Questions for Psychology

________ is a sample that is most likely to yield generalizable results.

A large and randomly selected sample

One or two of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A. A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

There is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Why do so many people believe the above statement?

A. A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.

The intensity and chronicity of human stress is governed largely by perceived control over the demands of one's life. Who said that?

A. Albert Bandura

One or more of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders.

A. All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.

The main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is______.

A. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

Araceli remembers that her dog is named Lupita and her cat is named Tasha, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model

One of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor.

A. Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.

One of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress.

A. Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.

For learning to be maximized, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

A. CS + UCS; continuous

One of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied.

A. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

Hillary is overly concerned about germs. Identify the obsession in the above sentence.

A. concern over germs

A psychological disorder is a ________.

A. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

If an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

A. continuous

Which model states that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events?

A. diathesis-stress

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a characteristic of personality disorders.

A. differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture

Which type of personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private?

A. ectomorph

______does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder.

A. experiencing trauma in isolation

The two specific personality dimensions according to Hans and Sybil Eysenck are______.

A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

_________is not an example of suicidal ideation.

A. fearing you will die

A state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors is called_______.

A. flow

The developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family is________.

A. generativity vs. stagnation

The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________.

A. healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness

What describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics?

A. heritability

___________learning is learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

B. Latent

The following is one of Albert Bandura's findings.

B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

A major problem with the original Milgram study is______.

B. Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

In order to establish an individual's clinical profile the ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions.

B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The relationship between stress and memory has been studied quite a bit. What do these studies conclude?

B. Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

The following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder.

B. Rosario feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.

One or two of the following is not a reason(s) that ADHD may be overdiagnosed.

B. The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.

Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

B. The phrase black bile from the kidneys should be changed to the phrase white phlegm from the lungs.

It is well established that long (aerobic) but not short (anaerobic) duration exercise is beneficial for both physical and mental health. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

B. The phrase but not should be changed to the word and.

In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

B. The word operant should be changed to the word classical.

Allison believes she is unable to stop gambling because her friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, she believes that Anne is unable to stop gambling because Anne is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

B. actor-observer bias

According to Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

B. archival research; surveys

Ian can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him tested to see if he has ________.

B. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

B. beliefs and expectations

The attack on Kitty Genovese demonstrated__________.

B. bystander effect

Pablo is thinking of getting a new job. He focuses on the increasing opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than his increased responsibilities; therefore, he views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.

B. challenge; threat

For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding.What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

B. change the word natural to the word supernatural

When Aamira feels anxiety, she clings to her father for affection and reassurance. This coping strategy is called______.

B. moving toward people

Josiah's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Josiah meets his sales quota this month. Josiah's boss is using ________.

B. negative reinforcement

The kind of psychology that seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives is called____.

B. positive psychology

____________ia a childhood disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.

D. autism spectrum disorder

A good example of stimulus generalization is____.

D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Carlito wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Carlito may be experiencing a(n) ________.

D. dissociative fugue

Ron gets an F on his Human Anatomy exam. He goes home and gets into an argument with his girlfriend Amber. Ron thinks Amber is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Ron is making a ________.

D. fundamental attribution error

According to Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions, what is the developmental task?

D. integrity vs. despair

Three coping styles were described by Karen Horney when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

D. moving with people

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Marie tells a lie and is punished. She does this several times, finally learning that her behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being punished). This is an example of______.

D. operant conditioning

_____is the definition of an archetype.

D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

________is the type of persuasion that involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message.

D. peripheral route

David is stressed out due to his job. Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

D. physiological

Jerek is depressed. ________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.

D. seasonal pattern

Marsha experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Marsha have?

D. seasonal pattern

What concept suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs?

D. selective migration

Memory that involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes is called________.

D. sensory

__________is the term that best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior.

D. shaping

Anikca is part of a team playing tug-of-war. She knows that her team is stronger, so she doesn't try as hard as she could. Anikca is engaged in ________.

D. social loafing

The following are all examples of______: advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help.

D. social support

A social role is ___________.

D. socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Hank harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?

D. somatic

Sandy is conditioned to fear dogs. Cats are similar to dogs, and even though no attempt was made to make Sandy fear cats, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

D. stimulus generalization

One of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism.

D. teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Becky suffers from depression. Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

D. that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

Psychologists began to focus their attention on better understanding ________ because of the cognitive revolution.

D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

The following is a good example of visual encoding.

D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

The principals of _______are applied when a psychologist studies people who observe series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the priniciples of classical conditioning

_____is a criticism of evolutionary psychology.

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex

Scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution because___.

It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watsn Little Albert Experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson made after working with Little Albert?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlos experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What are the disorders that are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior?

anxiety

A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise.

asthma

Jaime has a serious disease in which the airways of his respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Jaime have?

asthma

You are a full time student with a family and a part time job. Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

Jill and Thomas share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________.

companionate

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.

confederate

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

The following term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces.

coping

______ is the kind of psychologist who would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation.

forensic

Yvette is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

exhaustion

Tiffany seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe her as a(an) ________.

extrovert

In their relationship, Guillermo and Karla have quite a bit of passion. They agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.

fatuous

The number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology is______.

mid- and top-level management

The kind of symptoms that involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives is called_______.

negative

The following is the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

none of the above

What do the following have in common? Industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology

none of the above

Molly hates reality shows, but she pretends to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by her friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

A ________is the definition of a negative correlation.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Tony is often described as having a positive outlook on life. He assumes the best of people and situations. Tony exemplifies ________.

optimism

Don is delusional. ________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

________is known as the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

retrieval

The most commonly used species for animal research are______.

rodents

A graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation is a_______.

scatterplot

The theory of Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

________represents a weak positive correlation.

+0.2

Which correlation coefficent best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

The major flaw in the Asch conformity study is____.

D. Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

Lashley developed the equipotentiality hypothesis. How did he do it?

D. He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

_______ is an example of flight of ideas.

D. Hugh talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

Social learning theory's main point is:

D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light following an outcome.

D. Self-serving bias

Which is a more effective approach for coping with racism: anger suppression or anger expression?

D. Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Dr. Martinez is conducting a study that involves exposing people to live viruses. How can he demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?

D. Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.

Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

D. The phrase social exchange should be replaced by the word altruism.

Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

D. The word hostile should be changed to the word instrumental.

______is a major criticism of both the stimulus- and response-based definitions of stress.

D. These definitions provide a complete definition of stress.

______best exemplifies prosocial behavior.

D. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

Eloy seems to live by the don't sweat the small stuff concept. He is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Eloy has a ________ personality.

D. Type B

One or two of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

D. Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

The major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment was______.

D. Zimbardo did not use a control group.

Social learning theory states that children may model aggressive behavior ________.

D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

______is an example of a self-serving bias.

A. Eduardo attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is a hard working student who is also smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his Human Anatomy class on having an indifferent teacher who gave hard exams.

B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson did not believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning. However, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

A. Edward C. Tolman

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (traits) are components of the ________.

A. Five Factor Model

Biofeedback as a technique to treat combat stress was developed by________.

A. Gary Schwartz

_______identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction.

A. Jerome C. Wakefield

The main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians is_______.

A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

The following is an example of hopelessness theory.

A. Pierre has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing he can do about it—this leads him to become depressed.

One or two of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder.

A. Suzi exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight reaction describes the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency. What should be changed to make the above statement true?

A. The phrase fight-or-flight should be changed to the word alarm.

Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

A. The word Asch should be replaced by Zimbardo.

According to the frustration aggression theory, the following is likely to occur when Timmy gets frustrated with his toilet training.

A. Timmy bites his mother

Comorbidity is_________.

A. a co-occurrence of two disorders

Carmina finds it hard to learn the alphabet, until she hears the alphabet song. Then she can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

A. acoustic

During the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

A. acquisition

The child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage.

A. anal

If the hippocampus section of the brain was damaged, what does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen?

A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Bella's personality? From an early age, Bella got into trouble constantly. She continually violates the rights of others and she lies, fights, and has problems with the law. She is impulsive and fails to think ahead. She is deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things she wants, and she never regrets her misdeeds or considers the feelings of those she has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Bella's personality?

A. antisocial personality disorder

Matt was diagnosed by Dr. Johnson with major depressive disorder because he ________.

A. appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

One of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality. Our personalities ________.

A. are mutable (liable to change)

Juanita cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

A. arousal

The following theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories.

