Quiz M, Anthro practice final, Anth. Ch 14: Health, Illness, and the Body, Anth Final, Anthro 120 Ch.13+14, Cultural Anthropology Ch 11-17.

3 theoretical approaches to understanding health systems

1. Ecological/epidemiological approach 2. Interpretivist approach 3. Critical medical anthropology

According to the archaeological record, how old is evidence of human artistic expression?

100,000 years

Overall human life expectancy increased from 31 years in 1900 to what in 2015?

70.5

4.) Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods, barriers to the flow of people are difficult to overcome. What is one of the principal barriers that migrants must overcome?

A) a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders

10.) The fact that people will inevitably die or grow old reflects which important concept?

A.) Ability is only temporary.

12.) Which of the following was the only immigrant group to be legally excluded on the basis of national origin in the United States?

A.) Chinese

11.) The complexity of cave art suggests symbolic thinking. What does symbolic thinking mean?

A.) Use of one thing to mean something else.

6.) In 1931, anthropologist Audrey Richards documented the chisungu ritual, performed in Zambia. What is this women-only ritual that centers on menstruation and marriage an example of in anthropology?

A.) a rite of passage

11.) What do we call the potential of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values, institutions, and structures of power?

A.) agency

16.) From an anthropological perspective, who is eligible to create and experience art?

A.) all groups

12.) The presentation of local art on the global scale may provide not only a means of economic activity but also a venue to do what?

A.) assert local cultural identity in the face of rapid change

13.) Most of us routinely trim our fingernails. The cuttings are tossed into the wastebasket and we don't usually give it much thought. Believers of ________ would take special precautions with their fingernail clippings, which could be used to cast a spell on them.

A.) contagious magic

17.) From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of what?

A.) ethnomedicine

18.) If you are not part of the solution to the problems in our world, then you are part of the problem. This class has challenged you to:

A.) find a way, in your life, to be part of the solution.

18.) The generation of migrants who left their home countries as adults are known among scholars as which generation?

A.) first

6.) People who participate in programs that offer a temporary right to work but have limited long-term rights and privileges are called:

A.) guest workers.

4.) Pastoralism frequently includes the process of transhumance. What is this process?

A.) herders moving livestock seasonally between different altitudes

12.) Which of the following is considered a type of magic that involves performances that imitate the desired result?

A.) imitative magic

10.) Which of the following best describes entrepreneurial immigrants?

A.) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade

18.) Which of the following social processes strongly affects the ways in which religion and religious practices are being stretched and shaped today?

A.) immigration

6.) Today fewer than 250,000 people make their primary living from food foraging. Where do the remaining food foragers often live?

A.) in environments (cold places, forests, islands) where other strategies for food production are not sustainable

14.) How do distributions of income and wealth reveal the way the power is distributed in a society?

A.) income and wealth determine an individual's access to resources such as health care

7.) In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort and left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, what is this stage in the ritual process called?

A.) liminality

1.) In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal mines. What does this demonstrate?

A.) people taking political action to resist climate change

18.) Most of us never consider how our immediate families function in a larger social context in our lives. In reality, though, what aspect of social behavior is strongly present in our family relationships and echoed in our place in society as a whole?

A.) power

4.) Catholic religious services often have the priest intoning the liturgy in Latin, and this helps to preserve the continuity of both the religion and the service. In Durkheim's view, what might this be considered a form of?

A.) ritual 1

5.) Migrants often send economic resources back to their countries of origin. What important role do these resources play?

A.) supporting families and stimulating economic growth in local (origin) communities

1.) Groups of humans adapt to their environment in order to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and flourish. What do anthropologists call this cultural adaptation?

A.) the economy

19.) What is meant by a "health transition?"

A.) the significant, but uneven, improvements in human health made over the course of the twentieth century

1.) On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives?

A.) their religious beliefs

4.) How do systems of class affect an individual's life chances?

A.) they reduce the chance for upward mobility

4.) What is reflected in decisions about what is displayed as fine art?

A.) wealth and power stratification

The fact that people will inevitably die or grow old reflects which important concept?

Ability is only temporary.

The position that the free market and free trade, rather than the state, are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with which theorist?

Adam Smith

15.) As a result of efforts to regulate international migration, which of these borders has become one of the most heavily guarded in the world?

B.) .U.S.-Mexico

9.) According to the archaeological record, how old is evidence of human artistic expression?

B.) 100,000 years

3.) What is one important reason that medical anthropology has grown significantly since the 1980s?

B.) Intensive fieldwork has proved effective in solving public health problems.

16.) Since 1996, what has the trend been for the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States?

B.) It has increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth than medical necessity.

13.) Since the mid-1970s, how has class inequality in the United States changed?

B.) It has increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating salaries for the middle class

13.) How did Margaret Mead explain the origins of human violence?

B.) It is a cultural institution.

15.) It has sometimes been suggested that violence is endemic to all primates and a consequence of social relations. What have recent studies of other nonhuman primates revealed?

B.) Other primates undergo a cycle of distancing and reconciliation after violence occurs.

16.) Hindus venerate the cow (even when they create serious traffic hazards) in order to fully embrace the idea of ahimsa, the practice of nonviolence toward all living things. For a Hindu, then, the cow is much more than an animal with four legs. How is the cow vital in this religious system?

B.) The cow plays an important adaptive role in the Indian ecosystem that has evolved.

12.) Aside from access to financial resources, what most influences an individual's life chances?

B.) access to social resources such as education

5.) Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of what?

B.) agriculture

3.) What do anthropologists call a small, kinship-based group of foragers who move over a particular territory?

B.) band

11.) What is one of the primary motivations for labor immigrants?

B.) better wages than they find in other countries

17.) Immanuel Wallerstein's modern world systems analysis sees nations and regions as divided into different groups in terms of economic dominance. These include core, semiperiphery, and periphery groups. What is one defining characteristic of the periphery group?

B.) cheap labor

14.) Fieldwork allows the anthropologist to accurately record the life and conditions of a people. These results are almost always shared with others. Such efforts frequently increase awareness of a particular people, but as Paul Farmer notes, rarely result in what?

B.) direct or indirect intervention to help solve problems

7.) How do medical anthropologists distinguish between disease and illness?

B.) disease is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen; illness is a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual

19.) A megachurch refers to a large, often evangelical or Protestant church that employs business practices, showmanship, rock music, and spectacle to attract congregations. Many megachurches televise their sermons, reaching audiences too far away to attend in person. These churches reveal how technology and marketing, as well as the larger force of ________, are changing religion today.

B.) globalization

17.) Where, on average, do the educational level and skills of most people who migrate illegally tend to lie?

B.) higher than their home country's national average

7.) What is the term used to describe people who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries?

B.) internally displaced persons

7.) In some societies, the social rank of each member is determined by who his or her parents are. What can we probably say about this society?

B.) it is ranked

2.) Cooking and building, fashion and oratory, decorating and dressing, and sewing and play are all ________ through which artists and audiences communicate.

B.) media

16.) In the United States, we often celebrate the Fourth of July with colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities. Fourth of July celebrations in the United States help to reinforce feelings of ________.

B.) nationalism

11.) When you lived at home growing up as a child, you may have received a small allowance - a bit of money on a somewhat regular occasion that you could use as you wished. This typically comes from a parent who is also working at a regular job to support the family. What is this, in anthropological terms?

B.) redistribution

3.) What do we call the economic resources that are transferred from migrants to family members or institutions in their country of origin?

B.) remittances

8.) Which of the following, according to Victor Turner, is the first stage of a rite of passage that involves the physical, psychological, or symbolic removal from the daily activities of the group?

B.) separation

13.) Paul Farmer found rural Haitian residents experiencing very high rates of malnutrition, dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Many of these residents were water refugees due to the construction of a hydroelectric dam that had flooded their valley. This problem underlines the difficulty of providing adequate health care in the face of ________.

