Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism American Literature
What is an occurrence at owl creek bridge?
1. "An occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Took place during the civil war. 2. Ambrose Bierce skillfully uses details about military customs and regulations to lend authenticity to the story's setting and action 3. In its use of factual, precisely observed details, this story is fine early example of American Realism 4. It is also a early example of Naturalism 5. Originally published in the San Francisco Examiner in July 1890 and later included in the collection Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (1891) this story opens with a man about to be hanged. 6. It then takes an unexpected twist when he drops from the platform
Who is Louise Mallard in the story of an hour?
1. A woman troubled by a heart condition who is told that her husband, Brently Mallard, has died in a train accident. 2. Due to her heart problem, she is not supposed to become overly excited, but—unlike how other women of the time period might react—she responds to this bad news with intense, wild grief. 3. However, as she is grieving alone in her room for her husband, with whom she had shared a good marriage, Louise soon finds herself overjoyed at the prospect of the independence of widowhood, at the prospect of never again being dependent on a husband or in any way influenced, explicitly or implicitly, to do anything other than exactly what she wants to do. 4. As she savors this newfound freedom she is flooded by joy, a joy that is snuffed out when she dies of a heart attack upon seeing her husband, who had in fact not been in the accident at all, walk through the front door. 5. Her death suggests the actual impossibility of the sort of freedom she had briefly imagined.
Who is brently mallard in the story of an hour?
1. A woman troubled by a heart condition who is told that her husband, Brently Mallard, has died in a train accident. 2. Due to her heart problem, she is not supposed to become overly excited, but—unlike how other women of the time period might react—she responds to this bad news with intense, wild grief. 3. However, as she is grieving alone in her room for her husband, with whom she had shared a good marriage, Louise soon finds herself overjoyed at the prospect of the independence of widowhood, at the prospect of never again being dependent on a husband or in any way influenced, explicitly or implicitly, to do anything other than exactly what she wants to do. 4. As she savors this newfound freedom she is flooded by joy, a joy that is snuffed out when she dies of a heart attack upon seeing her husband, who had in fact not been in the accident at all, walk through the front door. 5. Her death suggests the actual impossibility of the sort of freedom she had briefly imagined.
What is antithesis? What is anaphora?
1. Antithesis: strongly contrasting words, images, or ideas in a grammatically structured way 2. Anaphora: the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive lines, clauses, or sentences for effect
How does an occurrence at owl creek bridge start?
1. At a railroad bridge overlooking a small creek in Northern Alabama, a man stands with a noose around his neck and his hands tied behind him. 2. He's guarded by Union soldiers at either end of the bridge. a) A Union stockade stands on the far side of the stream, with a row of soldiers in front of it, standing at parade rest. b) The man to be hanged is about thirty-five and is dressed in the expensive clothes of a gentleman. c) The Union soldiers finish their preparations, leaving the man to be executed standing over the stream at the end of a plank. d) A sergeant stands on the other side of the plank as a counterweight. e) When the sergeant steps aside, the plank will drop the condemned man to the river and snap the noose tight—breaking his neck. 3. As he contemplates his last moments, the condemned man fixates on a piece of driftwood moving lazily down the stream. a) He attempts to set his final thoughts on his family, only to be distracted by a new detail: a steady, inexplicable booming sound, which turns out to be the ticking of his watch. b) The man thinks of his family again and contemplates some final means by which he might escape his predicament: freeing his hands and diving into the stream to swim away. c) As he thinks about such an escape, the sergeant steps away.
How are the man and the dog introduced in to build a fire?
1. At dawn, the man turns aside from the main Yukon trail. a) He is a solitary hiker. 2. There is no sun in the clear sky, as this northern part of Canada has not seen daylight in several days at this time of year. a) The whiteness of the land covered in ice and snow, is broken only by the trail which leads 500 miles south and 1,500 north all the way to the Bering Sea. b) The landscape has no effect on the man, despite the fact that it is new to him. c) This is the man's first winter in this area. d) The man's lack of interest is due to his lack of imagination. e) The man is competent and resourceful, but practical, uninterested in the meanings behind things. f) A temperature of fifty degrees below zero does not encourage the man to imagine his own weakness, the possibilities of life after death, or the meaning of life. g) Cold simply means discomfort, to him. 3. As the man walks, he spits, only to discover that the liquid from his mouth freezes in the air as it falls. a) He assumes from this that the temperature is colder than fifty degrees below zero. b) The man is hiking alone toward Henderson Camp to meet the boys, his traveling companions. c) He plans to arrive by six o'clock, when it'll be dark, but the boys will already be there ready to greet him with a fire and a hot supper. d) The man carries his lunch inside his jacket against his skin, so that it won't freeze. e) The side trail he travels on is not well-marked. f) He acknowledges as he walks that it is truly cold. g) His beard does not protect his nose or the upper part of his face sufficiently. 4. A large wolf dog accompanies the man. a) The dog is made anxious by the cold, knowing instinctively that in such weather it is safer to hide and wait out the cold. b) Although neither man nor dog is aware, the temperature of the day is seventy-five degrees below zero. c) The dog watches the man carefully, expecting him to go into camp or seek shelter and build a fire. d) The dog looks to the man as the source of fire, and it desires that protective warmth. e) Both the fur of the dog and the facial hair of the man are frosted from their warm breath freezing. 5. The man's chewing tobacco freezes in an icicle hanging from his mouth because the freezing material prevents from spitting effectively. a) The path follows Henderson Creek. b) The man is walking at four miles per hour and predicts his arrival at a place to eat lunch at half-past twelve.
What happens at the end of part one in an occurrence at owl creek part? What technique is used in part 2 and how does it advance the plot?
1. At the end of part 1; the sargent steps aside 2. Part 2 uses the technique of a flashback a) gives background information b) It identifies the man and gives us the motivation for what he did and shows how he is tricked into doing what he has done c) Characterizes the union soldiers in the process that they would trick him in that way
Who is richard in the story of an hour?
1. Brently's friend who is in the newspaper office when news comes in that there has been a train crash. 2. After reading Brently's name on the list of the deceased, he tells Josephine the mistaken information.
What is the atmosphere like at the end of an occurrence at owl creek park? What is the point of view? What is the climax?
1. By the end of the story, "all....tongue" (p294) 2. The atmosphere is one of unreality, it seems unreal, a place lacking in human habitation a) The events take place in Farquhar's mind 3. The point of view in the story is limited omniscient from Farquhar's mind a) It adds to the strange atmosphere 4. You would expect the landscape to be unfamiliar because he is not far from home, but instead it gives a sense of unreality and disorientation a) "His neck was in pain and lifting his hand to it he found it horribly swollen. He knew that is had a circle of black where the rope had bruised it" b) "Doubtless, despite his suffering, he had fallen asleep while walking, for now he sees another scene" c) It is a wierd change of scene because it is not real 5. We reach the climax at the end when he meets his wife and we learn he has died a) He dies at the end of part 1 and the rest he imagines b) He is dreaming with his visions throughout part 2 and 3
What does Mrs. Mallard's reaction to her husband's death in the story of an hour indicate about her?
