Reproductive Hormones
What releases kisspeptin (protein) in the brain and what triggers its release?
Certain neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus, its trigger is unkown
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
Where is relaxin produced and what kind of hormone is it?
F: Corpus luteum in ovaries M: Prostate gland PEPTIDE
Relaxin's functions?
F: RELAXes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphisis, helps soften cervix and causes appropriate smooth muscle relaxation in childbirth (uterus) M: encourages motility of sperm in semen
Functions of hCG?
F: maintains the output of estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum during pregnancy, thus maintaining the uterine lining (of CORPUS! - of course!)
What are the functions of FSH in females and males?
F: regulates ovarian cycle (stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles) and stimulates estrogen production M: stimulates sperm production
What are the functions of LH in females and males?
F: regulates ovarian cycle, *estrogen and progesterone production* M: stimulates production of androgens (esp. testosterone) from interstitial cells
Prolactin, function?
F: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk ("ProLACTATE")
Functions of estrogen?
Females: development of secondary sex characteristics & regulates the menstrual cycle (endometrium)
Functions of progesterone?
Females: prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilised ovum, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of mammary glands
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What class of hormone does LH belong to?
Glycoprotein
What kind of hormone is hCG?
Glycoprotein
What does GnRH stand for?
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
What does hCG stand for?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What happens after kisspeptin has bound to gpr54 receptors?
Hypothalamus releases GnRH
The functions of inhibin are...
INHIBITS secretion of FSH and exerts negative feedback control on hypothalamus and *pit. gl.* as spermatogenisis / corpus luteum activity increases
Where are androgens and testosterone made?
Interstitial cells in testes
Which 3 hormones are glycoproteins?
LH, FSH and hCG (all abbreviations ex. GnRH!)
Which 4 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?
LH, FSH, oxytocin and prolactin (F.L.O.P.)
What class of hormones does FSH belong to?
Like LH: glycoproteins!
What does LH stand for?
Luteinising hormone
What are the functions of androgens and testosterone?
Males: development & MAINTAINANCE of primary & secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, virility and libido
Functions of oxytocin?
(Think CONTRACTIONS of smooth muscle) F: contracts uterus during labour (and delivery) and facilitates ejaculation of milk from breast during nursing M: ejaculation
Summarise role of hormones in control of puberty?
*Kisspeptin* released from neurons which triggers hypothalamus to release *GnRH*, which triggers pit. gl. to release *FSH* and *LH*, which triggers gonads to make either *testosterone* (testes) or *estrogen* (ovaries), which triggers production of 2ndary sex ch. as well as *shut down* production of GnRH in hypothalamus, slowly turning of their own production.
What is the first way steroids exert their effects? (Think SURFACE)
1. Binding to a cell's membrane receptors to trigger a chain reaction, just like in neurotransmitters (surface)
What is the second way steroids exert their effects? (Think MIDDLE)
2. Entering cell's cytoplasm and activating certain kinds of proteins (middle)
What is the third way steroids exert their effects? (Think CENTER)
3. Binding to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes (center)
What kind of hormone is inhibin?
A PEPTIDE
What kind of hormone is estrogen?
A steroid! (sex hormone)
Which class do reproductive hormone NOT belong to?
Amines
What are the four classes of hormones? (in increasing size)
Amines, peptides, glycoproteins and steroids
Which sex hormones are produced by the testes?
Androgens (testosterone) and Inhibin (AIIIII - *points at friend* "ayeeeeee")
What helps explain the increase in muscle and hair of males once they hit puberty?
Androgens stimulate protein synthesis!
What are the 3 categories of sex hormones?
Androgens, estrogens and progestins
What are some examples of the effects which estrogen and testosterone have on the body? (Primary sex characteristics)
Menstruation begins, enlargement of penis/testes
Which hormones are protein hormones?
Only PROlactin, because it's PRO
Which 4 hormones are PEPTIDES?
Oxytocin, Gonadotropin, Inhibin and Relaxin ("OGIRs have layers"- PEP-talk with donkey)
Is prolactin a protein or a peptide hormone?
PROtein!
What class of hormone does GnRH belong to?
Peptides
Prolactin, where is it made?
Pituitary gland
What is hCG produced by?
Placenta
Which sex hormone is produced by the corpus luteum AND the placenta?
Progesterone!
What secretes relaxin in the male reproductive system?
Prostate gland (activates sperm)
What 2 hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
Relaxin and progesterone (P.R.ogesterone!)
Which 4 hormones are produced by the ovaries?
Relaxin, Inhibin, Progesterone and Estrogen (R.I.P.E. to reproduce)
What is libido?
Sexual drive
What are sex hormones?
Special kinds of sterdoid hormones, released mostly by gonads (also by adrenal glands), which affect the brain, genitals & other organs
What class of hormones do androgens and testosterone belong to?
Steroids! (Sex hormones)
What are both LH and FSH produced by?
The ANTERIOR pituitary gland
What is GnRH produced by?
The hypothalamus
Where in the body is estrogen made?
The ovaries
Where is oxytocin produced and what kind of hormone is it?
The pituitary gland, PEPTIDE
What makes hormones able to diffuse through membranes easily?
Their fat-soluble components
What are gonads and how are they related to reproductive hormones?
They are primary sex organs and in males, they produce androgens/testosterone and inhibin, whereas in females, they produce estrogen, progesterone, inhibin and relaxin
What does kisspeptin bind to after release?
To gpr54 receptors on other neurons in hypothalamus
What is the function of GnRH?
To stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to begin producing/secreting LH and FSH
What are some examples of the effects which estrogen and testosterone have on the body? (Secondary sex characteristics)
Widening of hips, lower voice, axillary hair, facial hair, pubic hair, breasts, broadening shoulders
What are hormones for?
Widespread communication throughout the body
Define the pituitary gland:
a pea-sized organ attached to the hypothalamus which helps control *growth* and *development* and the functioning of other *endocrine glands*
What are the receptors called which kisspeptin binds to?
gpr54
Which 2 hormones are produced by the placenta?
hCG and progesterone ("PROGESTERONE helps make HUMAN(chorionic gonadotropin)")
Define puberty:
the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.
Define adolescence:
the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.