QUESTIONS Chapter 4 Carbohydrates
____ diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity
type 2
Insulin is among the therapies for
type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes
Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?
type 2 diabetic patients
Of those who have diabetes, about 1/3 to 1/2 are
undiagnosed
Carbohydrates intake should be primarily based on which of the following?
vegetables, fruits, whole grains
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommend that ______ of our grains come from whole grains.
1/2
A serving from MyPlate fruit groups provides ___ grams of carbohydrates
18
Which type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?
Cellulose
What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?
Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods
Amylase is
an enzyme
Dairy products provide key nutrients responsible for many health benefits, especially improved ____ health
bone
____ are a commmon gastrointestinal problem that may result from exessive straining during defecation
hemorrhoids
Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
high fasting glucose, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, high blood triglycerides, large waist circumference
High-fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because
it is less expensive than sugar it has better shelf-stability than sugar
Lou han go is the extract of the ___ fruit
monk
The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbohydrates is set to
provide adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system
____ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
soluble
Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?
soluble fiber
The problem with an excess amount of ____ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries
sugar
Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners
sweeten foods while providing few or no calories include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose
Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste
sweeter
What is a hemorrhoid?
swelling of a large vein in the anal region
Which MyPlate food groups contain many high-fiber foods?
grains, vegetables
Which of the following types of dietary fiber are viscous (soluble)?
gums, mucilages, pectins
Primary lactose maldigestion
chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?
Jam, table sugar, fruit
Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from
a South American shrub
____, a type of functional fiber, include a group of short-chain carbohydrates or oligosaccharides, resistant to human digestion but fermented by bacteria in the colon
prebiotics
Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?
Starch structure, fiber content, food processing
The two types of starch digestible by humans are called ____ and _____
amylopectin; amylose
What are the two broad classes of sweeteners?
Alternative; nutritive
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the Als?
Choose whole grains, choose vegetables, choose fiber-rich fruits
Which artificial sweetener is banned in the United States?
Cyclamate
Which of the following MyPlate food groups contains many foods with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins?
Grains
Which of the following are reasons for low fiber intake in the United States?
High intake of processed foods Lack of knowledge
Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
Vegetables, breads, beans
When is glucose most likely to produce fat?
When overall calorie needs are exceeded
Identify names of sugars that may be found in foods
honey, molasses, sugar
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
Which of the following blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia?
47
Approximately_____ of the world's population are lactose maldigesters
75%
The five subgroups that vegetables are organized include:
red and orange vegetables beans and peas starchy vegetables dark green vegetables
Which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?
saccharin
Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?
sorbitol
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
starch, polysaccharides
Which types of food promote dental caries?
starchy, sticky
Which of the following are symptoms associated with diverticulitis?
Abdominal pain
What are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?
Absorbed and metabolized more slowly contribute fewer calories than sugar
Soft drinks and dairy deserts are major sources of_____ in the American diet
Calories, added sugars
At what initial level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?
100 mg/dL
A serving from teh dairy group of MyPlate provides ____ grams of carbohydrates
12
What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
126 milligrams per 100 milliters of blood
What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?
25 grams
What percentage of North Americans show signs of lactose maldigestion?
25%
A serving from MyPlate vegetable group provides ____ grams of carbohydrates
5
Key nutrients provided by dairy products include:
Calcium, protein, potassium, vitamin D
Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?
Chewing, cooking
Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?
Pasta, potatoes, whole wheat bread
Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?
Reduces total serum cholesterol
Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?
Released directly into the bloodstream from use by organs Producing fat Producing glycogen
____ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts
Saccharin
In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin?
Small intestine
Where is the lactase enzyme produced?
Small intestine
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits They are sometimes called starches They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain
People with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid the artifical sweetener _____ because of its high phenylalanine content
aspartame
Name the highly branched type of starch that comprises about 80% of digestible starch in the diet
amylopectin
The polysaccharide ______ is used in many frozen food because it remains stable over a wide temperature range.
amylopectin
Which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?
amylopectin
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen, amylose
Examples of polysacchrides
amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, amylose
Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ____ is digested more rapidly than ____
amylopectin; amylose
People with diabetes nearly always develop
cardiovascular disease
Lactose intolerance
chronically decreased production of lactase resulting in severe abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of even small amounts of lactose
Which of the following is an outcome associated with elevated hemoglobin A1c levels? Select all that apply
damage to the eyes damage to the kidneys damage to the heart
What is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?
dental caries
When you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can be used to supply energy? Select all that apply
fat, protein
Which of the following dietary components help to moderate swings in the blood glucose?
fat, protein, fiber
A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because
fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver
A diet excessive in ____ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc
fiber
Most dietary_____ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest
fibers
sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and
fructose
Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?
fructose, glucose, galactose
Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of
gases, acids
glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ______
glucagon
Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to ____ (another monosaccharide) in the liver
glucose
____ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar
glucose
If no carbohydrates are consumed, the liver's supply of ____ will be depleted within 18 hours
glycogen
In the liver, galactose is either transformed into ____ (a monosaccharide) or further metabolized into ____ (a polysaccharide)
glycogen
Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____
immune; insulin; pancreas
Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called
insoluble fiber
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?
kidneys, nerves, eyes, heart
Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is stored in the ____ and ____
liver, muscles
Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improe blood glucose control by
losing a moderate amount of weight
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
made of glucose molecules straight-chain polysaccharide insoluble fiber
____ is a disaccharide importnat in the formation of alcoholic beverages
maltose
Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
meals with a mixture of macronutrients smaller and more frequent meals
Which of the following artificial sweeteners are currently available in teh food supply in the United States? Select all that apply
neotame, acesulfame-K, aspartame
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing among children who are
obese, sedentary
Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?
omega-3 fat
Viscous fiber helps to regulate blood glucose by
slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine
Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract? Select all that apply
small intestine, mouth
The artificial sweetener _____ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat
sucralose
Secondary lactose maldigestion
temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific case, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
What are two negative outcomes that have been associated with an excessive intake of sugared soft drinks?
weight gain, type 2 diabetes
Acesulfame-K is a useful alternative sweetener because
It does not cause dental caries it is heat-stable and can be used in baking
Sugar alcohols are used in
breath mints, candy, gum
Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
mouth
What is the risk of not eating lactose-containing foods?
calcium deficiency
A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides ___ grams of carbohydrates
15
Which alternative sweetener is about 200 times sweeter than sucrose and does not cause tooth decay?
Aspartame
At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?
At any age
When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following? A. Increased hunger B. Blockages in the intestine C. Explosive diarrhea
B. Blockages in the intestine
Which of the following are good sources of viscous fiber?
Carrots, apples, kidney beans
____, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
Maltose
Most researchers find that sucrose may have the opposite effect of hyperactivity or ADHD, instead having a _____ effect
calming
Fluoride is found in which of the following?
Water
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.
amylose
An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should
avoid fiber
What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?
protein, vitamins, calcium