B.) socioeconomic inequality

16.) Which of the following includes hometown associations, religious communities, and refugee placement groups that help to resettle newcomers in their destination communities?

B.) supportive organizations

7.) What is one of the changes that occurs with the transition to intensive agriculture that reflects a distinctly Marxist perspective?

B.) surpluses generated through peasant labor are transferred to a small elite

3.) Which of these usually results from the unequal distribution of a society's resources within a class system?

B.) surpluses move steadily upward into the hands of the elite

14.) What form of technology emerged in the twentieth century as a dominant form of global communication, impacting art and art production?

B.) the Internet

15.) One of the most significant changes that Zanmi Lasante initiated in rural Haiti was the training of local community members as health-care workers. What factor was responsible for their success in identifying local health-care problems and providing basic health services?

B.) their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values

2.) What is true about systems of class and inequality?

B.) they create an unequal distribution of a society's resources

Why does the author say that the image of the state as fixed, cohesive, and coherent is an illusion?

Because states are constantly reshaped by new leaders and legislation and through their interactions.

20.) What do scientists now think the purpose of the human microbiome might be?

C.) It is a personal ecosystem that helps combat disease.

15.) What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?

C.) It was rife with magic.

1.) Which of the following statements about human migration is true?

C.) Only 3 percent of the world's population moves beyond national borders.

2.) What is one of the primary reasons that the study of religion in anthropology is difficult?

C.) There is a wide range of local religious expression.

12.) Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did, you have experienced redistribution. What would an anthropologist consider this to be?

C.) a leveling mechanism

17.) In the view of Talal Asad, religion has been defined by Western anthropology. What does "religion" then become?

C.) an ethnocentrism problem

4.) The study of ethnopharmacology emerged from efforts to:

C.) document the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.

2.) What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

C.) egalitarianism

6.) Cross-cultural research leads anthropologists to argue that appreciation of art is acquired through what social vector?

C.) enculturation

19.) What is one reason that refugees are forced to leave their communities?

C.) ethnic conflict

8.) As a ritual ceremony, the potlatch serves to establish prestige and social status by demonstrating a person's capacity for which of the following?

C.) generosity

14.) The European drive to enter the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort to procure what commodity?

C.) gold

3.) Art in Western traditions is often associated with notions of what kind of culture?

C.) high

5.) Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity?

C.) industrial agriculture

2.) While conventional wisdom attributes good health to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. What is one critical aspect of health that is often overlooked?

C.) inequality

17.) You know things now that you did not know before this class; your world view has changed. You now must:

C.) make a corresponding change in the world.

10.) The process of "closing a deal" in business often has both parties trying to get the best deal they can. What kind of reciprocity would an anthropologist call this?

C.) negative

18.) Bangladesh's coastal floodplain has been repeatedly inundated with monsoons, flooding, and devastating erosion. How does the nation of Bangladesh illustrate the problems of development and how it relates to environmental challenges?

C.) poorer nations suffer the consequences of climate change in ways that developed nations do not.

11.) Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studies in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of what?

C.) power

7.) Early anthropologists played an important role in the acquisition of art that came from Oceania, Africa, and Latin America. What was it referred to at that time?

C.) primitive

16.) Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward what?

C.) progress

9.) What term is used to identify Victor Turner's final stage of a rite of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community?

C.) reincorporation

17.) Members of the civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, and marches to oppose inequality. Their actions eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which eliminated much of the legal inequality in the country. What is this is an example of?

C.) social movements

7.) An autonomous regional political structure with a central government authorized to make laws and use political, economic, and military force to maintain order and defend its territory is referred to as what?

C.) state

5.) Which of these is stratfied in a ranked society?

C.) status

12.) Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine has sharp distinctions between biological and psychological causation, and usually applies:

C.) surgery and drug therapy.

3.) Both horticulture and agriculture focus on the use of plants as a source of food. What is the difference between them?

C.) the level of intensity needed in the process

13.) What do ethnomusicologists study?

C.) the music of the world, and music as an aspect of culture and society

8.) The problems with industrialized agriculture are discussed in the book and include dangerous chemicals, weather susceptibility, large amounts of energy, and health risk. Taken all together, what might we note about the sorts of global problems that industrialized agriculture helps create?

C.) the problems inherent in industrialized agriculture are increasing the human ecological footprint.

10.) According to Max Weber, the values of Protestant values enabled

C.) the rise of Capitalism.

13.) Prior to the European exploration of the Americas, how were trade routes between China and Europe accomplished?

C.) traders used long-distance overland routes through Asia and eastern Europe.

14.) What do we call migrants who stay actively connected with social, economic, political, and religious spheres across national borders?

C.) transnational

8.) What is one of the crucial aspects of the anthropological approach to understanding art?

C.)displaying art with detailed reference to its original context

As a result of the China-Europe trade imbalance, European nations sought to acquire needed resources in order to participate fully in the world economy of that time. The major advantage they had—advanced weaponry and strong military strategies—resulted in what lasting legacy?

Colonialism

10.) What unique evidence of artistic endeavor did archaeologists discover in South Africa's Blombos Cave?

D.) 75 ky old ocher engraved with abstract designs, and beads made from Narrarius shells

5.) What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art?

D.) It is shaped by the viewer's perception as well as the artistic intent.

15.) The culture of poverty theory suggests that poverty is the result of an individual's dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values. Anthropologists have strongly challenged this idea, arguing that poverty is a structural problem. What do they say this results from?

D.) It results from dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system

14.) What is a key element of magic highlighted through ethnographic work?

D.) Magic is rational.

9.) In the view of "technocratic birth," which of the following is true?

D.) Mothers can receive epidural injections to manage their pain.

9.) What can be accurately said about most states today?

D.) They did not exist prior to World War II.

18.) We are taught that antibacterial soaps and cleaning products that completely eliminate germs on surfaces and food are essential to good health. Why is this approach now under scrutiny?

D.) We have begun to understand human microbiomes

11.) The human ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is understood as what?

D.) a complex microbiome

4.) What do we call an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief?

D.) chiefdom

1.) Of all systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is often considered the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?

D.) class

1.) Anthropologists see art as all the ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans use to do what?

D.) communicate their creativity and inspiration

20.) The phenomenal sales of epic works of fiction such as Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien center on magic as a real force in society. In Tolkien's work, the object of interest is a ring that gives the wearer great power. What kind of magic is Tolkien using in his fiction in regard to this particular object?

D.) contagious

8.) From the anthropological perspective, an individual patient's experience of sickness is considered to be what?

D.) culturally defined

2.) Which group of humans employed adaptive strategies that included hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food?

D.) early preagricultural groups

6.) Which society is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success and has relatively low hierarchy and violence?

D.) egalitarian

13.) What recent trend has been observed as a result of wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?

D.) factories are now shifting to Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos since they have cheaper labor

12.) The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as what?

D.) hegemony

9.) Generalized reciprocity- the exchange of goods and services among those of relatively equal status- provides a means to share resources. What other significant function does it serve?

D.) it helps build social ties

10.) The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is referred to as power. In the study of human social organization, anthropologists examine power because:

D.) it is embedded in all human relationships.

1.) Which anthropological perspective is most likely to be used to study and improve health conditions in football players?

D.) medical anthropology

14.) When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?

D.) militarization

9.) How do anthropologists define refugees?

D.) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence

8.) Although they are typically highly trained individuals, ________ migrants often face downward mobility in destination countries because they cannot obtain the credentials necessary to work.

D.) professional

2.) People migrate for many different reasons, including to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities. What term do anthropologists use to describe this kind of positive reason to migrate?

D.) pull

5.) An anthropologist studying football in the United States might find that taboos, sacred objects, and ________ are in almost constant use.

D.) ritual 2

3.) French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?

D.) sacred and profane

11.) What do anthropologists call a part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings?

D.) shaman

10.) What do we call the movement, both upward and downward, of one's class position in a society?

