Quizzes in Section 2

A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting _______________________ neurons. a. GABA b. beta-endorphin c. dynorphin d. dopamine

Opioids a. GABA

The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome a. can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity b. lasts for about 48 hours; the user is then considered detoxified c. is considered to be a life-threatening condition d. involves intense inhibitory opiate action at all receptors

Opioids a. can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity

Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse? a. It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously b. It is a long-lasting drug, producing stable blood levels throughout the day c. It is a cross tolerant with abused opiates, so it can reduce the effects of morphine and heroin with repeated use d. it produces no euphoria or craving when administered orally in clinics

Opioids a. it has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously

Tolerance to opiate effects a. occurs rapidly for analgesic effects and slowly for constipating effects b. is not specific to a given receptor type c. develops quit gradually over time d. is primarily due to increased rate of metabolism

Opioids a. occurs rapidly for analgesic effects and slowly for constipating effects

The opioid propeptides a. are referred to as the "enkephalins" b. are processed by proteases into both opiate and non-opiod peptides c. include the endorphins and the endomorphins d. are made in the terminal button and cleaved by enzymes into the opiate peptides

Opioids b. are processed by proteases into both opiate and non opioid peptides

The effects of analgesics on pain are difficult to study because a. humans refuse to participate in the research b. the results depend on the specific technique being used to produce pain c. ethical guidelines prohibit the application of painful stimuli to animals d. it is impossible to obtain subjective reports of pain

Opioids b. the results depend on the specific technique being used to produce pain

Which statement about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false? a. they cause less transmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition b. they cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels c. they act on receptors that are coupled to G proteins that ope potassium channels, close calcium channels, and inhibit adenylyl cyclase d. they affect presynaptic autoreceptors and reduce the amount of transmitter released

Opioids b. they cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels

____________ is the natural ligand for the delta receptor. a. Nociceptin/ orphanin FQ b. dynorphin c. enkephalin d. endorphin

Opioids c. Enkephalin

Both "early" and "late" pain activate the a. anterior cingulate cortex b. primary somatosensory cortex c. amygdala d. secondary somatosensory cortex

Opioids d. secondary somatosensory cortex

Lack of cocaine self-administration by mutant mice expressing a cocaine-insensitive dopamine transporter tells us that a. blockade of the dopamine transporter plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine b. dopamine is not important for cocaine's reinforcing effects c. these mutant mice are able to experience cocaine reward but not cocaine reinforcement d. the mutant dopamine transporter is unable to take up dopamine from the synaptic cleft

Psychostimulants a. blockade of the dopamine transporter plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine

Which of the following is not an advantage of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone maintenance? a. buprenorphine's shorter duration of action reduces the chance of overdose b. buprenorphine does not require daily clinic visits c. neonatal abstinence syndrome is milder in buprenorphine withdrawal d. buprenorphine can be administered with subcutaneous implants

Psychostimulants a. buprenorphine's shorter duration of action reduces the chance of overdose

Brain imaging studies of cocaine-abusing or dependent individuals have found a. reduced methylphenidate-induced dopamine release in the dorsal striatum compared to controls (non cocaine-using individuals). b. damage to the striatum caused by repeated cocaine exposure c. increased baseline D2 receptor binding

Psychostimulants a. reduced methylphenidate-induced dopamine release in the dorsal striatum compared to controls (non cocaine-using individuals)

Amphetamines increase catecholamine release in part by a. reversing the transporter b. increasing calcium influx c. increasing the firing rate of catecholamine neurons d. decreasing autoreceptor function

Psychostimulants a. reversing the transporter

Which condition will produce the greatest psychostimulant effect, based on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy? a. intranasal administration of drug b. IV administration of drug c. low baseline of dopamine in the mesolimbic tract d. 30% of transporters affected by drug

Psychostimulants b. IV administration of drug

Vaccines against cocaine a. have not been effective in producing significant reductions in cocaine induced behavior in animal studies b. could act by creating antibodies that bind the cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of drug that crosses the blood brain barrier c. may create antibodies that break down in the blood stream, causing long-term toxic side effects d. have not been tested in humans

Psychostimulants b. could act by creating antibodies that bind the cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of the drug that crosses the blood brain barrier

Psychostimulant injections a. of amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens do not appear to be rewarding to animals, as they will not self administer the drug b. have their reinforcing effects effectively blocked by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens c. increase stereotyped behavior when microinjected into the nucleus accumbens d. increase locomotor behavior when microinjected into the striatum

Psychostimulants b. have their reinforcing effects effectively blocked by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens

Some researchers have hypothesized that optimal prefrontal cortical functioning and cognitive performance occur with ____________ activation of ________________ adrenergic receptors and _______________ DA receptors in the PFC. a. moderate; alpha 1; D2 b. moderate; alpha 2 A; D1 c. maximum; alpha 1; D2 d. maximum; alpha 2A; D1