1. First thing we are told about Mrs. Mallard that she has a heart issue-more a physical ailment 2. Sister breaks the news to her gently because of her heart condition 3. Passive construction-fragile 4. Right after she realizes he is dead she cries but not like other women do (other women are emotionless) 5. Her passionate response indicates that she felts her emotions strongly
What happens when the man falls into the water in to build the fire? How does his health fare in the bitter cold? How does the story end?
1. For the next half hour, the man does not observe any signs of water under the snow. a) Then, without warning, the ice breaks and the man falls through into a shallow pool. b) His pants and boots are wet to the knees. c) He curses aloud at the delay. d) He knows enough to understand that he must stop and build a fire. e) It is too dangerous to be wet at this temperature. 2. Under some pine trees at the top of the bank, the man discovers some dry wood and grasses. a) He builds his fire carefully because he understands that he will have one chance to successfully build a fire. b) With wet feet, his time in such a cold temperature is precious. c) If his feet were dry, he could run to keep his blood circulating, but even running could not keep wet feet from freezing. d) The man is aware of the importance of building a fire if he's wet because of more advice from the old man at Sulphur Creek. e) He's grateful for the advice. 3. The man removes his mittens to pile the sticks and light the fire and his fingers quickly grow numb. a) His quick hiking helped keep his blood flowing, but as soon as he stops walking to build a fire, his extremities grow cold quickly. b) Like the dog, his blood wants to hide away from the cold, sinking to the central parts of his body, away from the surface. c) His nose, face, feet and hands grow numb first. d) The freezing does not matter, the man tells himself, as the fire roars to life. e) The old man at Sulpur Creek had told him that no man should travel alone if it was colder than fifty degrees below zero. f) The man congratulates himself on proving the old man wrong. g) He'd had an accident and yet he'd saved himself without assistance. h) Any rational man, who is not old and womanish, should be able to do so, the man reflects. 4. The man starts to remove his moccasins, but the strings are frozen. a) His fingers are numb. Then he reaches for his knife to cut the strings. b) But, at that instant, snow falls from the pine trees above onto the man and fire. c) This was the man's mistake. 5. He built his fire underneath the trees because it was easier to gather the wood. a) The tree above held a large amount of snow on its branches, and, as the man pulled sticks from the lower branches, he jostled the tree. b) Eventually, this movement created a landslide of snow from above. c) The fire is smothered under a pile of snow. d) The man is shocked, as if he has heard his own death knell. e) He thinks of the advice of the old man at Sulphur Creek. f) A companion on the trail could make all the difference at that moment: he could have built the fire. 6. The man knows he's likely to lose some toes at this point, even if he builds a second fire. a) He moves quickly and calmly, preparing a new foundation for a fire out in the open. The dog watches his activities. b) The man reaches into his pocket to get a piece of tree bark that will easily catch fire and help him start his fire. c) But his fingers are so numb that he cannot tell if he has grabbed onto the bark or where it is in his pocket. d) He fights his growing alarm that each second spent trying to grab the bark is another second in which his feet freeze more fully. e) He puts on his mittens and beats his hands. f) He looks at the dog, which is secure and safe because its natural body provides the protection it needs against the cold. g) Some feeling returns painfully to his fingers and the man manages to remove the tree bark from his pocket. h) He retrieves his pack of matches, but his fingers are re-freezing and he drops the pack in the snow. i) He cannot pick up the pack. j) He tries to move deliberately; driving fear from his mind, he focuses entirely on picking up the matches, looking at his fingers closing because he cannot feel. k) He puts on his mitten and beat his hand against his knee again. 7. Eventually, the man gets the pack of matches between his mitten-clad hands and then into his mouth, breaking the ice as he wrenches his jaw open. a) He removes one match with his teeth, but drops it. b) He gets one match in his teeth and strikes it on his leg, but the smoke in his nose causes him to spit out the burning match into the snow. c) In despair, he admits that the old man at Sulpur Creek was right: he should never have traveled alone. d) In sudden desperation, the man removes both gloves and strikes the whole pack of matches. e) There is no wind and so the man holds the pack to the tree bark. f) He cannot feel it, but he realizes his hand is burning from the smell of burning flesh. g) Then he feels pain, but still holds the matches. h) He drops them into the snow once the tree bark is lit. i) This small flame means life and he carefully adds grasses and wood pieces. j) The man's body is shaking from the cold. k) He cannot successfully control his hands as he adds sticks to the fire. l) He tries to push a wet piece out of the flames, but he scatters the coals he has been cultivating. m) Each piece is smothered and dies. His fire has failed. 8. The dog is sitting across from the man and the sight of the dog inspires an idea. a) The man once heard a story about a man who survived a winter storm by killing an animal and crawling inside the corpse. b) The man thinks that he could kill the dog and put his hands inside the body to warm them. c) Then he could attempt to build another fire. d) He calls the dog, but his voice reveals his fear and his intentions. e) The dog shies away from whatever he senses in the man's voice. f) The man tries to crawl toward the dog, but this is unusual, so the dog is scared. g) The man puts on his mittens and stands. h) He cannot feel his feet and looks down to make sure he is truly standing. 9. He calls the dog again. a) When the dog comes, the man tries to grab it and is surprised again to find that his hands cannot grasp. a) He is able, however, to wrap his arms around the dog and hold it. b) The dog barks and tries to break free. c) The man realizes that he physically cannot kill the dog. d) He cannot hold his knife. e) He cannot strangle the dog with his frozen hands. f) He lets go and the dog runs off only forty feet before stopping and continuing to watch him. 10. The man discovers that he needs to look down to see where his hands and arms are because he cannot feel anything. a) He beats his arms and hands for five minutes when he is suddenly overwhelmed by fear of his own death. b) The situation is no longer one in which he could lose fingers or toes, but his life. c) Panicking, he starts to run along the trail. d) He is blinded by fear greater than anything he has ever experienced. e) Running helps the man stop shaking. f) He regains some hope of being able to run far enough to keep his feet from freezing, to reach the camp. g) If only he could get there, then the boys would take care of him. h) But he also starts to think that he'll never reach the camp, and that he'll die in the wilderness. i) He tries to smother this thought, to overpower it when it comes to the front of his mind. j) He feels he is flying over the surface of the earth because he cannot feel his feet. k) The man runs and stumbles. l) Then he falls. 11. He cannot get up and decides he must rest before he continues. a) He lacks endurance for long-distance running. b) As he sits, he feels warm, but he realizes that actually more and more of his body is freezing. c) He pictures his body completely frozen, and this sets off a new panic. He runs again. d) He walks. e) He runs again. f) Throughout the man's running and falling, the dog keeps pace with him. g) The man looks at the dog's warm coat that provides safety from the weather. h) He curses it aloud. He runs only one hundred feet before he falls. 12. This time, he sits and feels calm. a) He thinks about dying with dignity after he realizes that he has been foolishly running around when his death is inevitable. b) He begins to grow sleepy. c) Freezing is not too bad, he thinks. d) Sleep is peaceful compared to other deaths. e) The man imagines the boys finding his frozen body after searching for him the next day. f) He pictures them on the trail and himself with them. In this vision, the group finds his body lying in the snow and the man feels that his is outside himself, looking at his body. g) He thinks again of the old man at Sulphur Creek. h) He murmurs aloud to the man that he was right in his advice about traveling alone. i) Finally, the man falls into a sleep that seems more restful than any other sleep he has experienced. 13. The dog sits waiting. Evening arrives. a) The dog is surprised that the man sits in the snow and does not make a fire. b) The dog cries out, longing for a fire. c) It expects the man to curse, but there is only silence. d) Later, the dog moves near to the man, but it smells death. e) It waits longer, howling, while the stars shine in the sky. f) Eventually, the dog leaves, running along the trail to the camp, seeking the other people who can make fires and provide food.