A. arousal theory

There are different types of learning. Operant and classical conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

A. associational

The developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops is________.

A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

A. become neurotic strategies

________ is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders.

A. becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

A major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder is_______.

A. behavioral inhibition

Nidy is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

A. being outside the home alone

_______ is a type of persuasion that involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness.

A. central route

When Sandra comes home late at night she can walk through the house without turning on the light because she has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________.

A. cognitive map

The common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next is ___________.

A. collective unconscious

Harvey transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. He expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. He believes he has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, he experiences ________.

A. less stress than someone who has no effective options

David feels anxious so he retreats to his closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is this?

A. moving away from people

In the field of social psychology, a script is a ________.

A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

At the University of Michigan, Dr. Alvarez and his team conducts a ________ by requesting that their patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, which reveals hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

A. projective test

The main point of the Stanford prison experiment was that__________.

A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Felipe does poorly on his psychology final, so he makes fun of his mom's cooking. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.

A. the way Felipe's frustration with his exam led his to be aggressive toward his mom

The effect that focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment is called the______ effect.

Asch

Ahmed has schizotypal personality disorder. Which of the following is a symptom that he would have?

B. Ahmed laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.

______developed social-cognitive theory.

B. Albert Bandura

_______is(are) the best example of central route persuasion?

B. Anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

_________ is not a hypothesis.

B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

Our behavior is determined by internal factors according to_________.

B. Dispositionism

John Watson's Little Albert experiment resulted in what main conclusion or finding?

B. Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following statements about groupthink is correct?

B. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"?

B. Hans Selye

One or two of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

B. Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Laine knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Laine feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

B. cognitive dissonance

In the chapter on memory, the formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

B. construction; reconstruction

The group that does not get the experimental treatment is called_________.

B. control

The following are examples of a(n)______: rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather.

B. daily hassle

The independent variable's effects are measured by the_______variable.

B. dependent

Social learning theory is the basis for many psychological experiments. Which of the following research involves the use of social learning theory?

B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

B. developmental psychology

Mia exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. King diagnosed Mia with ________ disorder.

B. dissociative identity

A study is being conducted by Dr. Ohlmann and his colleagues at the University of Amsterdam where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may influence/skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

B. double-blind

Pamela is an adjunct professor in the Department of Engineering at the University of Michigan. She applied for a full-time job recently, which she did not get. She tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding herself that she will have more time to take care of her kids if she is not working a full-time job. She also reminds herself that some of her friends from grad school can't find work related to engineering either. Which type of coping approach is Pamela using?

B. emotion focused

______ is a scientific way of determining facts.

B. empirical studies

One or more of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders.

B. excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

______is the research design that allows cause-and-effect conclusions.

B. experimental

The belief that our outcomes are outside of our control is a(an)_______locus control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

B. external; internal

The following is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Jeanette receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather.

B. fixed ratio

Don is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Don is experiencing ________.

B. flow

_________is the kind of persuasion that involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item.

B. foot-in-the-door

Jose Luis worries about things that he can't control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He doesn't drive because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Jose Luis probably suffers from ________.

B. generalized anxiety disorder

In what stage is there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

B. genital

Parents can help their children achieve high congruence by______.

B. giving them unconditional love

According to he discussion in the textbook, one of the following would reduce prejudice between groups.

B. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Maria Teresa has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops an interest in and a commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching practice she recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Maria Teresa has ________.

B. high self-efficacy

_____triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor.

B. how a threat is perceived

A good example of procedural memory is remembering ________ .

B. how to use the phone

Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

B. instincts

The following is an example of______. Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth.

B. instincts

What assesses the consistency of observations by different observers?

B. inter-rater reliability

What determines health according to the biopsychosocial model?

B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Benoit is a police officer. He was recently placed on administrative leave because he was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, he can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, he is often angry with his husband, he jumps when he hears a loud noise, and he takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Benoit probably suffers from ________.

B. posttraumatic stress disorder

One of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.

B. reaction formation

Jamal does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days watching TV. This is which defense mechanism?

B. regression

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009?

B. retired people

What is it called when there is a tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

B. self-reference effect

When slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

B. stimulus discrimination

__________is the effect of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. For example, dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells the man with the blue shirt did it. Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress.

