Replication, protein synthesis and mutation

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Structure of DNA vs RNA

Dna is double stranded and has a long chain Rna is single stranded with a short chain of nucleotides

Gene

a DNA sequence that encodes a protein, rRna or a tRna molecule

operon

a group of closely linked genes that produce a single messenger rna molecule in transcription

structural genes - operon

genes that code for proteins

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Chromosome

a structure found inside the nucleus of a cell

Genome

an organism's complete set of genetic instructions

mutagen

anything that causes a mutation

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Gene induction in the lac operon

Allactose binds to the lac repressor and makes it change shape so it can no longer bind dna

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

What major enzymes are involved in DNA replication

Helicase, primase, dna polymerase and ligase

Compare consecutive inducible and repressible operons

Inducible operon is regulated by substrate present in the metabolic pathway well repressible operon is regulated by the presence of a metabolic and product known as a co-repressor -Consecutive is always active

Process of DNA replication

The opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands the priming of the template strand and the assembly of the new DNA segment

Genetics

The study of heritable information of microorganisms ex. bacteria, archer, viruses, etc.

Gene repression in the trp operon

The trp is expressed (turned on) when tryptophan levels are low and repressed (turned off) when thy are high

silent mutation

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

missense

an amino acid that is replaced with another amino acid that is different then the usual one that goes into place

nonsense mutation

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

attenuator or operator

ensures proper transcription and translation

Steps to RNA transcription

initiation, elongation, termination

Steps to protein synthesis

initiation, elongation, termination

frameshift mutation

mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

base substituion

swapping a nucleotide for another during DNA replication

promoter (operon)

where RNA polymerase binds


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