What has occurred at the opening of part 3 in an occurrence at owl creek park? What is interesting about the details in the story?
1. He loses consciousness a) "He was awakened ages later" b) Gives a hint that what is happening is unreal c) "It seemed to him-by the pain of a sharp pressure upon his throat, followed by a sense of suffocation" d) Another hint e) Has sharp pressure and suffocation f) He would rather be hanged or be drowned but he does not was to be shot 2. Note the details (including details of setting used in this part of the story) a) We find out that he becomes in full cean and alert of his physical sense b) He feels the ripples on his face c) He sees the veins of the leaves on the trees from the water d) He sees the eye of the soldier e) These details indicate that hat is happening is not real f) He has soldiers all shooting at him and they all miss g) He says that gray eyes are indicative of an excellent marksman but the soldier misses
Why does frederick douglass rebel against Covey after he gets the root in the narrative of the life of frederick douglass? What metaphor does he use during this time?
1. He realizes that he has to stick up for himself 2. He realizes that it is now or never cause Covey could kill him 3. He realizes he needs to help himself 4. The root encourages him 5. He is tired of being treated like that 6. After the incident: ". The whole six months afterwards, that I spent with Mr. Covey, he never laid the weight of his finger upon me in anger. He would occasionally say, he didn't want to get a hold of me again. "No," thought I, "you need not; for you will come off worse than you did before."" 7. "This battle with Mr. Covey was the turning-point in my career as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood." a) He uses the metaphor: it rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom" b) It revives a sense of his own manhood
What does Douglass mean by these quotes "he only can understand the deep satisfaction which I experienced, who has himself repelled by force the bloody arm of slavery" and "it was a glorious resurrection, from the tomb of slavery, to the heaven of freedom"
1. His point: a) The only people who can understand what he has gone through are the people who have gone through slavery b) It is not the same as knowing the facts and his story as actually living it 2. "It was a glorious resurrection, from the tomb of slavery, to the heaven of freedom" a) It feels like he has transcended what has happened to him 3. Comparison to Jesus a) He is getting back his humanity that had died b) Jesus rose from the tomb to get to heaven c) He rose from his hell to save himself d) It is hope for the other slaves 4. He describes his condition in the first 6 months of living with Mr Covey, and his circumstance was much worse in the first 6 months a) "However, long I might remain a slave in form, the day had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact" b) He is still considered a slave, but he no longer accepts it himself c) He has hope which he does not have when he was a slave "d) . I did not hesitate to let it be known of me, that the white man who expected to succeed in whipping, must also succeed in killing me. From this time I was never again what might be called fairly whipped, though I remained a slave four years afterwards. I had several fights, but was never whipped."
What is the history of the civil war and slavery in America and how has it affected American literature?
1. Historians generally agree that the Civil War Era was the most tragic in US history in terms of both the crisis of ideals that divided Americans and the loss of life ad destruction that ultimatley resulted 2. Thus, it seems ironic that this tragic period produced no literary masterpiece about the war. 3. Much of the recognized literature about the Civil War, such as Stephen Crane's Red Badge of Courage (1895) was written years later 4. This isn't to say the Americas were not writing about the war a) Both national leaders and everyday folks were recording and sharing their experiences in letters, diaries, and journals b) Ex: Confederate General Robert E Lee wrote letters c) Countless letters were written by soldiers to loved ones at home, many of which were delivered upon the soldiers' deaths d) During the Civil War, newspapers and weekly magazines were important sources of information as well as entertainment e) Poems and stories, often sentimental expressions of patriotism and valor were printed in these publications f) Harriet Beecher Stowe's landmark novel about the depravity of slavery, Uncle Tom's Cabin, was first published in serial form in 1851 in the abolitionist newspaper National Era g) It was published as a novel the next year, selling 300,000 copies and it had been ready by an estimated one million people by the time slavery was abolished in 1865 h) Although Stowe's novel has been criticized for its sentimental and perhaps stereotypical treatment of slaves, its impact cannot be overlooked 5. In the early years of the 19th century, the North and South developed in different directions a) The north became a centre for industrial manufacturing and the export of finished goods b) The south in contrast was almost entirely agricultural, producing rice, tobacco, cotton, and sugar and exporting many of these goods to Great Britain c) With the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, it became economically feasible to grow the crop for export d) This meant more slaves were needed to work the plantations 6. Although slave importation had become illegal as early as 1808, smuggling thrived amid lax enforcement along the unprotected eastern coastline a) The United States disagreeed over the issue of slavery since it had been created b) Proponents argued that slave owners treated their valuable property well, but in reality slaves typically worked from sunup to sundown, lived in shacks, and were fed meager portions c) They were forbidden to read and write, sold away from their families, and often whipped for minor offenses d) In the North, the abolitionst movement pushed for ending slavery by law e) The abolitionists found a voice in the newspapers Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin also influenced public opinion against slavery f) Abolitionists organized the Underground Railroad g) A series of events intensified hostilities between the North and the South h) The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 which allowed or the prosecution of anyone who assisted escaping slaves and made is easier for slave owners to recapture slaves who had fled to the North and pick up any black whom they claimed was a runaway i) The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed these new states to decide the issue of slavery for themselves which lead to fighting j) In 1857, Dred Scott decision, the US Supreme Court ruled that a slave who had fled to free territory could not sue for his freedom because he was property not a person k) Abolitionist John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry to capture weapons for slaves and his subsequent hanging gave the North a martyr 7. When Abraha Lincoln became president in 1861, seven states had already voted to secede from the Union over economic interests a) The delegates from throughout the South met in early 1861, to form the Confederate States of America, choosing Jefferson Davis as their president b) When Lincoln attempted to retake federal Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC, four more southern states seceded, beginning the most troubled period in American history c) At the start of the war, the main goal of the north was to restore the southern states to the union d) The main goal of the South was to establish an independent nation that would allow preservation of its way of life e) The north had a larger population, an industrial base, railroads, and control of the federal navy f) Weakness: never fought in the South and poor military leadership g) The South had a strong support from the white population, and its forces were led by skilled commanders reflecting the Southern tradition of military service h) Weakness: small population, fewer factories and railroads, and does not produce that much food 8. The North's military strategy was to blockade the Southern ports, to control the Mississippi River, and capture Richmond Virginia, the capital a) The south planned to hold as much of its territory as possible until the North grew tired of fighting 9. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 a) It freed slaves in the Confederate states, but not the slave holding states that had remained in the union b) Opened up Union military forces to African Americans c) Abolitionists pushed Congress to enact legislation ending slavery (the 13th Amendment) d) The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the war and allowed for Lincoln to be reelected e) Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 after losing the Confederate capital of Richmond 10. The war's end found the South in ruins because most of the battles had been fought on Southern territory a) In both the north and the south, citizens mourn their dead in the bloodiest war in American history while their leaders struggled to find a way of bringing the war torn nation back together b) Lincoln had begun planning for the Reconstruction period before the war ended, but he was assassinated on April 14th, 1865, just five days after Lee's surrender
How does Lincoln draw on past, present and future in the Gettsburg address?