D.) social mobility

6.) The World Health Organization calls for a definition of health that includes the absence of infirmity and complete physical and mental health. What else is called for consideration in their definition?

D.) social well-being

5.) What does the study of ethnomedicine focus on?

D.) the comparative study of local systems of health and healing

15. ) Which population made up the majority of the 40 million people who read National Geographic at its peak?

D.) the middle class

6.) What was one consequence of warriors emerging to defend surpluses of food from marauders?

D.) the rise of the state

9.) What common result occurs when patterns of social stratification emerge?

D.) unequal access to resources

8.) Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?

D.) within the influence of the state

15.) What major event set the stage for the end of European colonialism?

D.) world war 2

________ is the embodied experience of people with impairments as shaped by broader forms of social inequality.

Disability

Groups of humans adapt to their environment in order to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and flourish. What do anthropologists call this cultural adaptation?

Economy

The European drive to enter the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort to procure what commodity?

Gold

George Gmelch discovered that baseball players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, believe what about good magic?

Good magic is contagious

What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?

Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism.

According to the United Nations, in 2015, which country had the highest life expectancy at birth?

Hong Kong

Which of the following does the text identify as a success the global economy has achieved in the past sixty years?

Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent.

In the past several decades, many companies have made effective use of flexible accumulation—the strategy used by transnational corporations to maximize profits. Following this, what is one of the reasons that a company like Wal-Mart has grown in both size and profit?

It has more than 7,000 factories overseas that manufacture products for the company.

What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art?

It is shaped by the viewer's perception as well as the artistic intent.

E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Max Weber's earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. What was a key element of magic highlighted by Evans-Pritchard's work?

Magic is rational

Which of the following individuals believed that ideas can be just as powerful as economics in shaping society?

Max Weber

In the United States, we often celebrate the Fourth of July with colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities. Fourth of July celebrations in the United States help to reinforce feelings of ________.

Nationalism

Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel argued that humans' determination of beauty is determined by:

Nature

According to the text, what is one consequence of the health transition?

Overall human life expectancy has doubled in the past century.

Very different forces lead to a decision to migrate. Job opportunities, educational opportunities, and access to health care as well as poverty, famine, war, disease, and religious oppression are all factors in two very different kinds of force. What are the two terms used by anthropologists to describe these two forces that lead to migration?

Push; pull

Seo-yun is a mudang in South Korea. In her community, she acts as an intermediary between spirits or gods and the human world through rituals, songs, and ancestor worship. When she is not doing that, she lives a typical life. Which term best describes Seo-yun?

Shaman

Seo-yun is a mudang in South Korea. In her community, she acts as an intermediary between spirits or gods and the human world through rituals, songs, and ancestor worship. Which term best describes Seo-yun?

Shaman

health

The absence of disease and ifirmity, as well as the presence of physical, mental, and social well being

What is one of the major problems highlighted in the Village Girl Youth Project (VGYP) by anthropologist Rania Sweis?

The concept of adolescence is defined through a strictly Western perspective.

Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at double the rate required to maintain sustainable levels. What problem does this illustrate about the sustainability of the current global economy?

The human ecological footprint is too large.

The core values of good health in the United States—personal responsibility, hard work, and clean living—shape how Americans approach functional health. Where do these values fit in respect to the World Health Organization's definition of health?

They are not part of the definition.

Prior to the European exploration of the Americas, how were trade routes between China and Europe accomplished?

Traders used long-distance overland routes through Asia and eastern Europe.

As a result of efforts to regulate international migration, which of these borders has become one of the most heavily guarded in the world?

US-Mexico

We are taught that antibacterial soaps and cleaning products that completely eliminate germs on surfaces and food are essential to good health. Why is this approach now under scrutiny?

We have begun to understand human microbiomes.

What major event set the stage for the end of European colonialism?

World war 2

What is the difference between transnational and yo-yo migrants?

Yo-yo migrants travel back and forth between destination and origin countries, whereas transnational migrants simply participate in social and political activities across those same borders and do not actively relocate.

Margaret Mead says people must first recognize militarism as a problem before attempting to change it. What else does she say is needed?

a belief that social invention is possible

The human ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is understood as what?

a complex microbiome

interpretivist approach

a conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning used to describe the experience and response to illness

disease

a discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional

What is the predominant export destination of West African art?

a new york warehouse

What was one of the immediate results of the Zanmi Lasante water project?

a noticeable drop in infant mortality

How do anthropologists define biomedicine?

a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences

biomedicine

a practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing

Biomedicine

a practice, often associated with western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing

The diversity of local religious expressions complicates anthropologists' efforts to develop:

a universal definition of religion

47. Anne Fadiman studied the Hmong immigrant population in the United States. Her work suggests that one of the biggest challenges faced by this population is a lack of a. English language knowledge. b. Hmong physicians available to them in U.S. hospitals. c. housing that permits extended families to live together under one roof. d. monetary resources to pay for medical care.

a. English language knowledge.

36. Most of us routinely trim our fingernails. The cuttings are tossed into the wastebasket and we don't usually give it much thought. If he were alive today, James Frazier might suggest that this is ignoring the possibility of a. contagious magic. b. poor hygiene practice. c. continuous magic. d. obsessive compulsive disorder.

a. contagious magic.

43. Anthropologist George Gmelch found that players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, generally tend to believe that good magic is a. contagious. b. consistent. c. ritualized. d. highly effective.

a. contagious.

8. Anthropological research illustrates that people make a religious tradition come alive in their own context through local expressions and which of the following? a. creative adaptations b. strict adherence to scripture c. universal beliefs d. standardized rituals

a. creative adaptations

49. According to the text, medical anthropology's holistic approach sees health as something that happens in part due to a product of a. environment and the absence of poverty and violence. b. environment and the presence of moderate climate. c. behavior and the presence of adequate education and nutrition. d. genetics and the absence of poverty and violence.

a. environment and the absence of poverty and violence.

51. From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems constitute a form of ________ because they are based in a particular local cultural reality. a. ethnomedicine b. ethnopharamacology c. biomedicine d. medical pluralism

a. ethnomedicine

19. Increased migration has increased popularity of Tibetan medicine in recent decades because it is seen as a. holistic and embracing Tibetan ecological worldviews. b. a way to challenge traditional views of Western medicine. c. a rejection of ethnomedicine. d. a way to develop sound entrepreneurial practices in health care.

a. holistic and embracing Tibetan ecological worldviews.

35. Which of the following is considered a type of magic that involves performances that imitate the desired result, such as manipulating a doll? a. imitative magic b. ritual magic c. contagious magic d. continuous magic

a. imitative magic

52. Which of the following social processes is currently affecting the ways in which religion and religious practices are being stretched and shaped today? a. immigration b. technological innovation c. neoliberalization d. secularization

a. immigration

53. Catholicism is being rejuvenated in the United States as a result of a. increased immigration from heavily Catholic countries bringing new membership, worship styles, social needs, and political engagements. b. immigration of wealthy individuals from otherwise impoverished Catholic countries bringing an infusion of funds to local churches. c. high rates of conversion to Catholicism from Islam. d. high rates of lapsed middle-class Catholics returning to the church.

a. increased immigration from heavily Catholic countries bringing new membership, worship styles, social needs, and political engagements.

33. The role of the shaman is generally associated with early seminomadic societies but is also found in which type of the following societies? a. industrialized b. seminomadic c. technological d. hunter-gatherer

a. industrialized

19. In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, this stage in the ritual process is called a. liminal. b. profane. c. communitas. d. sacred.

a. liminal.

26. Anthropologist Marvin Harris built upon Karl Marx's ideas, suggesting that what shapes the other components of a society are a. material conditions. b. ritual processes. c. the relationships between religion and power. d. religious beliefs.

a. material conditions.

32. One of the immediate results of the Zanmi Lasante water project was a a. noticeable drop in infant mortality. b. noticeable increase in agricultural output. c. noticeable improvement in the physical health of those who had to carry water up an eight-hundred-foot hillside. d. noticeable drop in the number of individuals complaining about the water quality.

a. noticeable drop in infant mortality.

