Public Speaking chapter 8 pre-test

Since the dawn of time, humans have used ___________ to entertain each other, celebrate heroic deeds, teach and reaffirm shared values, and explain the human experience.

stories

Citing the words of someone who is highly qualified in your topic area or trained in the field or profession you are exploring involves the use of ____________.

expert testimony

"On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas." This statement, as used in the introduction of a speech, is a(n) _____________.

fact

Which types of supporting materials specifically affirm that your message will appear to be grounded in reality?

facts and statistics

What are the 4 main categories of elements that make up supporting materials for public speaking?

facts and statistics, testimony, examples, and narratives

A ____________ mentions a concise, specific instance to demonstrate a more general statement or illustrate a larger point.

brief example

One problem area that often arises in speeches with regard to facts and figures is that we, as speakers, tend to _________.

overemphasize them

When speakers are restating what others have said in their own words, they are _________.

paraphrasing

A hypothetical example is one that ___________.

is offered not as real, but as representative of actual people or situations

What two qualities help speakers evaluate stories for use in their speeches?

narrative probability and narrative fidelity

Which types of narratives used in speeches have long been a favorite of Americans because they effectively transmit one of our cherished cultural traditions?

"rags to riches" stories

Valerie has found a number of supporting materials and not has to decide what to use in her speech and what to put aside. One critical question to ask herself involves considering which supporting materials ____________.

will make the biggest impression on listeners

True or False: If you are referring to the words and ideas of other people so you can support your own ideas in your speech, you are employing narratives.

False

True or False: In reviewing narratives and their placement, be aware that the popular idea of starting with a joke, whether relevant or not, is not a cheap trick. It is a good way to get audience attention and establish yourself as inviting and credible.

False

True or False: In selecting supporting materials and using them in your speech, the text advises that above all else, keep your materials at the center of your thinking.

False

What is one tip for evaluating examples you want to use in your speech to ensure they help make your point?

Keep in mind that what works well with one audience may not click with another.

True or False: It is best to keep your examples short and concise. Then you can leave it to listeners to provide details on their own and fill out the scenarios with their imaginations.

True

True or False: Lay testimony represents the wisdom of ordinary people, and can add authenticity to a speech.

True

What are the verbal illustrations that clarify and humanize speeches with their concrete applications of abstract ideas?

examples

A well-known author uses a single narrative as her entire speech, shaping the whole presentation into the form of a story. What kind of narrative does not merely support the speech, but is the speech.

master narrative

A diet guru shares quite a few personal feelings and convictions in her presentation on losing weight, though she does not back these up with any supporting materials. What has she included in her speech?

opinions

As noted in an earlier chapter and repeated here, what are the three elements of a narrative - whether a lengthy or brief story - that must be developed for a speech?

prologue, plot, and epilogue

The four R's are important when evaluating information and also important when testing facts and figures. What are the four R's?

relevance, representativeness, recency, and reliability

Including direct quotations to support some of the points in your speech means you are ________________.

repeating the exact words of another person

In our culture, what are used to describe size, make predictions, illustrate trends, or demonstrate comparisons?

statistics