1. Humbles himself that what he says here will ot be remembered as the actions that happened here 2. Draws past, present, and future a) "The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us" 3. Winning the civil war and uniting the south and the north 4. Preserving union and liberties
What is local color? What is colloquial language?
1. LOCAL COLOR: the use of specific details describing the dialect, dress, customs, and scenery associated with a particular region of section of the country 2. COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE: the characteristically ordinary or familiar, everyday language used in conversation
Summarize the Gettysburg Address
1. Lincoln says 87 years ago our founding fathers start this new nation, created in Liberty and dedicated with the idea that all men are created equal. a) Now the nation is engaged in a civil war which is a test to see whether this nation or any nation that is created in the way ours has been can be created for a long time 2. We meet today on a great battlefield of the war, Gettysburg, to dedicate this field as a final resting place for those who died so that our nation might live a) It is fitting and proper that we should gather to do this In a larger sense, we cannot consecrate the group because it has already been consecrated by the soldiers, living and dead who fought here 3. The world is going to forget what is said here, but it will never be able to forget what was done here a) It is for the living to finish the soldiers work which they have nobly advanced and to dedicate to the great task that is remaining for us to do b) This task is the cause which the soldiers gave their lives for c) It is our job to make sure that they did not die in vain d) It is our job to insure that this nation under God shall have a new freedom and that the government of the people by the people and for the people shall not be taken from the earth 4. Lincoln wanted to make sure that the soldiers had not died in vain, and that the Union would endure. 5. Fin. The end. That Lincoln was direct.
Who is Abraham Lincoln
1. Lived from 1809 to 1865 2. born in 1809 in Kentucky 3. Became a compelling public speaker 4. His speeches were written to express his conviction and to convince others to share them 5. His language is masterful: plain, powerful, dignified
Who is Frederick Douglass
1. Lived from 1817?-1895 2. Born into slavery 3. Learned to read in the Auld household in Baltimore 4) 1838: succeeded in his 2nd escape attempt 5. A brilliant orator 6) 1845: NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS 7. The autobiography and his speeches were powerful fuel for the Abolitionist cause 8) 1847: Went abroad; some English friends purchased his freedom 9. Returned to America and published an antislavery magazine, THE NORTH STAR 10. Final version of autobiography: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS published in 1882
What news does Josephine tells Louise Mallard in the story of an hour? How does Louise take the news and how does her emotions change throughout the story? What happens at the end of the story?
1. Louise Mallard has a weak heart. Her sister Josephine, who is worried that bad news will overwhelm Louise and worsen her condition, tells her as calmly as possible that her husband, Brently Mallard, has been killed in a train accident. 2. Brently's friend Richards, who learned about the accident while spending time at the newspaper office, asked Josephine to deliver the news of the tragedy to Louise, and now he stands by as Louise hears that her husband has died. 3. Unlike other women of her time period, who become paralyzed by denial when confronted by bad news, Louise weeps into Josephine's arms with wild abandon. 4. After her initial sons of grief subside, Louise escapes into her bedroom and locks the door. a) She refuses to let Josephine or Richards follow her. 5. Alone, she falls into a chair placed before an open window. a) Absolutely drained by her own anguish and haunted by exhaustion, she rests in the chair and looks out the window. b) Outside her window, Louise sees trees moving in the new spring wind, smells the scent of rain outside, and hears the sounds of the street below and birdsongs coming from the eaves of nearby buildings. c) Her face fixes in a blank stare as she looks at several swaths of blue sky stretching out between clusters of heavy clouds. d) And although she fights it—trying hard to resist—she senses a feeling approaching her. e) She is unable to articulate the nature of the sensation, which makes her fear it all the more. f) It seems ever-present, reaching out from the sky and coming to her through the smells that drift around her. g) As Louise tries to stave off this vague approaching feeling, she becomes increasingly physically excited and agitated. 6. Slowly, she begins to grasp the feeling that so overtakes her, and she redoubles her efforts to keep it away. a) Despite her resolve, though, she suddenly gives herself over to the encroaching feeling. b) In an unguarded moment, her lips part and a word escapes her mouth, and then she repeats it over and over: "free, free, free!" c) Now Louise's heart pulses faster and her blood rushes through her body, but this only relaxes her and turns her fearful state into one of enlivened vigor. d) She pays no attention to whether or not the joy she feels about Brently's death is terrible or unkind. e) Although she knows that she will inevitably experience grief when she sees his dead body and his fixed and gray face that had always looked at her with love, the prospect seems a small price to pay for the life of freedom and independence that now stretches out before her, a life in which she can make her own choices and live for herself for the first time. f) Louise realizes that she will no longer be subjected to the powerful rules and norms of marriage, which cause humans to blindly and stubbornly impose themselves on one another. g) Although she had sometimes loved Brently (and sometimes had not), she feels relieved to finally be in possession of an intense sense of self-assertion, which she recognizes as "the strongest impulse of her being." h) Deciding that the value of love and marriage counts for very little when compared to her freedom of will, she ecstatically whispers, "Free! Body and soul free!" 7. Meanwhile, worried that Louise will make herself sick by staying alone in her bedroom, Josephine kneels outside the room and begs her sister through the keyhole to open the door. a) Louise tells Josephine to go away and that she's not making herself ill. b) She keeps her joy to herself and revels in the idea that her new life—which will be full of freedom—is totally and completely her own. c) She says a short prayer that her life will be long, and knows that it was just the day before when she wished it would be short. 8. Eventually Louise rises from her chair and opens the door, just as Josephine begs her to. a) Louise's eyes are alight with triumph, and without realizing it she carries herself like a kind of goddess. b) She embraces her sister. c) Together, the two sisters descend the stairs, where Richards stands waiting at the bottom. 9. As they do so, they hear the sound of a key opening the front door. a) Without warning, Brently Mallard appears in the doorframe, utterly unaware of any train accident; he had been far from the scene of the tragedy. b) Calmly standing at the bottom of the stairs, he is shocked by Louise's deafening scream and by Richards's futile attempt to shield him from his wife's view. c) When doctors later examine Louise's body, they pronounce that she died because of her weak heart, "of joy that kills."
What type of literary movement is to build a fire a part of? How is the terrain described at the beginning
1. Naturalism 2) 75 degrees below pg 421 3. can't see the spring traps for falls below pg 422 4. snow falls from a spruce tree on fire pg 425 5. scares the dog and the dog acts differently around him
How would the story, an occurrence at owl creek park be different if told in regular chronological order?