11. The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and the rituals that pilgrims to this shrine participate in to venerate this long-deceased Muslim martyr. One of the characteristics of this particular example that demonstrates the local adaptation and flexibility of religious practice is a. pilgrims come from a variety of different faiths, not just Muslim. b. the use of loban, a rock-like incense mined nearby. c. pilgrims often stay for a long period of time. d. pilgrims to this shrine all seek healing.

a. pilgrims come from a variety of different faiths, not just Muslim.

30. Max Weber envisioned an inevitability of religion, one that culminated in a. rational religion based on legal codes of conduct. b. rational religion based on persuasive prophets. c. a purely secular society free of religion. d. rational religion based on acceptance of magic and shamanistic beliefs.

a. rational religion based on legal codes of conduct.

25. Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation? a. religion b. rites c. rituals d. pilgrimages

a. religion

3. People make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives on the basis of their a. religious beliefs. b. social organization. c. ability to falsify the religions of others. d. theoretical understanding of religious practices.

a. religious beliefs.

18. In 1931, anthropologist Audrey Richards documented the chisungu ritual, performed in Zambia. This women-only ritual centers on menstruation and marriage and is an example of a. rites of passage. b. liminal engagement. c. sacredness. d. religious fervor.

a. rites of passage.

16. French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that which of the following was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity? a. ritual b. sacrifice c. worship d. anomie

a. ritual

14. Catholic religious services often have the priest intoning the liturgy in Latin, and this helps to preserve the continuity of both the religion and the service. In Durkheim's view, this would be a form of a. ritual. b. preservation of the sacred. c. rejection of the profane. d. anomie.

a. ritual.

32. Victor Turner proposed that all humans experience a rite of passage and that such rites might appear in a variety of different contexts, not just in coming-of-age changes. In a similar fashion, we can understand the emergence of a particular type of religious practitioner after they pass through a rite of passage. Such a practitioner emerges as a a. shaman. b. priest. c. medicine man. d. pilgrim.

a. shaman

36. The study of health care provided at Alpha House in New York City suggested that black women and other women of color were better able to withstand pain than white women, and were often referred to as more "primitive" by the health care workers. These attitudes stemmed largely from a. stories and folklore about black women's bodies. b. stories told to the workers by trained physicians. c. conflicts between physicians of color and white patients. d. information that was the result of Medicaid policies and directives.

a. stories and folklore about black women's bodies.

44. Anthropologist Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas surrounding a set of powerful a. symbols. b. rituals. c. rites. d. beliefs.

a. symbols

25. Surgical procedures are a component of ________ but are NOT a component of all health care traditions. a. the biomedical model b. cultural competency c. illness narratives d. ethnomedical practices

a. the biomedical model

10. Medical pluralism is defined as a. the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing. b. the inclusion of medical experts in the use of local healing methodologies. c. the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices. d. the comprehensive study of local systems of health and healing.

a. the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing.

44. Paul Farmer conducted his fieldwork in Haiti, one of the poorest countries in the world. This afforded a powerful opportunity to understand a. the nature of inequality as it impacts health care. b. the intersection of foreign aid programs and medical care in nonwestern cultures. c. the nature of corruption in a nonwestern health care setting. d. the failings of cultural anthropologists to better document their experiences with illness in nonwestern cultures.

a. the nature of inequality as it impacts health care.

2. Anthropologists typically examine which of the following in order to understand religion's meaning and significance in the life of a community of people? a. theology and history b. language and theology c. theology and political systems d. economy and theology

a. theology and history

47. Anthropologist Talal Asad argues that a. universal definitions of religion can actually obscure local realities and, subsequently, local expressions of religion should be examined rather than universal ones. b. symbols used in religion acquire significance only for the actual material of which they are made and nothing more beyond that. c. symbols used in religion acquire significance far beyond the actual material of which they are made and allow believers to feel that the religious world is truly real. d. symbols develop in a culture completely independent of historical and social developments.

a. universal definitions of religion can actually obscure local realities and, subsequently, local expressions of religion should be examined rather than universal ones

In Tibet, there are about 200 traditional healers known as amchi who provide health care. What is their system of health care based on?

achieving balance between body and spirit in the individual

Anthropologist Marc Edelman's study of rural peasants in Costa Rica as they responded to the economic and political upheavals brought about by civil war and increased debt demonstrate what aspect of human response to the state?

agency

Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of what?

agriculture

From an anthropological perspective, who is eligible to create and experience art?

all groups

critical medical anthropology

an approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of power on individual and group health outcomes

ecological/epidemiological approach

an approach within medical anthropology that considers how aspects of the natural environment and social environment interact to cause illness

A ban on which religious practice was enacted in a Florida town after local residents and officials learned of the Cuban and Haitian immigrants in the Santeria Church?

animal sacrifices

The upheaval brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. When French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed all of this, what did he call it?

anomie

emic

approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider

etic

approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider

How do medical anthropologists distinguish between disease and illness?

as a natural entity versus personal experience

Increased migration has increased the popularity of Tibetan medicine in recent decades. How is this form of medicine viewed today by non-Tibetans?

as holistic and embracing tibetan ecological worldviews

The presentation of local art on the global scale may provide not only a means of economic activity but also a venue to do what?

assert local cultural identity in the face of rapid change

What does the anthropological approach to world art attempt to do?

attempting to understand the development and meaning of local art forms while preserving their specific cultural contexts

28. Which of the following individuals believed that ideas rather than economics can be equally powerful in shaping society? a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Karl Marx d. Victor Turner

b. Max Weber

12. Medical anthropologists have recognized the utility of recognizing the difference between disease and illness as that of a. a pathological condition versus an imagined reality. b. a natural entity versus personal experience. c. a natural entity versus a condition defined by local culture. d. a natural entity versus a psychologically treatable condition.

b. a natural entity versus personal experience.

9. Biomedicine is defined as a. the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing. b. a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences. c. the documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices. d. the comparative study of local systems of health and healing.

b. a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences.

42. Illness narratives a. are based on a physician's assessment of an illness. b. are based on the personal stories that people tell of their illness. c. are ethnographic studies of disease and illness. d. are based on narratives provided by anthropologists to physicians.

b. are based on the personal stories that people tell of their illness.

46. The example of Lia Lee and the tragic ending to her story demonstrates that health is a matter of a. careful application of the western approach to medical care to ensure success. b. both the physical and social body. c. ensuring that both patient and doctor speak the same language. d. placing anthropologists into U.S. medical facilities to avoid such tragedies.

b. both the physical and social body.

5. Anthropologists are primarily interested in a. analyzing religion's ultimate truth or falsity. b. capturing religious expression and making it come alive for others. c. validating others' religious beliefs. d. documenting all extant shamanic traditions.

b. capturing religious expression and making it come alive for others.

27. Which of the following theories contends that religious practices have likely developed in response to very practical problems as people sought to adapt to the natural environment? a. the opiate of the masses b. cultural materialism c. ritual processes d. rites of passage

b. cultural materialism

30. Fieldwork allows the anthropologist to accurately record the life and conditions of a people. These results are almost always shared with others—anthropologists, nongovernmental organizations, and more. Such efforts frequently lead to better awareness of a particular people or culture, and as Paul Farmer notes, do NOT often result in a. lasting change due to shifting theoretical perspectives. b. direct or indirect intervention to help solve problems. c. an influx of financial support to those in greatest need. d. a lasting recognition by governments that their citizens may need particular forms of help.

b. direct or indirect intervention to help solve problems.

