, with the help of reticular formation, important messages get through even when we are asleep. For example, this is why parents may be able to sleep through a thunderstorm but awaken to their baby's slightest cry. The midbrain is found in between the hindbrain and the forebrain. It regulates the motor function and allows the motor and sensory information to pass from the brain to the rest of the body. It contains structures linking the hindbrain's physiological processes to its cognitive functions. The substantia nigra is located in the midbrain. The system in the midbrain controls unconscious motor movements. For example, When you ride a bicycle or walk upstairs without giving your activities any conscious thought, the nuclei of the cells that allow you to do so are found in the substantia nigra

The largest part of the brain is the forebrain. It is the part of the brain where cognitive and motor functions are controlled. Two important forebrain structures lie just above the brainstem. Under the cortex are several other structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala, forming the limbic system (involved in emotional behaviour, motivation, and learning). The forebrain also features essential structures in the limbic system, which controls basic emotions and psychological drives. The limbic system is made up of several different structures, but three of the most important are the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the thalamus and the hypothalamus. A critical component of the limbic system is the amygdala, an almond-shaped set of neurons responsible for fear processing. Another essential part of the limbic system is the hippocampus responsible for long-term memory formation. Olfactory bulb - relays messages about the smell to the central limbic areas for processing. The thalamus is considered to be the neural railway station of the brain. Sensory input from the body travels to the thalamus, where it is then relayed to the rest of the brain as a specific sensation. The thalamus is also involved with consciousness, alertness, and sleep. The hypothalamus is involved with food, body temperature, and various emotional behaviours. If body temperature gets too high, the hypothalamus instructs the body to sweat. If the body is cold, the hypothalamus will cause shivers. Irregular hypothalamic behaviour can, in turn, lead to sweating and shivering when these reactions are not needed. It also houses the biological clock, the mechanism responsible for the timing of the sleep/wakefulness cycle and the daily fluctuation. Because of the biological clock, once your body gets used to waking up at a particular time, you tend to awaken at that time every day, even if you forget to set your alarm clock. The physiological changes in the body that accompany strong emotion, sweaty palms are also initiated by neurons concentrated primarily in the hypothalamuS

The function of these tissues is to transmit messages to and from the body and brain.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

includes all nerves that are not encased in bone.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

it is a nervous system which includes all nerves

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the part of the nervous system comprising an extensive system of nerves linked to the brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

based on interrogating subjects for questions that allow you to get reliable information about the presence or severity of psychological characteristics. This test helps to find out your personality traits and build your personality profile and basis on the number of answers

The test questionnaire

The object of psychology is

a person's psyche

in Russia - 1st laboratory

Vladimir Bekhterev

the sympathetic nervous system was named the "fight-or-flight" response (emergency)

Walter Canon

Psychological approaches

a narrow study of the psyche and psychological phenomena by various psychological concepts to describe personality's behavior, experience, and mental processes

mental states - emotional states

anxiety, frustration, stress, affect

a long segmented fiber

axon

allows us to selectively focus on a particular stimulus among many stimuli available to us

attention

it is the psychological and cognitive process that allows us to focus on a particular stimulus among many available stimuli selectively

attention

regulates involuntary actions such as internal-organ function and blood-vessel movement that operate without any conscious control or awareness on your part

automatic

1879, Wilhelm Wundt

established the first experimental science/laboratory

Functionalism - focus on

examining patterns of development and mental testing in children and tested general behavioral differences

focuses on the impact of various psychological factors on the onset progress and treatment of illness, deals with various lifestyle diseases

health psychology

Structuralism - Focus on

identifying and examining components of conscious experience. E.g. sensation, perception, feelings based on introspection and self-observation

allows us to form images, ideas, and sensations in the mind based on past perception in the absence of direct sensory data, often by combining fragments of previous sensory experiences into new syntheses

imagination

A sleep disorder that involves persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

insomnia

comprises of a variety of open-ended questions and the interviewee gives his or her responses as freely as possible.

interview

the most common form of survey

interview

face-to-face interaction that occurs between two persons.

interview (structured interviews and unstructured interviews)

the process of attempting to directly access one's own internal psychological processes, judgments, perceptions, or states

introspection

Observation includes

introspection, active observation, passive observation

allows us to acquire new knowledge and skills through experience and practice

learning

a nerve cell which function is to receive and transmit information from receptors

neuron

an assessment instrument consisting of a set of items or questions with specific correct answers

objective test

a systematic and purposeful perception of the phenomenon under study

observation

The earliest methods of studying psychological phenomena

observation, self-observation, survey

Subjective methods

observation, survey, test

allows us to make out the meaning of information

perception

2 stage - The main method of study

person's observation of one's (introspection) and the description of facts

the specific sensitive formations that perceive (receive) and transform stimulus (irritants) from our body's external or internal environment and send it to the nervous system

receptors

controls voluntary movements such as those in the skin, bones, joints and skeletal muscles

somatic

used to represent, process, store and transmit verbal information

speech

The central nervous system (CNS) includes

spinal card, brain

an extension of the brain

spinal cord

4 stage - now - psychology is a science that

studies objective laws, manifestations and mechanisms of the psyche

Mental phenomena is

subjective human experience, a fundamental property, which is the direct representation of the subject

an assessment tool scored according to personal judgment, views

subjective test

The primary psychological research methods can be divided into three main groups:

subjective, objective, modelling

The tip of each branch of an axon is called a(n)

terminal button

involves obtaining information about the psychological characteristics of a person based on the analysis of specific tasks. In this test of the "test-to-be-tested" type, perform a detailed list of tasks. The number of completed tasks is the basis for judging the presence or absence and the degree of development of a certain psychological quality. Most tests in this category determine the level of intellectual growth

test task

the object is

the basic laws of the generation and functioning of psychic reality

A treelike fiber known as ........ collects information from other cells and passes the information to the cell body (soma);

the dendrite

the primary controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body, gathers, synthesize, and uses data from the environment

the nervous system

The cell body (soma) contains ..... to keeps the cell alive.

the nucleus

The spinal cord links

the peripheral nervous system, the brain

Biological Approach's primary focus is on ...

the role of different brain parts in regulating feelings, memories, emotions and other aspects of behavior. looks for the physiological basis of human behavior

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) - 2 subdivisions

the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system

III stage, psychology was (XX century)

the study as a science of behavior

II stage was (17th century - development of natural sciences)

the study of psychology as the science of consciousness

the cognitive function in which ideas, images, mental representations, or other hypothetical elements of thought are experienced or manipulated by transforming available information

thinking

Sigmund Freud assumed that majority of human behaviours are triggered by ...

unconscious motivation

used in those cases when it is necessary to observe the actions and behavior of the participant

verbal survey

a conscious management of behavior and activities

will

allows reaching more people in a relatively short time

written survey


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