Psychostimulants b. moderate; alpha 2A; D1

Amphetamine and related psychostimulants in the amphetamine-like family a. are drugs of abuse with no therapeutic value b. resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure c. are drugs of the twentieth century, having no use prior to 1900 d. are all synthetic

Psychostimulants b. resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure

Which statement about high cocaine responding (HCR) and low cocaine responding (LCR) rats is true)? a, When the animals are given a moderate dose of cocaine, extracellular dopamine levels increase more in the LCR rats than in the HCR rats b. HCR and LCR rats differ in their responses to cocaine despite being genetically identical c. LCR rats express more dopamine transporters in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum than HCR rats d. HCR rats show greater levels of extracellular dopamine than LCR rats, under drug-free conditions

Psychostimulants c. LCR rats express more dopamine transporters in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum than HCR rats

What technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain? a. MRI b. CT c. PET d. EEG

Psychostimulants c. PET

Repeated exposure to cocaine and other psychostimulants a. can cause behavioral tolerance but not sensitization b. causes neither behavioral tolerance nor sensitization c. can cause either behavioral tolerance or sensitization, depending on the pattern of exposure d. can cause behavioral sensitization but not tolerance

Psychostimulants c. can cause either behavioral tolerance or sensitization, depending on the pattern of exposure

Cocaine _________ and _____________ in the dorsal striatum can be produced in cocaine dependent individuals by exposure to videos of cocaine-related cues. a. "high"; increased D1 receptor binding b. tolerance; release of glutamate c. craving; release of dopamine d. relapse; increased D1 receptor binding

Psychostimulants c. craving; release of dopamine

Which statement concerning the receptor subtypes involved in psychostimulant effects is true? a. D2 receptors are required for cocaine self-administration b. pimozide, a D2 receptor blocker, completely eliminates amphetamine-induced euphoria c. the locomotor stimulating effects of cocaine involve the D5 receptor d. D1 receptor knockout mice are insensitive to both the locomotor stimulating and reinforcing effects of cocaine

Psychostimulants d. D1 receptor knockout mice are insensitive to both the locomotor stimulating and reinforcing effects of cocaine

The approach of a contingency management program involves reducing ___________________ while increasing _____________________, and is based on the idea that drug-taking is an operant response. a. nondrug reinforcers; pharmacotherapeutic use b. high risk situations; coping strategies c. relapse; self esteem d. drug associated reinforcement; nondrug reinforcers

Psychostimulants d. drug associated reinforcement; nondrug reinforcers

Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking _________________ and ________________ channels. a. momoamine synthesis; voltage gated calcium b. monoamine transporters; voltage gated potassium c. monoamine release; voltage gated calcium d. monoamine transporters; voltage gated sodium

Psychostimulants d. monamine transporters; voltage gated sodium

Which statement concerning the drugs used to treat ADHD is true? a. low doses of these medications increase activity and arousal in children but not adults b. side effects of these medications have not been of great concern to physicians c. these drugs are safe to you because they have no abuse potential d. most of these drugs affect dopamine, with the exception of new drug strattera that works by affecting norepinephrine

Psychostimulants d. most of these drugs affect dopamine, with the exception of new drug strattera that works by affecting norepinephrine

Modafinil is primarily used therapeutically for the treatment of a. clincal depression b. insomnia c. ADHD d. narcolepsy

Psychostimulants d. narcolepsy

Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by a. increasing metabolism by MAO b. shutting down the dopamine transporter and releasing dopamine back into the cytoplasm c. increasing catecholamine reuptake d. releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid

Psychostimulants d. releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid

Cocaine binges a. do not produce an abstinence syndrome b. typically last a week or longer c. may involve use of up to 1500 grams of cocaine d. result in a period of exhaustion, depression, and cravings

Psychostimulants d. result in a period of exhaustion, depression and cravings

Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine? a. hypothermia b. decreased heart rate c. hypotension d. vasoconstriction

Psychostimulants d. vasoconstriction

During _________________ an individual may behave quite normally but will have total amnesia for the events that occurred. a. a blackout b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome c. delirium tremens d. a hangover

Alcohol a. a blackout

Which of the following does not modify the concentration of alcohol in the blood? a. A cold shower b. the presence of food in the stomach c. the dose of alcohol consumed d. gender differences in metabolism

Alcohol a. a cold shower

Which of the following best represents the enzymatic steps involved in alcohol metabolism? a. alcohol> alcohol dehydrogenase > acetaldehyde> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase> acetic acid b. alcohol> alcohol dehydrogenase> acetic acid> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase> acetaldehyde c. alcohol> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase> acetaldehyde> alcohol dehydrogenase> acetic acid d. alcohol acetaldehyde dehydrogenase> acetic acid> alcohol dehydrogenase> acetaldehyde

Alcohol a. alcohol> alcohol dehydrogenase > acetaldehyde> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase> acetic acid

Tolerance to alcohol includes a. metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance b. pharmacodynamic but not behavioral tolerance c. metabolic but not pharmacodynamic tolerance d. neither metabolic nor pharmacodynamic tolerance

Alcohol a. metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance

During fermentation, yeast converts each _________________ molecule into two molecules of _________________ and two molecules of carbon dioxide. a. sugar; alcohol b. alcohol; sugar c. sugar; fat d. fat; alcohol

Alcohol a. sugar; alcohol

The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include a. total amnesia b. a loss of short term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories c. little actual memory impairment d. a loss of memory for events in the distant past

Alcohol b. a loss of short-term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories

An intense withdrawal syndrome after long term heavy drinking that includes irritability, convulsions, and hallucinations would be considered a. physical dependence b. delirium tremens c. psychosis d. a hangover

Alcohol b. delirium tremens

Fatalities from acute alcohol ingestion occur because a. that much alcohol causes brain death b. the respiratory centers in the brain stem shut down c. of cardiac arrhythmias leading to heart failure d. the heart becomes too sedated and stops beating

Alcohol b. the respiratory centers in the brain stem shut down

Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross dependence because they both _____________ the effects of ________________ at _________________________ receptors. a. enhance; GABA; GABAA b. enhance glutamate; NMDA c. decrease; glutamate; NMDA d. decrease; GABA; GABAA

Alcohol and opioids a. enhance; GABA; GABAA

All of the following are naturally occurring opiates except a. heroin b. morphine c. codeine d. thebaine

Alcohol and opioids a. heroin

In Schuckit's study, a greater risk of developing alcoholism was seen in young men who experienced _____________ subjective "high" and had a ___________________ sway score after consuming alcohol. a. a greater; higher b. less of a; lower c. less of a; higher d. a greater; lower

Alcohol and opioids b. less of a; lower

Which statement about pure opiate antagonists is false? a. They are important in understanding the action of opiate analgesics b. THey include drugs like naloxone and nalorphine c. They can reverse the effects of an opiate overdose in approximately two hours d. they have structures similar to opiates but produce no activity at the receptor

Alcohol and opioids c. They can reverse the effects of an opiate overdose in approximately two hours

In general, the cellular effects of chronic alcohol on various neurotransmitter systems are __________________ the effects of acute alcohol administration a. the same as b. many times greater than c. opposite to d. double

Alcohol and opioids c. opposite to

What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from receptor cloning studies? a. each receptor has twelve transmembrane proteins b. each receptor has between 650 and 700 amino acids c. the receptors appear to be metabotropic d. each receptor will bind to the same ligands in the same way

Alcohol and opioids c. the receptors appear to be metabotropic

Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to a. their effects on cardiac muscle b. the increased likelihood of a stroke c. the suppression of the brain stem's respiratory center d. an overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Alcohol and opioids c. the suppression of the brain stem's respiratory center

In animal models, blockade of _______________ reduces stress-induced relapse and withdrawal-induced alcohol consumption, but this approach hasn't worked in humans because __________________. a. glutamate receptors; stress is not a major factor in human alcohol consumption b. opioid receptors; people just won't take the medication c. NK1R; humans don't possess this receptor type d. CRF1 receptors; these antagonists don't cross the blood-brain barrier

Alcohol and opioids d. CRF1 receptors; these antagonists don't cross the blood-brain barrier

After withdrawal from chronic alcohol use, an increase in ______________ is correlated with an increase in behavior signs of _________________. a. receptor inhibition; intoxication b. glutamate release; intoxication c. receptor inhibition; withdrawal hyperexictability d. glutamate release; withdrawal hyperexcitability

Alcohol and opioids d. glutamate release; withdrawal hyperexcitability

The mu receptor a. overlaps with the kappa receptor in its distribution in the nervous system b. had been linked to hallucinations and dysphoria c. is found in the hypothalamus and pituitary d. plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine

Alcohol and opioids d. plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine

The increase in threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain produced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with drugs of abuse is generally interpreted to indicate a(n) a. decrease in sensitivity of the reward circuit b. state of craving c. increase in sensitivity of the reward circuit d. state of intoxication

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction a. state of intoxication

In general, the ___________________________ is positively correlated with _______________________. a. ability of a substance to cause relapse; its duration of action b. addiction potential of a substance; its speed of onset c. duration of action of a substance; its speed of onset d. speed of onset of a substance; its ability to cause relapse

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. addiction potential of a substance; its speed of onset