54. One of the ways that anthropologist Paul Farmer put the results of his anthropological fieldwork to actual practice was through the a. widespread translation of his fieldwork records into different languages. b. founding of Partners in Health, which works with local communities in Haiti to improve the health conditions of poor Haitians. c. establishment of an endowed foundation designed to provide direct aid to impoverished communities. d. critique of anthropological methods that called on anthropology to be detached from the subject of study.

b. founding of Partners in Health, which works with local communities in Haiti to improve the health conditions of poor Haitians.

54. The recent appearance of the megachurch—large, often evangelical or Protestant churches that employ business practices, showmanship, rock music, and spectacle to attract congregations—reveals the influence not just of technology and marketing but of the larger force that often draws people to a particular country in order to have a better life. This larger force is a. democratization. b. globalization. c. proselytization. d. secularization.

b. globalization.

26. Chinese medicine conceptualizes qi as a type of energy found in all living things, something that must be in balance to maintain good health. This reflects the larger concept of health as a a. harmonious relationship between husband and wife. b. harmonious relationship between heaven and Earth. c. a harmonious relationship between past and present. d. a harmonious relationship between the body and Earth.

b. harmonious relationship between heaven and Earth.

50. Since 1996, the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States has a. decreased dramatically as more mothers turn to alternative medical options. b. increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth and institutional pressure than medical necessity. c. increased dramatically as the medical necessity for C-sections is proven by studies of other cultures. d. fluctuated widely as trends in childbirth come in and out of cultural acceptance.

b. increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth and institutional pressure than medical necessity.

5. One important reason that medical anthropology has grown significantly since the 1980s is that a. the medical profession has increasingly relied upon anthropology for data. b. intensive fieldwork has increased the level of intimacy between the anthropologist and the subjects under study. c. more anthropology students have also entered the field as trained medical professionals. d. anthropological research has become increasingly generous with how subjects can be studied.

b. intensive fieldwork has increased the level of intimacy between the anthropologist and the subjects under study.

1. Anthropologists typically conduct fieldwork as participants, living in and coexisting with those they study. Religion, as a set of beliefs about how the world ought to be, can be successfully studied because it is also a. easily understood as a practice by attending religious services. b. lived out in a community of people. c. understood as to its truth or falsity through participant observation. d. useful as a theoretical understanding of daily life.

b. lived out in a community of people.

38. Anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard's work among the Azande people considered ________ to be an integral part of their religious system. a. ritual b. magic c. rites d. ceremony

b. magic

23. The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and how people of many different faiths come to the shrine for healing rituals. The people who travel to the shrine are said to be a. seeking conversion. b. making a pilgrimage. c. seeking communitas. d. participating in a sacred ritual.

b. making a pilgrimage.

9. Which of the following is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion? a. saint b. martyr c. pilgrim d. dargah

b. martyr

49. The Zapatista movement in Mexico helped lend credence to the idea of Liberation Theology, something that was initially supported by the Vatican. More recently, however, that support was withdrawn under Pope Benedict, who argued that the "church of the people" was antagonistic to the idea of a central Church authority such as is found in the Vatican. Today, Pope Francis, himself once a proponent of the theology, has moved the church toward a reconciliation of these conflicts. All of these illustrate the tension between a. religion, power, and Latin America. b. religion, meaning, and power. c. the Vatican and poor countries, such as Mexico. d. religious belief and social solidarity.

b. religion, meaning, and power.

20. Which of the following is the first stage of rites of passage that involves the physical, psychological, or symbolic removal from the daily activities of the group, according to Victor Turner? a. individuation b. separation c. reaggregation d. liminality

b. separation

22. The biomedical model tends to overlook the importance of a. using scientific means to diagnose a disease. b. social experiences as a component of disease. c. ethnopharmacology as a means of understanding diseases. d. recognizing that biology plays a crucial role in disease.

b. social experiences as a component of disease.

28. Paul Farmer found rural Haitian residents experiencing vey high rates of malnutrition, dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Many of these residents were water refugees due to the construction of a hydroelectric dam and the resultant flooding. This problem underlines the difficulty of providing adequate health care in the face of a. globalization. b. socioeconomic inequality. c. a highly corrupt government. d. rural development projects.

b. socioeconomic inequality.

45. Hindus venerate the cow (even when they create serious traffic hazards) in order to fully embrace the idea of ahimsa, the practice of nonviolence toward all living things. For a Hindu, then, the cow is much more than an animal with four legs, it is a vital a. symbol that allows them to avoid eating beef. b. symbol that makes their religious world real. c. symbol that anthropologists have created to understand Hinduism. d. symbol that represents God in their pantheon.

b. symbol that makes their religious world real.

37. Khiara Bridges suggests that the statistical data for racial disparities in health, which indicate that black babies die at twice the rate as white babies, is due to more than just poverty and may be a result of a. the failure to fully certify the physician assistants in poverty-stricken areas. b. the failure to interrogate doctors on their internalized racism. c. the failure of Medicaid to provide equal treatment for people of color. d. the persistence of deeply engrained racial attitudes in medical training.

b. the failure to interrogate doctors on their internalized racism.

16. The dominant idea of health care in the United States—doctors in white coats, hospitals, and advanced technology—has been found by medical anthropologists to be a. the most common point of access for people worldwide. b. the least common point of access for most people worldwide. c. the least frequently contested aspect of health care worldwide. d. the most frequently contested aspect of health care delivery worldwide.

b. the least common point of access for most people worldwide.

33. One of the most significant changes that Zanmi Lasante initiated in rural Haiti was the training of local community members as health care workers. Their success in identifying local health care problems and providing basic health services was due to a. their unflagging efforts to build waste treatment and clean water facilities. b. their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values. c. their willingness to work with impoverished peoples in terrible conditions. d. their training provided to them in the United States.

b. their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values.

1. According to the text, Texas colonias are of interest to medical anthropologists because a. the majority of the residents return to their native Mexico for medical treatment. b. their rates for many diseases are considerably above state and national averages. c. the majority of the residents came to the United States in the 1950s and are now in dire need of medical specialists in gerontology. d. they are interested in the prevalence of "good genes" and good behavioral choices.

b. their rates for many diseases are considerably above state and national averages.

Nawal studied medicine at her university in Egypt. Although she can work as a doctor in Egypt, she is enticed by the high wages and opportunities offered in other countries. What term refers to the phenomenon of many skilled professionals like Nawal leaving their country of origin?

brain drain

17. In Tibet, there are about 200 traditional healers known as amchi who provide health care, all of which is based on a. the elimination of body and spirit as part of individual wellness. b. the complete separation of body and spirit in the individual. c. achieving balance between body and spirit in the individual. d. the complete integration of body and spirit in the individual.

c. achieving balance between body and spirit in the individual.

48. In the view of Talal Asad, religion has been defined by western anthropology and is thus partially a. an attempt at a universal definition. b. a fieldwork problem. c. an ethnocentric problem. d. a Christian definition.

c. an ethnocentric problem.

15. The upheaval brought about by the industrial revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor, as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed all of this and recognized it as a. habitus. b. communitas. c. anomie. d. alienation.

c. anomie.

43. The first step healers might use when collecting illness narratives would be to a. request that the patient document all steps taken in the current treatment plan in use. b. form a careful assessment of the illness and develop a treatment plan. c. ask the patient to describe his or her perspective of the health problem. d. attempt to contact a healer from the patient's home culture for advice.

c. ask the patient to describe his or her perspective of the health problem.

29. According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for a. capitalist exploitation of the masses. b. modernity to move forward. c. capitalism to flourish. d. the defeat of capitalistic enterprises.

c. capitalism to flourish.

24. Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on a. extensive medical education. b. the experience of the doctor in a foreign country. c. enlightenment values. d. the willingness of the doctor to practice alternative medicine.

c. enlightenment values.

6. Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health, which includes meaning, power, and a. ethnopharmacology. b. ethnomedicine. c. epidemiology. d. local knowledge.

c. epidemiology.

15. According to the text, Mayan women of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula typically gave birth in a hammock, during which time a. doctors and nurses carefully monitored the progress. b. midwives monitored the progress. c. family life continued as it usually did. d. midwives and other women ensured that family members were not present to disturb the mother.

c. family life continued as it usually did.

