Quiz 11

Who of the following completed Nobel Prize-winning research on how people think and make decisions?

Daniel Kahneman

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience (1963, 1965, 1974) and more recent replications have shown that:

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies.

Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures?

IQ tests have become progressively easier over time.

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions?

Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more.

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:

They have a theory of mind.

Most researchers define ________ as any behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed.

aggression

Intelligence is:

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message?

authority, honest, likability

Estimates suggest that if the wars of the 20 thcentury had killed the same proportion of the total population as ancient tribal wars did, then the death toll from those conflicts would have exceeded ________ people.

b. 200 million

In a moment of despair, Azucena swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills to try to kill herself. Thankfully her father found her, took her to the hospital, and she was rescued. Why wouldn't this action be considered an act of aggression?

b. because she actively sought to harm herself

Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?

interpersonal

The tendency to inflate your own sense of competence or to be more certain than you should be is called __________.

overconfidence

When he gets to work one morning, Emile notices that his colleague Romero and their supervisor Lisa are having an animated conversation. He immediately assumes that there is a problem and that they are arguing, but later finds out that they were sharing interesting stories from their weekends. Emile's assumption demonstrates the hostile ________ bias.

perception

Bazerman and Moore outlined ______ steps that you should take in order to make a rational decision.

six

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

Biases

The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by:

Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

Ebony is trying to decide what she is going to do for her philosophy class project. According to the rational decision making model of Bazerman and Moore, her first step would be to:

Define the problem that she is trying to solve.

In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do?

Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.

Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim?

Milgram

Which of the following statements is true of Asch's research on conformity in groups?

Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials.

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter?

She views the police officer as an authority figure.

Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker?

The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

__________ is the idea that an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and can predict future performance or behaviors.

Validity

What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups?

b. Implicit Association Test (IAT)

In general:

both a and c Women score higher than men in verbal abilities. Visuo-spatial scores tend to be higher for men.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases?

c. People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.

While reading a magazine Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of and logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route?

central

At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?

d. 1 to 3 years

What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism?

d. SDO concentrates on value conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on economic conflicts.

The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm.

descriptive

Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.

emotional Intelligence

Wei-Tang is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wei-Tang chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate?

framing effect

Angie is on the subway when she notices that the woman in the opposite seat is looking at her. Angie immediately think the other woman wants to have a fight and says, "what are you looking at?" The woman responds by saying she was admiring Angie's earrings, and Angie feels embarrassed. Angie is demonstrating the ________ attribution bias in the way she interpreted the other woman's gaze.

hostile

Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence:

information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?

reciprocity

Bettie and Verona used to be best friends, but Bettie got angry when Verona didn't come to her birthday party. Since then, Bettie has been spreading rumors about Verona. Bettie is engaging in ________ aggression.

relational

Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features.

trigger

Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?

normative influence

The ________ route to persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic. It requires a target who is not thinking carefully about what you are saying.

peripheral

This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.

Francis Galton

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries.

Informational

Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol?

Orlando has to give his choice out loud.

What was one correct outcome of Asch's classic research on conformity in groups?

Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time.

Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) research on obedience to authority?

With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).

What is a heuristic?

a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently

Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual?

a. high in competence but low in sociability

Which of the following is one suggestion for increasing the effectiveness of aggression-reducing interventions?

a. target as many aggression triggers as possible and deal with them all simultaneously

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding violence throughout history?

a. the level of violence in the world has decreased over time, even over the last decades

While humans try to make rational and logical decisions, we are prevented from doing so by our cognitive limitations that limit the quality and quantity of information available to us. This limitation is called:

bounded rationality

Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as outgroup members?

c. Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.

According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group.

c. social identity

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features?

c. warmth and competence

Which term, when applied to aggression, refers to the idea that acting aggressively or viewing such behaviors can purge angry feelings and impulses into harmless channels?

catharsis

Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called?

d. Implicit Association Test (IAT)

The stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice?

d. disgust

One external factor that can lead to aggressive behaviors is ________, which occurs when goal-directed behaviors are blocked. A good example of this would be getting stuck in traffic on your way to a class or an important meeting.

frustration

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

growth

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb."

heuristics

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

informational influence

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?

inoculation

When it comes to making rational decisions humans tend to rely heavily on _________.

intuition

Louisa and Ray are evaluating the amount of recess time that should be given in the next school year at a new combined school for children from School A and School B. Louisa has a report that says over the last year children had no recess time at School A. Ray has a report that children had 60 minutes of research time each day. Due to anchoring, Louisa is likely to give a recommendation that is:

lower than Ray's

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.

normative

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?

observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another.

persuasion

Intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group is called ________ aggression.

relational

When a person positively values the outcomes of others, giving them more than necessary from a desire to be fair the person is operating under the bounds of:

self-interest

Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?

stereotype threat

Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:

test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs

Which of the following is a true statement regarding aggressive behaviors?

they may have been adaptive in our ancient past

It is possible to frame choices in a way that overcomes common decision making biases. Which of the following is NOT a plan that follows the principles of this type of "decision architects"?

using statistics to make decisions for hiring baseball players

Elden is angry because Martin has been making sexual advances at Elden's wife. Elden goes to Martin's apartment and attacks him. Martin has to be hospitalized. Elden's behaviors are an example of ________.

violence