QUESTIONS Chapter 4 Carbohydrates

____ diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity

type 2

Insulin is among the therapies for

type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes

Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?

type 2 diabetic patients

Of those who have diabetes, about 1/3 to 1/2 are

undiagnosed

Carbohydrates intake should be primarily based on which of the following?

vegetables, fruits, whole grains

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommend that ______ of our grains come from whole grains.

1/2

A serving from MyPlate fruit groups provides ___ grams of carbohydrates

18

Which type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

Cellulose

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods

Amylase is

an enzyme

Dairy products provide key nutrients responsible for many health benefits, especially improved ____ health

bone

____ are a commmon gastrointestinal problem that may result from exessive straining during defecation

hemorrhoids

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

high fasting glucose, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, high blood triglycerides, large waist circumference

High-fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because

it is less expensive than sugar it has better shelf-stability than sugar

Lou han go is the extract of the ___ fruit

monk

The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbohydrates is set to

provide adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system

____ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine

soluble

Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?

soluble fiber

The problem with an excess amount of ____ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries

sugar

Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners

sweeten foods while providing few or no calories include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose

Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste

sweeter

What is a hemorrhoid?

swelling of a large vein in the anal region

Which MyPlate food groups contain many high-fiber foods?

grains, vegetables

Which of the following types of dietary fiber are viscous (soluble)?

gums, mucilages, pectins

Primary lactose maldigestion

chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

Jam, table sugar, fruit

Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from

a South American shrub

____, a type of functional fiber, include a group of short-chain carbohydrates or oligosaccharides, resistant to human digestion but fermented by bacteria in the colon

prebiotics

Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?

Starch structure, fiber content, food processing

The two types of starch digestible by humans are called ____ and _____

amylopectin; amylose

What are the two broad classes of sweeteners?

Alternative; nutritive

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the Als?

Choose whole grains, choose vegetables, choose fiber-rich fruits

Which artificial sweetener is banned in the United States?

Cyclamate

Which of the following MyPlate food groups contains many foods with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins?

Grains

Which of the following are reasons for low fiber intake in the United States?

High intake of processed foods Lack of knowledge

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

Vegetables, breads, beans

When is glucose most likely to produce fat?

When overall calorie needs are exceeded

Identify names of sugars that may be found in foods

honey, molasses, sugar

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

Which of the following blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia?

47

Approximately_____ of the world's population are lactose maldigesters

75%

The five subgroups that vegetables are organized include:

red and orange vegetables beans and peas starchy vegetables dark green vegetables

Which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?

saccharin

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

sorbitol

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch, polysaccharides

Which types of food promote dental caries?

starchy, sticky

Which of the following are symptoms associated with diverticulitis?

Abdominal pain

What are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?

Absorbed and metabolized more slowly contribute fewer calories than sugar

Soft drinks and dairy deserts are major sources of_____ in the American diet

Calories, added sugars

At what initial level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?

100 mg/dL

A serving from teh dairy group of MyPlate provides ____ grams of carbohydrates

12

What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

126 milligrams per 100 milliters of blood

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

What percentage of North Americans show signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

A serving from MyPlate vegetable group provides ____ grams of carbohydrates

5

Key nutrients provided by dairy products include:

Calcium, protein, potassium, vitamin D

Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

Chewing, cooking

Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?

Pasta, potatoes, whole wheat bread

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?

Released directly into the bloodstream from use by organs Producing fat Producing glycogen

____ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts

Saccharin

In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin?

Small intestine

Where is the lactase enzyme produced?

Small intestine

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits They are sometimes called starches They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid the artifical sweetener _____ because of its high phenylalanine content

aspartame

Name the highly branched type of starch that comprises about 80% of digestible starch in the diet

amylopectin

The polysaccharide ______ is used in many frozen food because it remains stable over a wide temperature range.

amylopectin

Which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?

amylopectin

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen, amylose

Examples of polysacchrides

amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, amylose

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ____ is digested more rapidly than ____

amylopectin; amylose

People with diabetes nearly always develop

cardiovascular disease

Lactose intolerance

chronically decreased production of lactase resulting in severe abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of even small amounts of lactose

Which of the following is an outcome associated with elevated hemoglobin A1c levels? Select all that apply

damage to the eyes damage to the kidneys damage to the heart

What is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?

dental caries

When you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can be used to supply energy? Select all that apply

fat, protein

Which of the following dietary components help to moderate swings in the blood glucose?

fat, protein, fiber

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver

A diet excessive in ____ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc

fiber

Most dietary_____ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest

fibers

sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and

fructose

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

fructose, glucose, galactose

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of

gases, acids

glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ______

glucagon

Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to ____ (another monosaccharide) in the liver

glucose

____ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar

glucose

If no carbohydrates are consumed, the liver's supply of ____ will be depleted within 18 hours

glycogen

In the liver, galactose is either transformed into ____ (a monosaccharide) or further metabolized into ____ (a polysaccharide)

glycogen

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____

immune; insulin; pancreas

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

kidneys, nerves, eyes, heart

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is stored in the ____ and ____

liver, muscles

Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improe blood glucose control by

losing a moderate amount of weight

Which of the following are true about cellulose?

made of glucose molecules straight-chain polysaccharide insoluble fiber

____ is a disaccharide importnat in the formation of alcoholic beverages

maltose

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating

meals with a mixture of macronutrients smaller and more frequent meals

Which of the following artificial sweeteners are currently available in teh food supply in the United States? Select all that apply

neotame, acesulfame-K, aspartame

The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing among children who are

obese, sedentary

Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?

omega-3 fat

Viscous fiber helps to regulate blood glucose by

slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract? Select all that apply

small intestine, mouth

The artificial sweetener _____ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat

sucralose

Secondary lactose maldigestion

temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific case, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

What are two negative outcomes that have been associated with an excessive intake of sugared soft drinks?

weight gain, type 2 diabetes

Acesulfame-K is a useful alternative sweetener because

It does not cause dental caries it is heat-stable and can be used in baking

Sugar alcohols are used in

breath mints, candy, gum

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

mouth

What is the risk of not eating lactose-containing foods?

calcium deficiency

A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides ___ grams of carbohydrates

15

Which alternative sweetener is about 200 times sweeter than sucrose and does not cause tooth decay?

Aspartame

At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

At any age

When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following? A. Increased hunger B. Blockages in the intestine C. Explosive diarrhea

B. Blockages in the intestine

Which of the following are good sources of viscous fiber?

Carrots, apples, kidney beans

____, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

Maltose

Most researchers find that sucrose may have the opposite effect of hyperactivity or ADHD, instead having a _____ effect

calming

Fluoride is found in which of the following?

Water

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

amylose

An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should

avoid fiber

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

protein, vitamins, calcium