31. Paul Farmer's work in Haiti using anthropological tools—local language, understanding social norms and values, and how people organized their own reality—led him to recognize that these same tools could a. be an impediment for doctors working in the remote rural regions of a country. b. be a useful way to convince local governments to provide better medical care. c. help doctors think about health in the broadest possible sense. d. be used to train doctors in the United States.

c. help doctors think about health in the broadest possible sense.

3. While conventional wisdom attributes good health and longevity to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. One critical aspect of health that is often overlooked is that of a. farming methods. b. lack of treatment centers. c. inequality. d. racism in medical education.

c. inequality.

7. Ethnopharmacology emerged as a study because anthropologists wanted to understand a. practices that were part of large, international pharmacology companies. b. the role of herbal supplements in the dietary intake of Americans. c. local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices. d. the comparative study of local systems of health and healing.

c. local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.

34. You likely have heard of the voodoo doll, a figurine in which the holder pokes pins into the body in an effort to induce pain or discomfort into the unfortunate "target." While this is a belief and practice that is specific to a particular culture, an anthropologist would likely analyze this as a type of a. ritual. b. liminality. c. magic. d. religious rite.

c. magic.

42. A common belief in the United States is that walking under a ladder will bring bad luck. Many people dismiss this possibility, but as a belief, it is very like the results found by anthropologist George Gmelch's examination of the national pastime of baseball, an activity he found to be rife with a. disbelief. b. skeptics. c. magic. d. religious tenets.

c. magic.

34. According to the text, one consequence of the health transition is that a. chronic diseases such as cancer have declined as a primary cause of death worldwide. b. infectious diseases have increased as the primary cause of death in the United States. c. overall human life expectancy has doubled in the past century. d. there is a decline in health disparities across the globe.

c. overall human life expectancy has doubled in the past century.

29. Among the steps taken by anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer to improve health conditions in the rural community of Cange, one of the most important first steps was to a. provide a means of food production and distribution. b. provide physicians and nurses to improve health care. c. provide clean drinking water to the community. d. provide a channel for foreign aid to improve the community.

c. provide clean drinking water to the community.

21. Victor Turner's final stage of rites of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community is termed a. retrospective. b. reaction. c. reincorporation. d. relegitimization.

c. reincorporation.

24. German political philosopher Karl Marx called which of the following "the opiate of the masses"? a. rituals b. pilgrimage c. religion d. rites of passage

c. religion

50. The role of the Catholic Church in the Zapatista Movement in the Chiapas region of southern Mexico illustrates a relationship in Mexico between religion and a. language. b. family. c. revolution. d. poverty.

c. revolution.

10. Which of the following is an individual considered exceptionally close to God, who is then exalted after death? a. priest b. nun c. saint d. pope

c. saint

40. The case of Lia Lee is significant for medical anthropologists because a. her parents were never able to bridge the gap between their own medical prognosis and that of Lia's doctors. b. The dramatically different approaches to the resolution of Lia's illness offer a good research opportunity. c. the clash between the family's beliefs and that of the physicians' was a clear instance of medical pluralism. d. it provided a window into the application of non-Western medicine that is difficult to document in the field.

c. the clash between the family's beliefs and that of the physicians' was a clear instance of medical pluralism.

45. Bridget Jordan and Robbie Davis-Floyd studied expectant mothers in Mexico, Sweden, Holland, and the United States. Among their findings was the realization that different cultures see birth in different ways, and this directly impacts a. the probability of the infant surviving birth. b. the likelihood that the infant will live to adulthood. c. the experience of the birthing process itself. d. the differences in the way women in different cultures respond to medication.

c. the experience of the birthing process itself.

4. One of the primary reasons that the study of religion in anthropology is difficult is because a. there is no single, universal definition of religion that anthropologists can agree upon. b. the variation in local expression complicates the verification of religious truth or falsity. c. there is a wide range of local religious expression. d. the range of religions is so vast that it is not possible to study them effectively.

c. there is a wide range of local religious expression.

18. Significant changes in the Ladakh region of the Himalayas include a. an increase in bartering because the cash economy has been undermined. b. less stress once militarization in neighboring Kashmir decreased. c. urbanization that has fragmented community life. d. government rejection of the Tibetan Buddhist healing practices.

c. urbanization that has fragmented community life.

39. In his work with Azande people, E. E. Evans-Pritchard found which of the following individuals are formally taught the knowledge of rituals and medicines and use that knowledge to thwart the work of a witch? a. shamans b. witches c. witch doctors d. parents

c. witch doctors

What is considered a transitional form between the simpler political structures of tribes and the more complex political structures of states?

cheifdom

Anthropologists see art as all the ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans use to do what?

communicate their creativity and inspiration

Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, what does this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, help to promote?

communitas

The "melting pot" model of immigration over simplified the way that migration actually took place in U.S. history. What was one significant and very real consequence of this early "melting pot" mythology?

congress passed the National origins act as a response to immigration

From the anthropological perspective, an individual patient's experience of sickness is considered to be what?

culturally defined

Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer took many steps to improve health conditions in the rural community of Cange. What was one of the most important first steps?

cunducting a health census of the community

53. Which of the following statements accurately describes Chinese medicine? a. Researchers have identified a uniform set of Chinese medical practices used by practitioners within and outside China that complement biomedical treatments. b. It was suppressed as "unscientific" after the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. c. Chinese medicine rejected Western medicine in the early twentieth century as "inauthentic" and "un-Chinese." d. Chinese medical practices vary widely within China, from patient to patient, and also over time.

d. Chinese medical practices vary widely within China, from patient to patient, and also over time.

12. Which of the following is among the nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophers who deeply influenced anthropological theories of religion? a. Arnold van Gennep b. Karl Marx c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber

d. Max Weber

2. ________ is the anthropological perspective most likely to be used to study and improve health conditions in Texas colonias. a. Medical ecology b. Ethnomedicine c. Interpretive anthropology d. Medical anthropology

d. Medical anthropology

7. Attention to local religious expressions complicates anthropologists' efforts to create a. a universal definition of spirituality. b. a universal definition of religious ideology. c. a universal definition of religious practices. d. a universal definition of religion.

d. a universal definition of religion.

41. In order to examine the role of religion in community life in Niger, West Africa, anthropologist Paul Stoller apprenticed with which of the following religious specialists? a. women b. a witch doctor c. a sorcerer d. a witch

d. a witch

38. During the European conquest of North America, entire populations suffered due to the diseases brought to the continents by the conquering armies. In a very real sense, this early form of "globalization" held a type of medical migration. Medical migration as discussed in the text differs from this, however, in that today it a. also includes the movement of diseases across national borders. b. ignores the movement of faith-based healing across national borders. c. provides a reduction in the number of poor patients seeking treatment abroad. d. also includes the movement of treatments for disease across national borders.

d. also includes the movement of treatments for disease across national borders.

4. The core values of good health in the United States—personal responsibility, hard work, and clean living—shape how Americans approach functional health. When considered in the light of the World Health Organization's definition of health, these values a. are a key part of the definition. b. do not address the problem of unequal access to health care. c. result in complete physical, mental, and social well-being. d. are not part of the definition.

d. are not part of the definition.

21. Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock reported a case where, after hearing the story of a woman under tremendous personal stress, medical students a. advised her to adhere to the prescription regimen. b. questioned the veracity of the doctor's diagnosis. c. attempted to analyze her illness narrative. d. asked what the real causes of her pain were.

d. asked what the real causes of her pain were.

20. Once scorned as a cop out, Psilocybin mushrooms remain classified as a controlled substance in the United States. Recent research has started to look seriously at their use in the treatment of certain forms of mental illness. This is an expansion of the practice of a. shamanistic medicine. b. ethnopharmacology. c. pharmaceutical research. d. biomedicine.

d. biomedicine.