1. Not as much suspense 2. No tension from beginning 3. Little reveals that happen in part one would not have been as effective if part 2 came first
How does life start out for Frederick Douglass at Covey's farm in the narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass
1. On January 1st, 1833, Douglass leaves Master Thomas's to work as a field hand for Mr. Covey. a) Douglass's city upbringing makes him unfit for this labor. 2. In the first few days, Covey sends Douglass with a team of oxen into the forest to retrieve some wood. 3. Douglass does not know how to manage the oxen, and they startle and upset the cart. a) Douglass narrowly escapes injury. He is stranded in the middle of the woods with a damaged cart and a team of oxen tangled in their own reins. b) Douglass manages to re-yoke the oxen and sets off again, but they quickly become frightened for a second time, and nearly run Douglass into a gate. c) After Douglass reports his troubles to Covey, Covey whips him savagely. 4. During Douglass's first six months living with Covey, he was whipped roughly once a week. a) Covey works his slaves from before dawn till after dusk, and while he gives them enough food to eat, he does not give them enough time to eat it. b) To ensure productivity, Covey labors alongside his slaves, and Covey will often sneak up on his slaves in order to make sure they work even when unsupervised. c) Covey often uses elaborate ruses to trick the slaves into thinking he has disappeared, only to watch his slaves from a hidden vantage point. d) This forces the slaves to work constantly, from fear of constant surveillance. e) Douglass is broken by his six months with Covey. f) He is forced to work in every weather condition, no matter how hot or cold. The constant toil erodes Douglass's hope and destroys his interest in intellectual pursuits. 5. He spends Sundays—his only leisure time—in a dream-like stupor, unable to think clearly. a) He entertains the idea of killing himself or Mr. Covey, but cannot follow through out of a combination of hope and fear.
what is point-of view? What is first person point of view?
1. POINT OF VIEW: position from which a story is told 2. FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW: told from viewpoint of one of the characters
What is the point of view in the story of an hour? What is the theme?
1. Point of view: 3rd person omniscient 2. Themes: relativity of time, irony of fate, appearance vs reality
What is the purpose, structure, ton and rhythm of the Gettysburg address?
1. Purpose: to rally the American public about the cause for winning the war 2. Structure: builds up from the beginning 3. Past-present-future (birth-death-rebirth) 4. Tone and rhythm: powerful, intense, positive, motivational, hopeful, passionate, determined, uses biblical allusions to create a solemn tone a) Balanced and rhythmical
What is Realism, regionalism, and naturalism?
1. REALISM: a literary movement producing literature representing life as it is actually lived 2. REGIONALISM: a literary movement that focused on the special atmosphere or local color of a particular area 3. NATURALISM: a literary movement that portrays people caught within the forces of nature and society that are beyond their understanding or control
Why is dedicate/dedicated repeated 6 times in the gettsburg address?
1. Repeats the 'dedicate" form 6 times a) Use of the word "dedicate"/"dedicated" b) He mainly uses it to talk about honoring something or someone by dedication and being devoted c) First 2 times about the nation d) 3rd time is about the people and how they will be remembered e) Dedicated-portioned out, sectioned for someone, or for a cause f) Why they are doing it and the way they will do it g) Uses it in a sense of past, present, and future
What does repetition, repression, and parallelism at the end of the Gettsburg address add to the speech?
1. Repetition reinforces the sacrifice made by these men 2. Speaks to the difficulty of doing justice to the sacrifice by these men 3. Repression also gives it a musical quality, solemnity, and nobility-born appropriate to the occasion 4. Parallelism at the end emphasizes that America's democracy is at stake
What are the reversals that take place in the story of an hour?
1. Reveals she loves her husband but she also felt oppressed by his presence 2. The 2nd reversal has such as impact because her freedom was taken from her again and she dies because of it
What elements of the setting start to develop when Mrs. Mallard goes to her room in the story of an hour? What do the clouds represent? What does she start to feel?
1. She goes to her room alone and looks out the window 2. Elements of setting suggest happiness and freedom and invitation to a fresh start 3. However, there were blue sky but also clouds a) The clouds represent confusion and fact her husband is actually alive 4. "There was something coming to her" -bad news, joy a She tries to hold back her joy but can't help it and starts saying "free" b) Her husband did love her c) Welcoming the freedom of the years to come d) She doesn't plan on getting remarried so she can live her own life
What is an example of dramatic irony in the story of an hour?
1. She hears from the door "Louise open the door" (first time her name is being used) 2. Her sister tries to get her to open the door but told to go away 3. At the end her husband comes back and she dies of "the joy that kills" a) The example of dramatic irony b) Was initially glad to be free of her husband but now he is not dead and she dies of a dream that sets her free from him c) Dramatic irony in the fat that she died from shock and despair that her freedom was illusory
What does Douglass ultimately discover that is more powerful than the root in the narrative of the life of frederick douglass
1. Standing up for himself 2. His own courage 3. Humanity 4. Self confidence 5. His fighting spirit 6. " this singular conduct of Mr. Covey really made me begin to think that there was something in the root which Sandy had given me; and had it been on any other day than Sunday, I could have attributed the conduct to no other cause than the influence of that root; and as it was, I was half inclined to think the root to be something more than I at first had taken it to be. " a) It is humorous b) There is a reason for Covey acting the way he acts-it is not the root
What is third person omniscient? What is Third person limited omniscient? What is third person objective?
1. THIRD PERSON OMNISCIENT: third person point of view in which the narrator is all-knowing and can get into the minds of all the characters 2. THIRD PERSON LIMITED OMNISCIENT: third person point of view in which the narrator can get into the mind of only one character 3. THIRD PERSON OBJECTIVE: third person point of view in which the narrator records only what he/she sees and hears
What happens as the man and the dog travel along the creek in to build a fire? How is the dog and the man's relationship developed as they travel along the creek and what do they look out for?