B. suggestibility

The University of Michigan Psychology Dept. is going to research the cultural differences of mate selection. This basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

B. two

Researchers have looked at stress and its effects for a while. Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?

C. As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.

Psychology is considered a social science because____.

C. Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

Pavlov was a Russian scientist. One of the following statements about Pavlov may be true. Which one?

C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

________, the third force in psychology, is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

C. Humanism

Julio and his boyfriend break up. Julio makes an internal attribution for this outcome. Complete the sentence to show an internal attribution that Julio could make. My boyfriend broke up with me because ________.

C. I am unlovable.

_________best defines the Asch effect.

C. Influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

The variable ratio reinforcement schedule is important in the study of reinforcement. The following is/are a good example (s).

C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

_____ said that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth.

C. Karen Horney

The following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

C. Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.

______is an example of actor-observer bias.

C. Mohammed believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.

The following statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism.

C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Social psychology is ____________. The following statement is the best answer for the above.

C. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

The principles of reciprocal determinism is present in observational learning by_______.

C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.

According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

C. The word socialization should be changed to the word sexuality.

The advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality is____.

C. They can be scientifically tested.

William says that actors make good spokespeople for cars because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is William using to explain attitude change?

C. Yale attitude change

The just-world hypothesis is______.

C. an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Which of the following best served the goal of self-realization according to Carl Jung?

C. balance between extroversion and introversion

The definition of stress authored by Hans Selye is considered a response-based definition because it describes stress mostly in terms of the ________.

C. body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from short term memory into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. What should be changed to make the above statement correct?

C. change the word recall to the word rehearsal

Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jean Paul's personality? Jean Paul lets others take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He doesn't make decisions without advice and reassurance from others because he lacks self-confidence. He can't do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is by himself.

C. dependent personality disorder

Ricardo is walking down a street in Houston. A child has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to him that he should help. Ricardo thinks someone else is about to help her and keeps walking. This is an example of ________.

C. diffusion of responsibility

Ahmed is a middle school language teacher. He recently received a Teacher of the Year award for his school, but he believes he only received it because no one else bothered to apply for it. He is a popular teacher, but he is convinced the students only pretend to like him so they will get better grades. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

C. diminished personal accomplishment

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated_______ with their studies of Little Albert.

C. emotion can be a conditioned response

Feli puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Feli cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Feli never paid attention to the details of the coin in the first place.

C. encoding failure

Keith and Mick are hiking in the mountains. Mick hears a rattle. When he turns around he sees a rattlesnake inches from his leg. His pupils dilate, his heart pounds, and he begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

C. fight-or-flight

In the field of Social psychology, both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior is studied. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?

C. group processes

A perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans is called____.

C. humanism

Recent research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________.

C. increased

When a stimulus and a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response happening again ________.

C. increases

The Environmental Protection Agency is seen as competent and people believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling.

C. informational

Carl Jung would call the following a(an) ________. Suann is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention.

C. introvert

The following are examples of_______: factory worker, supermarket cashier, and short-order cook.

C. job strain

Which hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve?

C. just-world

The following is an example of avolition?

C. lack of motivation to bathe yourself

Paul is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

C. latent learning

Groupthink is_______.

C. modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Ana Marie is unhappy, she is mean to other kids; she calls them names and hits them. She often manipulates her peers into doing what she wants. What coping strategy is Ana Marie using?

C. moving against people

Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Felipo's personality? Felipo has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others.

C. narcissistic personality disorder

There was research done on how people date. Patwardhan' s group report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design is this?

C. naturalistic observation

Aiden is a perfectionist who would rather turn in work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. He spends so much time working that he doesn't have time for anything else. Aiden is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he doesn't compromise. The following diagnoses accounts for Aiden's personality.

C. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Dallia has bipolar disorder, she ________.

C. often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

An adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites his nails is fixated in the ________ stage of his psychosexual development according to Sigmund Freud.

C. oral

__________is the brain region that is believed to play a critical role in OCD.

C. orbitofrontal cortex

The ________ is the mask we adopt according to Carl Jung.

C. persona

One of the following is not a risk factor for suicide.

C. popular music that promotes suicide

Julia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Julia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Julia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

C. posttraumatic stress

Araceli has just lost her job. She is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: She immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in her field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from her budget to make her savings last longer. This type of coping approach is called_______.

