Replication, protein synthesis and mutation
Structure of DNA vs RNA
Dna is double stranded and has a long chain Rna is single stranded with a short chain of nucleotides
Gene
a DNA sequence that encodes a protein, rRna or a tRna molecule
operon
a group of closely linked genes that produce a single messenger rna molecule in transcription
structural genes - operon
genes that code for proteins
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Chromosome
a structure found inside the nucleus of a cell
Genome
an organism's complete set of genetic instructions
mutagen
anything that causes a mutation
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
Gene induction in the lac operon
Allactose binds to the lac repressor and makes it change shape so it can no longer bind dna
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
What major enzymes are involved in DNA replication
Helicase, primase, dna polymerase and ligase
Compare consecutive inducible and repressible operons
Inducible operon is regulated by substrate present in the metabolic pathway well repressible operon is regulated by the presence of a metabolic and product known as a co-repressor -Consecutive is always active
Process of DNA replication
The opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands the priming of the template strand and the assembly of the new DNA segment
Genetics
The study of heritable information of microorganisms ex. bacteria, archer, viruses, etc.
Gene repression in the trp operon
The trp is expressed (turned on) when tryptophan levels are low and repressed (turned off) when thy are high
silent mutation
alters a base but does not change the amino acid
missense
an amino acid that is replaced with another amino acid that is different then the usual one that goes into place
nonsense mutation
changes a normal codon into a stop codon
attenuator or operator
ensures proper transcription and translation
Steps to RNA transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
Steps to protein synthesis
initiation, elongation, termination
frameshift mutation
mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
base substituion
swapping a nucleotide for another during DNA replication
promoter (operon)
where RNA polymerase binds