1. The man and the dog walk along the frozen creek. 2. The man is not a thinker and so he walks with few thoughts and reflections. a) He thinks only of his plan for lunch and of his arrival at the camp in the evening. 3. Occasionally, he reflects on the cold, realizing that he has never experienced such extreme temperatures before. a) He rubs his face as he walks, but the skin instantly returns to its numb state once he stops. b) He wishes for a guard to more fully cover his nose and face from the cold. c) But, he reflects, a little frost is, at most, painful, never dangerous. 4. The man observes the changes in the creek and the safest places to put his weight. a) Once, he startles away from a place as he feels the ice move. b) The creek is fully frozen, but streams of water run from the hillsides under the snow. c) These concealed streams never freeze, and the depth of these waters might be three inches or three feet. d) These unexpected places of moving water present a very serious danger because breaking through the snow and ice to one of these streams could cause the man to get very wet. e) Getting his feet and legs wet at the very least means a delay. f) He'd need to build a fire and dry his clothes. 5. During his two hours of walking before lunch, the man happens upon several dangerous places in the ice. a) Usually the hidden water is indicated by a sunken area, but not always. b) At once patch, he sends the dog across first. c) The dog falls through the ice, but quickly crawls out on the other side. d) The water on its feet and legs freezes immediately and the dog lays down in the snow to bite away the chunks of ice. e) The dog does this instinctively, not because it understands the consequences of frozen feet. f) The man helps the dog, but his fingers grow numb within a minute of removing his gloves. 6. The man arrives at the creek divide where he planned to eat lunch. He is pleased with his pace and settles down to eat. a) He strikes his numb, bare fingers against his leg to warm them. b) He tries to take a bite, only to find the ice around his mouth impenetrable. c) He laughs, realizing he should have immediately made a fire. d) The feeling in his toes when he first sat down has gone. e) He questions whether his toes are numb or warm. f) He leaps up and stamps his feet until the feeling returns. 7. The man remembers an old man at Sulphur Creek who told him how cold it can get in this area this time of year. a) He remembers he laughed at the old man, but now he realizes the truth in the old man's words. b) It is very cold. c) He gathers wood and lights a fire with a match. d) Once the fire is ready, he leans near to melt the ice from his ice. e) He eats his lunch. f) The dog lies near the fire. g) The man smokes his pipe, enjoying the brief break. 8. As the man continues his walk, the dog does not want to leave the fire behind. a) The dog knows this type of cold, as its ancestors did. b) The dog and the man are not companions or friends. c) The dog is the man's slave, and the dog does not care about the man's well being. d) Therefore, it does not attempt to help the man or express its misgivings about leaving the fire behind other than for its own survival. e) But the dog must obey the man's whistle to follow him.
Who is Josephine in the story of an hour?
1. The sister of Louise Mallard. Aware of Louise's heart troubles, she breaks the news of Brently's death to Louise using a calm demeanor. 2. She actively worries about her sister's health and tries to protect her from herself. Wheareas Louise is a women who, in her moment of grief, sees how society entraps and controls women, Josephine is more traditional and shows no such insight. 3. In fact, her character seems to show how both men and women of society control and entrap other women.
What character traits do Douglass and Master Thomas show when they meet in the narrative of the life of frederick douglass?
1. The slaves were fanning wheat on a hot day and Douglas collapses from the heat 2. Mr covey notices that he has stopped working and goes out into the field and beets Douglass until he gets up a) He hits him in the head but Douglass does not get up 3. Character traits that DOuglass shows when he goes to his master: a) Determined b) Perseverance c) Courage 4. He goes to Master Thomas to seek his help and when he gets there, he writes, "I suppose I looked like a man who escaped a wild......them" a) Irony because covey was acting like a monster, but the slaves were considered inhuman at the time b) Master Thomas doesn't help because he wants the money that Frederick is worth by renting him to Mr. Covey c) Thinks that Covey is a good man and Douglass deserved it d) He doesn't want other white people to think that he is compassionate towards slaves e) He sends him back to covey 5. As he makes his way back, he encounters Sandy Jenkins: a) He gives Douglass a root that is supposed to protect him b) So when Douglass goes back to Covey's house, Covey is actually nice to him
What happens in the flashback in the occurrence at owl creek bridge? How does the story end?
1. The story flashes back to the events that led to the man's execution. 2. His is a slave-owning farmer named Peyton Farquhar, dedicated to the Southern cause in the U.S. Civil War. He has a plantation near Owl Creek Bridge. 3. One evening, a man in a Confederate uniform rides up to Farquhar's home and asks for a drink of water. a) While Farquhar's wife gets the water, he and the soldier converse about the war. b) The soldier reveals that a union stockade has been built at Owl Creek Bridge, and that a large amount of driftwood has built up against it. c) A cunning saboteur could reach it and burn the stockade down. d) Farquhar resolves to do so, despite a warning from the solider that civilians caught in the act of sabotage will be hanged. 4. As Farquhar falls towards the river, he seems to lose consciousness. a) He appears to slowly regain his senses, starting with the intense pains he feels throughout his body. b) He believes that the rope has broken and that he is now at the bottom of the stream. c) Farquhar struggles towards the surface and takes in a huge gulp of air. d) His senses have become preternaturally alert, allowing him to notice the tiniest details in the natural world around him. e) He can spot the veins on the leaves of the surrounding trees, for instance, and hears the gnats humming as they move along the stream. 5. The Union soldiers begin to shoot at Farquhar and he swims away, after noting that one of the Union sharpshooters has gray eyes—supposedly a sign of marksmanship—and yet had missed him with the first shot. a) Farquhar dives to avoid their initial volley, then surfaces away down the stream. b) Farquhar reasons that he doesn't have much time before the soldiers begin firing at will, making it much harder for him to dodge the gunshots. c) He soon comes to shore around a bend in the stream, safe for the moment from their gunshots. d) Farquhar runs into the forest, away from the Union soldiers. e) As he does so, he notes how strange and surreal the landscape is. 6. There are no signs of human habitation, not even a woodsman's path. a) As the day turns to night, his surroundings become even more alien and bizarre: the sky features constellations in strange patterns and dark whispers in an unknown language seem to come from the woods. b) The scene shifts, and Farquhar stands at the front gate of his home. c) As he moves forward, his wife comes out of the family's house to greet him. d) Just as he is about to embrace her, he feels a sharp blow to the back of his head, followed by a blinding light and then darkness. 7. Farquhar's escape was a figment of his imagination. He's hanged dead at the end of the rope over Owl Creek Bridge.
What does the water and the watch symbolize in an occurrence at owl creek bridge?
1. The water is swirling but the log is moving slowly a) This is weird cause the water is moving in a swirl motion below him while a long moves by slowly and the river is sluggish b) This gives the appearance that something is being tricked c) "He looked a moment at his "unsteady footing" then let his gaze wander to the swirling water of the stream racing madly beneath his feet. A piece of dancing driftwood caught his attention and his eyes followed it down the current. How slowly it appeared to move! What a sluggish stream!" 2. Sound of ticking watch which symbolizes that time's almost up, moving slowly a) Foreshadowing of part 3
What is the setting for an occurrence at owl creek bridge? How does the story begin? What is the point of view?
1. There is a guy on a railroad that is about to be hung 2. Setting: northern Alabama during the civil war 3. Beginning has a tight focus, then opens to special order to pen it up to a broader view a) "Beyond one of the sentinels, nobody was in sight; the railroad ran straightaway into a forest or a hundred yards, the, urving, was lost to view. Doubtless there was an outpost further along." 3. At the beginning the point of view is 3rd person objective a) Goes into 3rd person limited point of view later on b) The shift of point of view makes the story more intense c) You miss some of the outside information
What happens to Douglass as he lives with Mr Covey in the narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass? What does this quote mean: "you have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man"
1. Throughout the story, Douglass moves from fear of Mr Covey to defiance 2. He describes a) "YOu have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man" 3. Douglass had to find his humanity again after Mr Covey broke down his spirit which made him a slave a) His free will was taken away and when he got the freedom bak he was able to regain his humanity b) He says the first six months of living with Mr Covey, he broke him
Why does Lincoln use parallelism and repetition in the Gettysburg address? What does the words he uses add to the speech?