C. problem focused

Novak and Merce are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat a study that researchers have done in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

C. replication

The highest need is ________, according to Abraham Maslow.

C. self-actualization

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.

C. significantly elevated rates of heart disease

____________ is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Sean is suicidal. ________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.

C. suicidal ideation

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

C. unconditioned response

Which reinforcement schedule is this: You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call him every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to him personally.

C. variable interval

The following is an example of operant conditioning.

C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a (n) ________ conjoined twins who are joined at the head

Case Study

Stressors are evaluated differently according to possible outcome. A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________.

D. threat; challenge

One or two of the following is an example of eustress.

D. training for a marathon

________is the type of theorist who attempts to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

D. trait

Because of Lorna' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.

D. wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

The bodily humor that was associated with choleric temperament according to Hippocrates theory of personality is_______.

D. yellow bile from the liver

The ________ perspective states that psychological disorders result mostly from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.

E. biological, psychological

The following is an example of__________. Ana Maria finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three.

E. chunking

Researchers found_____after conducting the following study. A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life.

E. none of the above

__________encoding is the encoding of words and their meaning.

E. semantic

One of the following is an example of a mnemonic device, which one?

E. using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

_________ is the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior.

E. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

A teenager recieves an allowance every saturday

Fixed Interval

Going to the cafeteria ro see if the next meal is available

Fixed Interval

A blueberry picker recieves $1 after filling 3 pint boxes

Fixed Ratio

Joshs final grade improves 1 level for every 3 book reports submitted

Fixed Ratio

Why is there an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life in the field of developmental psychology?.

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

_____ exemplifies a personality trait.

Stacy is charming.

The following is a criticism of structuralism.

The process was highly subjective.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "Acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeadtley happen together

The word "Operant" should be changed to the word "Classical"

Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that happen as we move from infancy to adulthood.What should be changed to make the above true?

The word emotional should be changed to the word cognitive.

Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. What should be changed to make the above sentence true?

The word evil should be changed to the word good

Freud thought that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.What should be changed to make the above sentence correct?

The word subconscious should be changed to the word conscious.

The following study was done at a large university in Michigan. Six thousand incoming freshmen were asked what their majors were. The results showed that more women than men wanted to be a psychology major, whereas more men than women wanted to be a history major. What do these results show?

There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

Whether the id,ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

Twin studies have been done in many places. Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs is called________

confirmation bias

Wendy strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Which defense mechanism does the following exemplify: Billy can no longer read the street signs, but he refuses to admit he needs glasses to drive.

denial

The _______ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Sterling is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

depersonalization

One or more of the following do not contribute to tension headaches, which one (s)?

depression

Dallas wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Dallas should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

The following is an example of ________. Jacob works at a bank. When Miguel, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck he pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants help. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

________is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus.

groupthink

The following aspect of the scientific method occurs first.

hypothesis

People who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive according to Sigmund Freud.

id

If we believe that unusual or strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon, we believe in ________.

illusory correlation

The following study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.

indigenous

The feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society is called a(an)______complex.

inferiority

_____ is a type of social influence that involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information.

informational

Ana Marie spends time each day applying the principles of structuralism to look at her own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Ana Marie is engaged in ________.

introspection

A stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________ is a relaxation response technique.

meditation

The following type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail.

primary

Maria Elena has schizophrenia which is considered a ________ disorder.

psychotic

Researchers at the University of Ultrect are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female subjects to a study that measures tolerance for thermal pain. This is a good example of a(n) ________ study.

quasi-experimental

The household chores are shared as equally between Nina and Josiah. They take turns with the cooking and driving their daughter to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.

reciprocity

We expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________ when it comes to relationships.

reciprocity

Kieran talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Kieran is experiencing psychomotor________.

retardation

Which of the following disorders is Amalie living with? Amalie's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships.

schizophrenia

Greg thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and promises never to hire a woman at his bank. Greg's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.

sexist

Doug takes a ________ view of Tim. Doug thinks that Tim is rude to him because he had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant.

situationist

_____ is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results.

small sample size

The function of behavior and _____are what Functionalist psychologists focus on in their studies.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Researchers at LSU are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

________is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology.

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese