RBT Exam

A trend that ascends from left to right means:

Behavior is increasing

Best definition of hitting?

Forceful contact between the learner's hand and another person

non contigent reinforcement is delivered:

Independent of the child's behavior

Which of the following data recording procedures is best used for behaviors that have a clear ending and beginning, do not occur throughout an interval, but still occur at high rates?

Partial interval

When teaching learners to begin to use 2-word mands, why is it important that both words are critical to the mand?

So the listener will clearly understand the mand and can act accordingly

Measuring the rate of imitations and number of teacher prompts would give good data about the student's what?

Social motivation

Which of the following best describes the value of stimulus control?

The learner can focus on what is important

____ is perhaps the most fundamental means of acquiring new behaviors and knowledge of humans

imitation

Identify two consequences?

reinforcement and punishment

Differential reinforcement works by:

Increasing desirable behaviors while decreasing problem behavior

The components of the 4-term contingency include:

Motivating operation, discriminative stimulus, the behavior, the consequence

During error correction, after you represent the SD with a prompt, you should...

Repeat the same instruction (SD) to test

If a learner is requiring more and more prompting to perform a skill, the first concern is:

The learner is becoming prompt dependent

Why is pica dangerous?

Can cause illness or injury

False reports of abuse and neglect are very common for people with disabilities.

False

Teaching targets on the written skill acquisition plan

Tell the BT what to present

It's important to remember that ___ action(s) should be taught for the same toy in imitation

multiple

The field of ABA focuses on _________ behavior

observable

Many individuals with problem behaviors have established learning histories where teachers and learning environments are:

a worsening sets of conditions

The definition of behavior is:

any observable movement of a living thing

Why are individuals taught to use replacement behaviors in place of problem behavior?

Because just suppressing a problem behavior does not provide a way to get an individual's needs met

Why can fixated interests can be a problem?

Because they can distract a person from other activities

Visual inspection is:

Making a judgement about the effects of an intervention by examining graphed data

Naturalistic techniques are used to help learners generalize skills and for learners who:

May initially resist more structured settings

How can consistency and routine help to increase the display of a desired behavior?

Predictability that goes along with consistency and routine helps learners focus on what is important

Transfer trials are used when:

Teaching different forms of the tact and varying teaching conditions

The first step in joint attention is what?

Teaching he student to respond to bids of another

What can your documentation related to a person's health screenings help to ensure?

That they are receiving the health screenings that are recommended for their sex, age, and medical conditions

Ratio Schedules are based on ______________ and interval schedules are based on ___________________.

The number of responses, passage of time

The matching law states that...

relative rates of responding tend to equal the relative rates of reinforcement they produce.

What is the difference between differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)?

The replacement behavior selected in DRA does not have to be incompatible with the problem behavior.

Secondary reinforcers become reinforcing after:

The secondary reinforcer is associated with other reinforcers.

Joint attention is:

The shared focus of at least 2 individuals on an object or activity

For ASD children that do not easily acquire imitation, skills may need to be...

Broken down into basic components, directly taught, and reinforced

What is one factor that places an individual with autism at greater risk of self-injury?

Certain genetic conditions

What is a very common type of data used in ITT that takes little time?

Cold probe

Which of the following describes how probe data is collected?

Collect data on the first 3 trials and if responding is independent, discontinue data collection.

Behavioral shaping involves:

Reinforcing successive approximations of a larger behavior

The quote "All behavior has a communicative intent" (Carr, 1977) can be best explained by the statement:

Behavior always serves a purpose for the person engaging in the behavior.

In which situations are differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) used?

Behaviors that are acceptable at low rates

Intermittent schedules of reinforcement are necessary to:

Maintain behavior and get reinforcement on a more naturally occurring schedule

Good record keeping assures that the team is not making decisions based on random impressions but on what?

Valid information

Which of the following behaviors could be reinforced on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

The amount of time spent on a task

You will know pairing has taken place when...

The child approaches you instead of avoids you.

If a behavior is maintained:

Then the individual continues to perform it after intervention has stopped

T or F: The x-axis represents some unit of time during which data is obtained.

True

True or False: Instructions (SDs) should be delivered in a variety of ways.

True

One disadvantage of bar graphs is that they:

do not display changes in trend, duration of conditions, or fluctuations of the data

Responding joint attention is when:

A person bids for attention

Who is the founder of modern behaviorism?

B.F Skinner

Once pairing has taken place, the teacher can become a ___________reinforcer.

Conditioned

What follows behavior?