51. Which of the following locations is particularly experiencing increasing encounters between people of various religious faiths and new strategies for cultivating and educating participants? a. rural villages b. remote villages c. farming communities d. cities

d. cities

22. Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, helps to promote a. individuation. b. liminality. c. separation. d. communitas.

d. communitas.

23. The human ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is understood as a a. system of discrete, biological entities. b. useful way to collect microbes used for the treatment of other diseases. c. potentially lethal collection of bacteria. d. complex microbiome.

d. complex microbiome.

13. The individual patient's experience of sickness is a. universally defined. b. defined by a doctor. c. a matter of personal interpretation. d. culturally defined.

d. culturally defined.

27. According to the text, the People's Republic of China moved to institutionalize traditional Chinese medicine through a number of different strategies, including the export of the practice to other countries. This was done in part to a. improve the balance of trade situation in post-Mao China. b. develop better teaching and educational methods for Chinese students of medicine. c. broaden the experience of the "barefoot doctors" in China. d. develop ties of solidarity with other developing nations.

d. develop ties of solidarity with other developing nations.

39. As discussed in the text, biomedical physicians diagnosed Lia Lee of Merced, California, as suffering from a. quag dab peg. b. soul loss. c. a serious infection. d. epilepsy.

d. epilepsy.

52. We are taught that cleanliness is a vital part of daily life, that antibacterial soaps, cleaning products that completely eliminate the possibility of germs on surfaces, cooking and food handling that absolutely precludes the chance of ingesting a "bug," is an essential path to good health. This approach is now under scrutiny because of our understanding of a. disease in other cultures. b. human genetics. c. human pathogens. d. human microbiomes.

d. human microbiomes.

35. Critical medical anthropology considers the intersection of health care and systems of power: economic and political systems, race, class, gender, and sexuality. This necessitates that a critical medical anthropologist a. understand how best to combat social and economic inequality at all levels. b. be prepared to challenge medical authority in instances where their programs do not function effectively in the area of health. c. understand how to effect political and social change in the areas that most directly impact the place of study. d. look beyond the Western system of biomedicine and the focus on individual care.

d. look beyond the Western system of biomedicine and the focus on individual care.

6. One of the central tasks of anthropologists studying religion is to understand the religious sense of a. truthfulness. b. the strength of individual belief. c. connection to all the major world religions. d. moral order.

d. moral order.

14. In the view of "technocratic birth": a. women are viewed as strong and capable actors in the birth process. b. expectant mothers are attended by midwives and family members. c. fathers are expected to hold the mothers while encouraging them. d. mothers can receive epidural injections to manage their pain.

d. mothers can receive epidural injections to manage their pain.

37. E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Weber's earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. A key part of Evans-Pritchard's work held that magic was in fact very a. irrational. b. scientific. c. ritualistic. d. rational.

d. rational.

46. Talal Asad makes the case that rather than religion being a system of symbols, it is better understood as a a. collection of ideas. b. simple collection of material objects not imbued with meaning. c. creation of western scholars. d. result of authorizing processes.

d. result of authorizing processes.

17. What term might an anthropologist use to describe a game of football as it is played in the United States? a. religion b. anomie c. profane d. ritual

d. ritual

13. French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion? a. forbidden and allowed b. sacred and holy c. unclean and profane d. sacred and profane

d. sacred and profane

31. A part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings is referred to as a a. medicine man. b. rabbi. c. magician. d. shaman.

d. shaman.

11. The World Health Organization calls for a definition of health that includes the absence of infirmity, complete physical and mental health, as well as consideration for a. cultural well being. b. economic stability. c. religious affiliation. d. social well being.

d. social well being.

8. Ethnomedicine is focused on a. the role of hospitals and doctors in the health care system. b. the study of religious ritual in health care. c. the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices. d. the comparative study of local systems of health and healing.

d. the comparative study of local systems of health and healing.

40. Paul Stoller's participation in sorcery and magic in Niger afforded him a window into a. the dangers of participation in systems we do not understand. b. how difficult it is to gain trust of those we study. c. how easy it is to become irrational during long fieldwork. d. the deeply transformative nature of fieldwork.

d. the deeply transformative nature of fieldwork.

48. Khiara Bridges studied mothers in New York City. Her work revealed the deep schism between a. doctors and health care workers in a poverty-stricken area. b. racist attitudes held by black patients and white doctors. c. government-provided health care delivery and that offered by the private sector. d. the quality and type of treatment given to white and black mothers.

d. the quality and type of treatment given to white and black mothers.

41. Anthropologist Arthur Kleinman's work involves the collecting of different illness narratives, which can be vital in the a. treatment of illness and promotion of good health within Western cultures. b. treatment of illness and promotion of good health in non-Western cultures. c. treatment of illness and promotion of good health in the use of herbal medicines. d. treatment of illness and promotion of good health across cultural divides.

d. treatment of illness and promotion of good health across cultural divides.

What is one of the prices that guest workers usually must pay in order to find work in other countries?

denial of long term rights and privileges

Fieldwork allows the anthropologist to accurately record the life and conditions of a people. These results are almost always shared with others. Such efforts frequently increase awareness of a particular people, but as Paul Farmer notes, rarely result in what?

direct or indirect intervention to help solve problems

Which group of humans employed adaptive strategies that included hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food?

early preagricultural groups

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

egalitarianism

Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on:

enlightenment values

From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of what?

ethnomedicine

What recent trend has been observed as a result of wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?

factories are now shifting to Tailand cambodia and loas since they have cheaper labor

acoording to the text, mayan women of mexicos yucatan peninsula typically gave birth in a hammock what ekse usually happened during the birth event

family life continued as it usually did

What is the term for contracts based on (derived from) some other asset—commodities, interest rates, credit, foreign exchange rates, equities, and mortgages?

financial derivatives

What is the primary difference, from an anthropological perspective, between balanced reciprocity and generalized reciprocity?

generalized reciprocity occurs between those with close ties

What term does Arjun Appadurai use to refer to the global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries?

global mediascape

George Gmelch discovered that baseball players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, believe what about good magic?

good magic is contagious

polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

The author states that immigrants he had never met recognized him on the streets of New York. Why was this possible?

he was filmed in a festival video in china that was later viewed by immigrants in NY

In the United States, most Americans believe that it is wrong to hire family members who may not be qualified for a position. The idea of nepotism, or a family member over a more qualified candidate, seems unthinkable and undoable to many Americans. This is an example of what concept?

hegemony

The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as what?

hegemony

Art in Western traditions is often associated with notions of what kind of culture?

high

Which of the following is considered a type of magic that involves performances that imitate the desired result?

imitative magic

What is one of the possible reasons that women in the armed services of the United States are now permitted to be active combatants?

increased militarization worldwide

While conventional wisdom attributes good health to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. What is one critical aspect of health that is often overlooked?

inequality

Whether studying a small temple in a remote village or the most famous Catholic cathedral in Rome, anthropologists try to convey each religion's sense of moral order, dynamic public expressions, and:

interactions with other systems of meaning and power

Margaret Mead explains that the origins of human violence

is a cultural institution

Why is Morrinho important to anthropologists?

it exposes the intersections of class poverty power and kinship through a miniature city

The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is referred to as power. In the study of human social organization, anthropologists examine power because:

it is embedded in all human relationships

In the modern world, the state is typically considered the ultimate authority in any particular territory. Despite this illusory ideal, what does the author note is true about the state?

it is fluid and fragile

According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?

latin american scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations

In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort and left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, what is this stage in the ritual process called?

liminality

Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health. What else in addition to meaning and power does this approach include?

local knowledge

ethnomedicine

local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values

Some followers of the Voodoo religion in Louisiana use figurines. They pin a person's picture or name to the figure, which represents that person's spirit, in order to bless them. How would an anthropologist most likely categorize this practice?