1. Uses parallelism to emphasize that people died/ the loss of lives for our freedom 2. Words he uses adds to the eloquence of the speech 3. Talks about the cause the north has been fighting for a) Uses parallelism at end of speech 4. They can't dedicate and conservate because it has already been consecrated 5. Repeats the idea of freedom 6. Uses repetition and parallelism when talking about the people and the government
How does Douglass end up at Mr. Covey's house? What incident leads to Douglass getting whipped for the first time? Describe Mr. Covey
1. What incident lead up to the whipping? a) He was supposed to go get wood and he had two oxen to help pull the woods b) The oxen got scared and ran off and broke the cart c) "I LEFT Master Thomas's house, and went to live with Mr. Covey, on the 1st of January, 1833. I was now, for the first time in my life, a field hand." d) "Long before day we were up, our horses fed, and by the first approach of day we were off to the field with our hoes and ploughing teams. Mr. Covey gave us enough to eat, but scarce time to eat it. We were often less than five minutes taking our meals. We were often in the field from the first approach of day till its last lingering ray had left us; and at saving-fodder time, midnight often caught us in the field binding blades." 2. Describes Mr Covey as "one of the few slave holders that wasn't afraid to work with his hands" a) He always tried to surprise them so the slaves called him the snake b) He tried to scare them so that they were always working c) His comings were like a thief in the night
What happens during the hottest day of the summer in the narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass? Who does Frederick report Mr. Covey's abuse to and what is the end result? How does Frederick get Mr. Covey to stop hurting him?
1. While fanning wheat for Covey in August of 1833, Douglass collapses from heat exhaustion and is unable to continue working. a) Covey hits Douglass and demands he continue working. b) Douglass rises and resumes work, but he vows to complain to Master Thomas about Covey's treatment. 2. After work, a disoriented Douglass ignores Covey's orders to stay put and stumbles seven miles to Thomas's house. a) Thomas ignores Douglass's complaints, and says that Covey is a good man who poses no danger of killing Douglass. b) Douglass spends the night in St. Michael's, and returns to Covey's the next day. 3. He sees Covey running out to whip him and successfully hides in the cornfields. Douglass spends the day in the woods, and meets a slave named Sandy Jenkins, who is on his way to the house where his free wife lives. a) Jenkins takes Douglass home with him. b) There, he tells Douglass to return to Covey, but to always carry with him a special root on his right side. c) This root, Jenkins says, will prevent a master from hitting any slave that carries it. d) Douglass is skeptical, but agrees to follow Sandy's insistent advice. e) The next day, Sunday, Douglass returns to Covey's carrying the root on his right side. f) On his way back, he passes Covey, who is headed to church. g) Covey speaks to Douglass kindly, and Douglass begins to believe in the root's powers. 4. The next morning, Douglass is given an early chore, and as he works, Covey catches Douglass off guard and ties his legs up. a) Douglass falls down, but resolves to fight Covey, and seizes his master by the throat. b) Another farmhand, Hughes, comes to help Covey, but Douglass incapacitates him with a kick to the ribs. c) The two fight for two more hours, and Covey finally gives up without having whipped Douglass. d) The fight with Covey renews Douglass's self-confidence and his desire to be free, and he experiences a satisfaction that could only be understood by someone who has himself repelled slavery. e) Though Douglass remains a slave for four years after the fight, he is never again whipped.
How does foreshadowing come into play during to build a fire?
1. he keeps repeating its cold → the cold kills him 2. the weather is gloomy (clear but gloom) → death 3. old man words that it's dangerous to be outside when below -50 → he's out anyways and the journey is going to be dangerous 4. the dog is worried → something is going to happen if the dog is reluctant 5. his destination → he doesn't end up with the boys 6. keeps rubbing his face and nose --) becoming numb → the rest of him becomes numb and dies 7. walking in certain areas→ does get his feet wet 8. the dog is not really a companion → After dies the man he leaves him 9. nature warning of death → He dies 10. talking about how he was calm → starts panicking
What is the cause and effect structure of to build a fire?
1. wants to get there faster so decides to cross the creek although it's dangerous because he wants to get home faster to his friends (also does this alone) 2. builds fire when gets wet 3. scared to cross the creek so makes the dog go first builds fire under tree → snowfalls and fire goes out 4. fingers go numb → can't pick up matches 5. moss on fire → tries to take it out and scatters the fire 6. couldn't feel hands → burns them with matches 7. started feeling afraid of dying → ran around frantically 8. freeze to death anyways → gave up anyways goes to sleep in the snow → dies
What is American Realism?
1856-1900 1. By mid-century, the North had secured property through manufacturing and commerce 2. In the south, the economy had remained agricultural, dependent on cotton exports, the slave system, and tariffs 3. During the period cities grew, and the nation's population doubled primarily as a result of immigration from abroad 4. Abolitionist became more vocal a) William Lloyd Garrison attacked slvery weekly in his newspapers, The Liberator b) Harriet Beecher Stowe move the emotions of many people with her novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. History: 5) 1860: Abraham Lincoln became President 6) April 12, 1861: the firing at Fort Sumter began the Civil war 7) April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox 8. Following the war, America experienced an increase in social problems, a widening gulf between the rich and the poor, and corruption in politics 9. The south had to endure the long and painful reconstruction period 10. The two decades after the war witnessed a) The completion of the transcontinental railroad b) The invention of the typewriter, telephone, light bulb, and the "horseless carriage"
Which obstacles must Farquhar overcome in order to make his escape in the occurrence at owl creek bridge? a) People shooting at him b) A whirlpool c) Cannon fire d) Strangulation from the rope e) All of the above
All of the above
Who is Kate Chopin?