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a ________________ model. a. moral b. biopsychosocial c. disease d. medical

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. biopsychosocial

Which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to addiction? a. environmental stimuli > modified gene expression > acute drug exposure > repeated drug exposure/ addiction > epigenetic changes b. environmental stimuli > acute drug exposure > epigenetic changes > modified gene expression > repeated drug exposure/ addiction c. acute drug exposure > environmental stimuli > modified gene expression > epigenetic changes > repeated drug exposure/addiction d. environmental stimuli > acute drug exposure > repeated drug exposure/ addiction > modified gene expression > epigenetic changes

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. environmental stimuli > acute drug exposure > epigenetic changes > modified gene expression > repeated drug exposure/ addiction

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, ________________ from the _________________ appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models. a. serotonin; prefrontal cortex b. glutamate; prefrontal cortex c. glutamate; amygdala d. serotonin; nucleus accumbens

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. glutamate; prefrontal cortex

The drug discrimination paradigm can be used to determine all of the following except a. whether the effects of one drug "generalize" to that of another b. how hard an animal is willing to work for a drug c. "dose equivalents" of different drugs that can produce a similar internal state d. whether an animal can readily discriminate a drug from a vehicle or saline

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. how hard an animal is willing to work for a drug

According to the opponent-process model of addiction, drug dependence causes ___________________ to be shifted downward, through a process of _________________. a. allostasis; tolerance b. the hedonic set-point; allostasis c. allostasis; sensitization d. the hedonic set-point; sensitization

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. the hedonic set-point; allostasis

Through classical conditioning, environmental stimuli associated with _____________ can cause relapse via ______________. a. drug use; conditioned responding and physical dependence b. withdrawal states; conditioned withdrawal and craving c. physical dependence; unconditioned responding and craving d. abstinence; unconditioned withdrawal

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction b. withdrawal states; conditioned withdrawal and craving

Which statement about addiction and genetics is true? a. If both parents are alcoholics/ drug addicts, their offspring will also be alcoholics/ drug addicts, but if only one parent is affected, any offspring has a 50% chance of developing a problem b. if drug or alcohol problem do not run in a family, other family members will not develop a problem either c. a large number of genes influence susceptibility to addiction d. the addiction has been identified

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction c. a large number of genes influence susceptibility to addiction

According to the self medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer ___________________, and those suffering from depression should prefer ________________. a. cocaine; heroin b. cocaine; alcohol c. alcohol; cocaine d. alcohol; heroin

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction c. alcohol; cocaine

Which statement about drug self-administration procedures is false? a. the typical dose-response function is an inverted U shaped curve b. in general, the reinforcing properties of an addictive drug increase as the dose is increased, within a certain range c. antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self administered by animals d. they rely on positive reinforcement produced by the substance being investigated

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction c. antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self-administered by animals

The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures but does not include the a. ventral pallidum b. amygdala c. cerebellum d. nucleus accumbens

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction c. cerebellum

According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, as a person develops a drug addiction, the user experiences an increase in __________________, with no change or even a decrease in ________________. a. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement b. drug liking; drug wanting c. drug wanting; drug liking d. drug reward; drug craving

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction c. drug wanting; drug liking

The transcription factor delta Fos B a. exhibits tolerance with repeated drug exposures b. up-regulates expression of all genes it affects c. is rapidly induced after administration of many drugs of abuse d. accumulates in cells of the amygdala

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction c. is rapidly induced after administration of many drugs of abuse

Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of ________________ but not in the case of _______________. a. alcohol; heroin b. heroin; alcohol c. amphetamine; cocaine d. cocaine; heroin

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction d. cocaine; heroin

In general, drugs of abuse _____________ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation. a. increase b. do not affect c. first increase, then decrease d. decrease

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction d. decrease

The ______________ model of addiction is based on the idea that brain dysfunction occurs as a result of repeated drug exposure. a. moral b. susceptibility c. opponent-process d. disease

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction d. disease

The concept of incentive-sensitization distinguishes between __________________ and _____________________. a. craving; drug seeking b. drug liking; drug taking c. drug seeking; drug taking d. drug liking; drug wanting

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction d. drug liking; drug wanting

Which of the following does not fit with the addiction-related neuroadaptations proposed by Koob and LeMoal? a. CRF levels in the amygdala increase as drug users become dependent b. early recreational drug use is accompanied by increased dopamine and opioid activity c. as drug users become dependent, less dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens d. increased norepinephrine and CRF play a role in recreational drug use

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction d. increased norepinephrine and CRF play a role in recreational drug use

The relative strength of drug reinforcement can be measured using a ___________________ schedule of drug self administration. a. fixed ratio b. progressive interval c. variable ratio d. progressive ratio

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction d. progressive ratio