Consequences

Why are trends sometimes necessary to include on line graphs?

Data paths are not always clear

Intervention plans should be:

Data-based, ethical, and closely monitored

Which of the following core characteristics of autism involves difficulty in responding to others in an appropriate way?

Deficits in social and emotional reciprocity

Two main reasons why individuals engage in a particular behavior are:

Escape and gain

Visual inspection is the process whereby data is:

Graphed and analyzed

Which is the best way to help families prioritize their efforts in working with their child?

Help the family address the most critical issue first

Which of the following is operationally defined?

Hitting a picture so hard it fell off the wall

When using discrete trials to teach beginning mands, you should:

Hold the reinforcer in sight and use echoic prompts

The x axis on a graph is:

Horizontal and is also called the abscissa

It is important to remember throughout imitative skills training that the end goal is to have the student...

Imitate others in his natural environment

Which of the following imitation skills is the most difficult for a person with autism?

Imitating facial expressions

Which of the following kinds of imitation is associated with successful play with peers?

Imitating other children's actions

Jenny is working on greetings and bringing materials to people. Which category of social skills is she most likely targeting?

Imitations

____ Schedules of reinforcement are when only some of the responses are reinforced.

Intermittent

If data indicate that progress is not being made, which of the following questions could be asked?

Is the program skill being delivered effectively?

What describes documentation that is objective?

It is fair and impartial, not influenced by emotion, opinion, or bias

What is a drawback to probe data?

It is less accurate

Frequence recording would be appropriate to use for which behavior?

Key strokes

Behavior is...

Neutral

What functions as a natural consequence of most social behaviors?

Peer attention

What kind of data is discussed as easier to use with social skills?

Probe data

Using transfer trials will help eliminate________________

Prompt dependency

Behaviors that reinforced more often than others will be more likely to occur again in the future. This corresponds with which variable of reinforcement?

Rate

Skinner used the term "operant conditioning" to describe:

Rats pressing a lever to receive food until they were full

Multiple exemplar training involves teaching target words as:

Receptive identification, tacts, and intraverbals

Practicing nonjudgment means:

Regardless of circumstances, always assume that families are trying their best

Stimulus-stimulus pairing is:

Repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reinforcing one

For documentation to be beneficial it must be?

Reviewed

Immediate echolalia is:

Saying what was just heard over and over

The purpose of modeling in behavioral skills training (BST) is to:

Show how to implement a procedure

Why would the prompt level necessary to perform the skill be an important part of data collection?

Skills performed with prompts are not mastered until they are performed without prompts

What is the FIRST milestone likely to occur in typically developing children?

Smiling

Data collected during naturalistic teaching should always include information about:

Target behaviors, prompt levels needed, and activities

Strategies for promoting generalization of tacts include:

Teaching different forms of the tact and varying teaching conditions

What is the overall intent for delivering a discriminative stimulus?

To get an individual to engage in a particular behavior

Under what circumstance would it be important to provide an echoic training session related to targeted tacts?

To make sure the learner knows how to repeat words and sounds when asked

What is one thing you can do while you are working to remember details or events you will document later?

To prevent recurrences of that incident

If a shaping program is not moving forward and there are not questions about the effectiveness of reinforcers, what is likely to be the issue?

Too much was expected too soon

Which of the following is an example of receptive language/ listener responding?

Touching or looking at the picture or object when it is named

The four areas of motor imitation are:

Toy/Object Imitation, Gross Motor Imitation, Fine Motor Imitation, and Oral Motor Imitation.

Triadic eye gaze is:

Two individuals sharing eye gaze on an object then looking at each other

If a learner's speech is too monotone or sing-songy, what approach can be used to help correct this?

Use echoics to teach proper inflection and pitch

Cumulative graphs are used:

When progress toward a predetermined number of behaviors should be demonstrated

Which of the following is a discontinuous data recording procedure?

Whole interval recording

The value of a reinforcer...

can change at any particular time and is determined by several variables.

Which prompt fading strategy involves using the most intrusive prompt initially then fading to a less intrusive prompt?

decreasing assistance

This term refers to how hard or how much the learner needs to work in order to obtain the reinforcer

effort

One way to condition peers as reinforcers and encourage social interaction is to?

have the child's peer deliver identified reinforcers, rather than the teacher.

The "knowns" serve all of the following purposes, except...

they are used to keep reinforcement very thin.

What precedes behavior?

Antecedents

At about what age do children start to answer who, what, and where questions?

3 to 4 years

What can be used to determine existing nonsocial and social reinforcers?