BOOK NOTES: 1. Born Kate O'Flaherty, was raised in St. Louis, Missouri. 2. After her father died in a train wreck when she was four years old, she was brought up by her French speaking Creole mother, her grandmother, and her great-grandmother, who was a fine storyteller 3. Until age 17, Chopin attended a Catholic school called St. Louis Academy of the Sacred Heart 4. At 18, the author met a 25 year old banker named Oscar Chopin, whom she married 5. The Chopins moved to New Orleans, her husband's hometown and before she was thirty, Kate Chopin had given birth to six children 6. When her husband's cotton business failed, the couple moved to Cloutierville in Natchitoches Parish Louisiana 7. Chopin was encouraged to write by her family physician in St. Louis, who recognized the quality of the prose in her letters home and felt writing would provide an outlet for her emotions 8. When Chopin's husband suddenly died of swamp fever, she moved back to St. Louis and began her literary career 9. She wrote two novels, more than one hundred short stories, and a variety of poetry, book reviews, and literary criticism, all while raising her six children as a single mother 10. Chopn also was a pioneering feminist writer 11. When she first tried to publish "The Story of an Hour" in 1894, seeral magazine editors rejected the work, finding its portrayal of women radical and even immoral Chopin's second novel, The Awakening (1899) met with much censorship in its time, but is today considered a masterpiece 12. Chopin was rediscovered by literary critics in the 1950s and is revered by modern readers for her strong feminist message CLASS NOTES: 1. Lived from 1851-1904 2. Born Katherine O'Flaherty in St. Louis, Missouri to prosperous parents 3. At 19, married Oscar Chopin and moved to Louisiana 4. Her short stories concern the lives of French Creoles in Louisiana 5) 1899: THE AWAKENING contains her common theme of the repression of women in Victorian America 6. The novel met with hostility by American Victorians 7. She became disheartened by the rejection 8. She is now recognized as a writer of skill and merit "before her time"
Who is Jack London
BOOK NOTES: 1. He was born in San Francisco, helped support his family from the time he was fourteen 2. By 18, he had worked in a cannery and as an oyster pirate, seaman, jute mill worker, and coal shoveler 3. While still a teenager, London traveled halfway across the country with a group protesting the high level of national unemployment 4. After spending 30 days in jail for vagrancy, her returned to California in 1896, intent on attending the state university at Berkeley 5. He was admitted but left after just one year due to financial problems and frustration with higher education 6. Seeking a new adventure, London traveled to the Yukon in search of gold a) Like most prospectors, he failed to strike it rich, and the year he spent in the extreme Yukon conditions left him with lifelog health problems 7. London returned to California again, this time determined to make a living as a writer a) He won a local writing contest, which was followed by numerous rejections and then a string of small successes 8. His break came when the Atlantic Monthly paid $120 for his story "The Odyssey of the North" 9. Although London often said he disliked his profession and wrote to make money, he nevertheless was a master storyteller who published prodigiously during his career a) His two most famous novels "The Call of the Wild" and "The Sea Wolf" were written before he was 30 CLASS NOTES: 1. Lived from 1876-1916 2. Born in 1876 in San Francisco 3. Worked odd jobs as a teen 4. Dropped out of the University of California 5) 1897: left for the lure of the Klondike Gold Rush 6) 1903: THE CALL OF THE WILD WHITE FANG 7. "TO BUILD A FIRE" 8. November 1916: rumored suicide
Who is Ambrose Bierce?
BOOK NOTES: 1. Known as Bitter Bierce, he was a cynical, unhappy man with a sharp satirical wit 2. He was born in Ohio and grew up in a large poor family a) An unhappy childhood followed by exposure to unimaginable brutality during the Civil War combined to create in Bierce the pessimism that became the dominant trait of his character and his fiction b) After spending a year at a military academy, Bierce joined the Union army rising to the rank of lieutenant c) He was a distinguished soldier and participated in several major battles d) His war experiences provided material for some of his best stories including "An occurrence at owl creek bridge" and "chickamauga" 3. After the civil war, bierce worked as journalist in San Francisco, establishing himself by writing witty, satirical columns asa major literary figure in what was then a rough and tumble frontier city a) There, he counted among his friends such major writers as Mark Twain and Bret Harte both of whom traveled the American frontier and wrote similar journalistic accounts of their experiences b) Disaster plagued Bierce throughout his life: his marriage ended in divorce, one son was killed in a fight, and another son died of alcoholism c) In 1913, Bierce traveled to Mexico which was in civil war, and he disappeared without a trace Class Notes 1. Lived from 1842-1914? 2. Born 1842 in Ohio, t youngest child in a large and impoverished family 3. Grew up o a farm in Indiana 4. Attended military academy in Kentucky 5. Enlisted in the union army 6. Successful journalist and foremost satirist 7) 1906: THE DEVIL'S DICTIONARY 8. Deeply affected by the waste and futility of war and the sentimental glorification of battle 9. His best short stories all come back to the war and the ironies of violent death 10) 1913: walked across the Texas border into Mexico and never returned
Which of the following literary elements is most important in the ending of this story? a) Dramatic irony b) Mood c) Characterization d) Setting e) Foreshadowing
a) Dramatic irony
Which of the following best defines the word imperious, as used in the story the occurrence at owl creek bridge? a) Intensely compelling b) Arrogant and cold c) Completely absurd d) Secretly dangerous e) Important only to a small group
a) Intensely compelling
How was Mrs. Mallard's reaction to the news of her husband's death different from what might be expected of most women? a) She started crying, immediately showing tremendous grief b) She seemed paralyzed by her inability to accept the significance of the news c) She turned and looked out the window, showing no sign of grief d) She fainted e) She did not believe the news
a) She started crying, immediately showing tremendous grief
Which of the following best defines the word importunities a) Questions b) Demands c) Awkward advances d) Reasonable chances e) Oddities
b) Demands
From what you know about Ambrose bierce, how does "an occurrence at owl creek bridge' demonstrate his worldview? a) Bierce thought emotional truth was more real than actual events , so farquhar's dream is as valid as his death b) The story shows that death and destruction are the results of war, which points to bierce's bitter worldview c) Bierce believed that hope exists in een the direst of circumstances, thus, Farquhar's dream of escape shows bierce's hopeful worldview d) Bierce upheld the dignity of warfare by showing a confederation sympathizer perform brave deeds and face his death with honor e) Bierce was fiercely pro-union so the story serves as a warning to those would sympathize with the confederate cause
b) The story shows that death and destruction are the results of war, which points to bierce's bitter worldview
Which of the following is an example of irony from the selection the occurrence at owl creek bridge? a) The story starts at the beginning of the hanging and then jumps back to the encounter with the Federal scout b) The description of Farquhar's surroundings seems dreamlike c) Farquhar fears he might be strangled by the rope underwater d) Although farquhar seems to escape, in fact, he is recaptured e) The federal soldiers act quite formally, even though they are killing an enemy
c) Farquhar fears he might be strangled by the rope underwater
Why does Mrs. Mallard experience joy while sitting in her room, looking out the window? a) Her husband was brutal to her, so she is glad to be free of his tyranny b) She realizes that her husband has not really died after all c) She realizes that she will be free to live the rest of her life as she chooses d) The hysteria of her emotion makes her confuse extreme grief with joy e) Despite her husband's tragic death, she still can experience the joy of a sunny day
c) She realizes that she will be free to live the rest of her life as she chooses
Which of the following is not an oddity Farquhar notices as he walks through the woods toward his home in the occurrence at owl creek bridge? a) The forest seems to go on forever b) There are no signs of life c) The bullets buzz by him in what seems like slow motion d) The stars are arranged in unfamiliar constellations e) He hears whispers in an unknown language
c) The bullets buzz by him in what seems like slow motion
In the sentence from the occurrence at owl creek park "he was sure the stars were arranged in some order which had a secret and malign significance' what does the word malignant mean? a) Mysterious b) Beneficial c) Unknowable d) Evil e) Serious
d) Evil
Who informed Mrs. Mallard of her husband's death? a) Richards, her husband's friend b) A railroad representative c) A telegraph d) Her sister, josephine e) A minister
d) Her sister, josephine
Why does the shock of seeing her husband alive Mrs. Mallard? a) She has a weak heart and is overjoyed to find out he is alive b) She has a weak heart and is surprised at this turn of events c) She has a weak heart and thinks he's a ghost d) She has a weak heart and has lost her newfound freedom e) She has a weak heart and is afraid he will beat her
d) She has a weak heart and has lost her newfound freedom
what is a reversal
dramatic change in the direction of events
In the sentence "now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously" what does the word tumultuously mean: a) Steadily b) Irregularly c) Unnoticeable d) Heavily e) Widely
e) Widely