magic

The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and how people of many different faiths come to the shrine for healing rituals. The people traveling to the shrine are:

making a pilgrimage

he text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and how people of many different faiths come to the shrine for healing rituals. The people traveling to the shrine are:

making a pilgrimage

Which of the following statements about the long-term consequences of Japanese migration to Brazil in the twentieth century is accurate?

many have returned to japan but continue to embrace brazilian culture

Which of the following is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion?

martyr

Cooking and building, fashion and oratory, decorating and dressing, and sewing and play are all ________ through which artists and audiences communicate.

media

Which anthropological perspective is most likely to be used to study and improve health conditions in football players?

medical anthropology

The complete collection of microorganisms in the body's ecosystem is referred to as what?

micro biome

Which of the following best describes how anthropologists conceptualize migration as a "gendered" process?

migration by women has forced members to adjust to shifting gender roles and family patterns

Adolf Hitler glorified German domination while expanding the military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. What is this is an example of?

militarization

in the view of "technocratic birth" which of the following is true

mothers can receive injections to manage their pain

What is one way the U.S. government engaged in a Keynesian intervention following the 2008 financial collapse?

moving to guarantee bank deposits threatened by economic collapse

According to the author, new immigrants in greater Los Angeles are primarily employed as factory workers and as ________.

nannies and housekeepers

The dominant group in a state reinforces its ability to create consent and agreement about what is normal and appropriate through the promotion of what kinds of intense feelings?

nationalism

Adolf Hitler was able to create a powerful unified state in Germany by blaming minorities for the country's problems and promoting the idea of certain German people as different and superior. This made the idea of persecuting minorities and expanding German dominance over Europe seem like a reasonable course of action. What do we call this feeling of belonging and superiority?

nationalsim

Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel argued that humans' determination of beauty is determined by:

nature

The process of "closing a deal" in business often has both parties trying to get the best deal they can. What kind of reciprocity would an anthropologist call this?

negative

The concept of flexible accumulation describes an overall strategy of multinational corporations to increase profitability. What is one of the keys to the success of this strategy?

offshoring

Which of the following statements about human migration is true?

only 3 percent of the worlds population moves beyond national borders

Seven million Côte d'Ivoirians earn their living in the cocoa and coffee farming industry. How much of the profits reaped from this industry go to the farmers themselves?

only a tiny fraction

It has sometimes been suggested that violence is endemic to all primates and a consequence of social relations. What have recent studies of other nonhuman primates revealed?

other primates undergo a cycle of distancing and reconciliation after violence occurs

Early states played an important role in the development of most areas of the world, so their origin, construction, and organization are frequently the focus of which branch of anthropology?

political anthropologists

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas. What was this system of ideas surrounded by?

powerful symbols

Which of these are requirements faced by governments receiving structural adjustment loans under neoliberal economic policies?

privatize state owned enterprises

Which of these are requirements faced by governments receiving structural adjustment loans (SAPs) under neoliberal economic policies?

privatize state-owned enterprises

People migrate for many different reasons, including to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities. What term do anthropologists use to describe this kind of positive reason to migrate?

pull

When Max Weber envisioned an evolution of rationalization in religion, what did he suggest it might result in at the end?

rational religion based on legal codes of conduct

What unique evidence of artistic endeavor did archaeologists discover in South Africa's Blombos Cave?

red and yellow ochre

In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation?

redistribution

sickness

refers to the individual's public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond

What term is used to identify Victor Turner's final stage of a rite of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community?

reincorporation

Critics of modernization suggest that underdevelopment is the result of postcolonialism, and that poor countries today cannot participate in the global economy because it is structured to extract and transfer what to developed nations?

resources

In 1931, anthropologist Audrey Richards documented the chisungu ritual, performed in Zambia. What is this women-only ritual that centers on menstruation and marriage an example of in anthropology?

rite of passage

In Japan, the second Monday of January is a national Coming of Age Day. Young people who have turned 20 years old in the past year wear traditional clothing, attend ceremonies in local government offices, and celebrate at parties afterwards. Coming of Age Day is an example of:

rite of passage

Emile Durkheim argued that which of the following was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity?

ritual

French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?

sacred and profain

French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?

sacred and profane

Which of the following, according to Victor Turner, is the first stage of a rite of passage that involves the physical, psychological, or symbolic removal from the daily activities of the group?

seperation

How does the anthropological understanding of sickness differ from illness or disease?

sickness refers to the individuals public expression of illness or disease

How is the carrying capacity of industrial agriculture different from simpler subsistence strategies such as hunter-gatherers, pastoralism, horticulture, and low-intensity agriculture?

simpler subsistence strategies are locally limited

What is one important part of medical treatment that the biomedical model overlooks?

social experiences as a component of disease

Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer found rural Haitian residents experiencing very high rates of malnutrition, dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Many of these residents were water refugees due to the construction of a hydroelectric dam that had flooded their valley. This problem underlines the difficulty of providing adequate health care in the face of ________.

socioeconomic inequality

In his book The Body Silent, anthropologist Robert Murphy documents quadriplegia that left him wheelchair-bound. From this experience, what does Murphy conclude is the "ultimate purpose for our species"?

struggle for autonomy

The late-night rara processions described in the text, along with the ensuing response of a member of the military, reveal what important aspect of this art form in Haiti?

that the extent of the critique faces clear limits

What form of technology emerged in the twentieth century as a dominant form of global communication, impacting art and art production?

the Internet

surgical procedures are integral to which of the following

the biomedical model

What does the study of ethnomedicine focus on?

the comparative study of local systems of health and healing

human microbiome

the complete collection of microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem

ethnopharmacology

the documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices

issues of dissability

the embodied experiences of people with impairments as shaped by broader forms of social inequality

Khiara Bridges suggests that the statistical data for racial disparities in health, which indicate that black babies die at twice the rate of white babies, are due to more than just poverty and may be a result of what in particular?

the failure to challenge and educate doctors on their internalized racism

Illness

the individual patient's experience of being unwell

medical migration

the movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire health-care systems, as well as those seeking medical care across national borders

Illness narratives

the personal stories that people tell to explain their illness

What are illness narratives?

the personal stories that people tell to explain their illness

health transition

the significant improvements in human health over the course of the 20th century that were not, however, distributed evenly across the world's population

What is meant by a "health transition?"

the significant, but uneven, improvements in human health made over the course of the twentieth century

What would ethnomusicologists be most likely to study?

the use of playground rhymes by US rap artist

Anthropologists typically examine which of the following in order to understand religion's meaning and significance in the life of a community of people?

theology and history

What is accomplished through the use of vulgar, sexual language and profanity in the Betiz songs played at rara festivals?

they are a form of popular laughter in the face of daily conditions

The core values of good health in the United States—personal responsibility, hard work, and clean living—shape how Americans approach functional health. Where do these values fit in respect to the World Health Organization's definition of health?

they are not part of the definition

In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the cold war, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?

they are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped

What did Lutz and Collins conclude after their investigation of National Geographic photos?

they avoid images that might disrupt readers views of the world

What can be accurately said about most states today?

they did not exist prior to WW2

On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives?

they religious beliefs.

According to Talal Asad, how did the cross, the Torah, and the cow gain their symbolic power?

through complex historical and social developments

Football, a popular sport in the United States, has been linked to brain injuries. Why might anthropologists be interested in the study of brain injuries in football players?

to better understand the relationship between health and culture

Filmmakers Chris Boebel and Christine Walley document the devastating impact of globalization and the loss of industry in what country?

united states

what is one of the key characteristics of professional immigrants

university students who are trained in western professions but do not have employment opportunities in their home country

What has significantly changed in the Ladakh region of the Himalayas?

urbanization has fragmented life

What is indigenous media?

use of the media by those who have experienced significant disruption at a local level

Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?

within the influence of state

What does Kyra Gaunt's research into kinetic orality in U.S. playgrounds demonstrate?

young women raised in black culture learn to perform a rhythmic pattern of clapping and stomping as a part of the socialization process