A preference assessment

The phase change line demonstrates a change in conditions on a graph and is represented by:

A solid vertical line

Which of the following is an example of how stimulus control could be augmented?

A timer to signal how long to brush teeth

What can be used to predict for behavior in the future?

A trend line in the direction of the behavior change

Which of the following is an illustration of reflexivity in relation to stimulus equivalence?

A=A

Which of the following is NOT true of abuse and neglect committed by care providers?

Abuse and neglect committed by care providers is so rare that it isn't considered a problem.

Type 1 punishment involves:

Adding a condition to reduce a behavior

Stimulus control occurs when:

An individual behaves one way in the presence of a stimulus and differently in the presence of another

All of the following are considered behavioral signs of abuse, EXCEPT what?

Appearing with torn, stained, or bloody clothing

Which of the following is a learner characteristic that could impact the development of stimulus control?

Attending skills

Bar Graphs/Histograms represent the ______________of some data under different conditions.

Average

What does the term "least intrusive" mean as it relates to behavior change plans?

Behavior change plans that place the least amount of risk or discomfort

Which of the following is an antecedent variable that could play a role in the display of a behavior?

Being in a quiet environment

What is the best course of action to take in the event of an extinction burst?

Continue the intervention

When our learner is on a roll with responding, reinforcement should be...

Continued at current levels or increased

What is one strategy that can be used to teach learners to initiate joint attention?

Create an unusual or odd circumstance to which the person is likely to have a reaction

Which of the following graphs indicate the total number of behaviors in an additive fashion?

Cumulative graphs

What is the first step in creating a behavioral treatment?

Define the behavior, and select a measurement technique

Verbal operants are:

Different purposes of verbal behavior

Which is NOT an example of receptive identification?

Do you have a cat?

Recently, Mario's tantrums seem to last longer. Which data recording procedure might be the best one to use to determine this?

Duration

. True or False: Least-restrictive procedures are usually the first choice of intervention.

False

True or False: If the child starts engaging in task avoidance because the reinforcement grew too thin, we should bring reinforcement back to a very dense schedule within that sitting.

False

True or false: All activities of a practitioner falls under these Guidelines at all times regardless of if the activity is part of his or her work-related functions or the activity is behavior analytic in nature.

False

If shown an array of photos and asked, "Give me the one that you jump on," this is an example of...

Function

Crisis plans should have interventions based on which of the following?

Function of the behavior

Joint attention skills should be targeted for increase for those individuals who:

Have difficulty responding to cues made by another to attend to a stimulus

Motivating operations increase the relative value of a particular reinforcer and also...

Increase the likelihood of any behavior that has produced that reinforcer in the past

In studying problem solving behavior in kittens, Thorndike used which term to describe behaviors they displayed to escape an enclosure by pulling a string on a latch?

Instrumental behavior

In which kind of graph would you demonstrate a change in mean by drawing a horizontal line through the data set?

Line graph

The following is an example of which transfer procedure? SD: Point to the cat? R: child points to cat SD: What is it? (holding cat card) R: child says "cat."

Listener response to tact transfer

Which of the following ways of empowering families best supports staff building good relationships with families?

Make your presence reinforcing

As the interventionist, the first step in echoic training is to:

Model the sound

Which of the following is a consequence that is likely to result in the increase of a behavior?

Reinforcement

Data are plotted on line graphs according to:

Number of instances of behavior over time

Differential Reinforcement is a procedure combining what two procedures?

Reinforcement and extinction

When teaching receptive identification if it useful to begin with identification of:

Preferred stimuli

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) involves:

Setting an interval for the problem behavior not to be displayed and reinforcing if it is not displayed

Why is modeling optimism helpful to families?

Show them there is hope for the future

In ABA, which is the best reason why behaviors are targeted for increase?

So learners can increase overall skill repertoires

Phase change lines indicate:

The division between one condition and another

Why is saying "What do you want?" a bad idea during initial mand training?

The learner can become dependent on the phrase to produce mands

When using a lag schedule of reinforcement for intraverbal training, reinforce after

The learner provides a correct but different response from the last one

What are two of the highest priorities in record keeping when providing services to people with disabilities?

The person's preferences, and communication between co-workers.

What are three things that work together to ensure the person is living a life that reflects their needs and desires?

The service plan, your support of the person based on this plan, and the documentation of your support.

After you are paired with reinforcement, if the learner engages in problem behavior you should...

Use extinction, but go back and analyze what went wrong

A disadvantage of bar graphs is:

Variability of data can be lost