Respiratory review

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation. True/ False

false

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase. True/False

false

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. A. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. B. Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. C. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. D. During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

A. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. B. Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing. C. The chest wall becomes more rigid with age. D. During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.

A. Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn? A. The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute. B. The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants. C. The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow. D. The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute.

A. The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. A. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes B. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs C. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts D. atria and alveolar sacs

A. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. A. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B. increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C. increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D. decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

A. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Gas emboli may occur because a ________. A. diver holds his breath upon ascent B. person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber C. person holds his breath too long D. pilot holds her breath upon descent

A. diver holds his breath upon ascent

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A. friction B. air pressure C. surfactant D. surface tension

A. friction

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? A. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract B. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax C. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D. diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

A. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A. medulla and pons B. upper spinal cord and medulla C. pons and midbrain D. midbrain and medulla

A. medulla and pons

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures B. compliance and transpulmonary pressures C. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid D. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

A. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A. vital capacity B. tidal volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. inspiratory capacity

A. vital capacity

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________. A. 24 weeks B. 28 weeks C. 17 weeks D. 36 weeks

B. 28 weeks

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. B. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. C. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. D. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

B. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A. Boyle's law B. Dalton's law C. Henry's law D. Charles' law

B. Dalton's law

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? A. adenocarcinoma B. Kaposi's sarcoma C. squamous cell carcinoma D. small cell carcinoma

B. Kaposi's sarcoma

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? A. allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction B. aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs C. helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers D. helps limit the spread of local infections

B. aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A. respiratory bronchioles B. alveoli C. alveolar ducts D. alveolar sacs

B. alveoli

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A. as carbonic acid in the plasma B. as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells C. chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin D. chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

B. as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A. the Bohr effect B. chloride shifting C. the Haldane effect D. release of hydrogen ion

B. chloride shifting

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? A. tuberculosis B. emphysema C. coryza D. pneumonia

B. emphysema

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. A. strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles B. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds C. length of the vocal folds D. thickness of vestibular folds

B. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. A. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure B. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere C. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere D. less than the pressure in the atmosphere

B. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A. acidosis B. increase of carbon dioxide C. loss of oxygen in tissues D. alkalosis

B. increase of carbon dioxide

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations B. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid C. warming the air before it enters D. humidifying the air before it enters

B. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules B. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood C. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

B. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule B. partial pressure gradient C. the temperature D. solubility in water

B. partial pressure gradient

Which center is located in the pons? A. expiratory center B. pontine respirator group (PRG) C. inspiratory center D. pacemaker neuron center

B. pontine respirator group (PRG)

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? A. rising carbon dioxide levels B. rising blood pressure C. arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg D. acidosis resulting from CO2 retention

B. rising blood pressure

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. A. trap dust and other debris B. secrete surfactant C. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion D. replace mucus in the alveoli

B. secrete surfactant

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A. temperature of alveolar air B. voluntary cortical control C. stretch receptors in the alveoli D. thalamic control

B. voluntary cortical control

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. A. at least 3 micrometers thick B. between 5 and 6 micrometers thick C. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick D. The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

C. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A. surfactant production B. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C. C-shaped cartilage rings D. surface tension of water

C. C-shaped cartilage rings

The main site of gas exchange is the ________. A. alveolar duct B. alveolar sacs C. alveoli D. respiratory bronchiole

C. alveoli

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. A. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa B. porous structure of turbinate bones C. ciliated mucous lining in the nose D. action of the epiglottis

C. ciliated mucous lining in the nose

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes B. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes C. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes D. temperature is lower at higher altitudes

C. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. A. filtration B. osmosis C. diffusion D. active transport

C. diffusion

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule B. solubility in water C. partial pressure gradient D. the temperature

C. partial pressure gradient

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A. compliance and transpulmonary pressures B. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid C. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid D. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

C. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A. the Haldane effect B. the Bohr effect C. ventilation-perfusion coupling D. chloride shifting

C. ventilation-perfusion coupling

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A. Charles' law B. Dalton's law C. Henry's law D. Boyle's law

D. Boyle's law

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? A. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. B. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. C. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. D. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

D. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

Which of the following is not possible? A. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. B. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. C. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

D. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A. The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx. B. The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx. C. The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. D. The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

D. The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

The nose serves all the following functions except ________. A. as a passageway for air movement B. warming and humidifying the air C. cleansing the air D. as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

D. as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A. pulmonary ventilation B. external respiration C. internal respiration D. blood pH adjustment

D. blood pH adjustment

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A. reserve air B. expiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. inspiratory reserve

D. inspiratory reserve

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A. temperature B. partial pressure of oxygen C. partial pressure of carbon dioxide D. number of red blood cells

D. number of red blood cells

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? A. the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall B. the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant C. combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli D. the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

D. the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

The larynx contains ________. A. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple B. an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds C. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds D. the thyroid cartilage

D. the thyroid cartilage

Inspiratory capacity is ________. A. air inspired after a tidal inhalation B. the total amount of exchangeable air C. functional residual capacity D. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

D. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree. True/false

False

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic. True/False

False

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung. True/False

False

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs. True/False

False

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity. True/ False

False

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Respiratory bronchioles

No exchange of gases occurs here.

Segmental bronchi

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation. True/False

True

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal. True/false

True

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. True/False

True

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. True/False

True

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea. True/ False

True

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. True/False

True

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers. True/False

True

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue). True/False

True

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall. True/False

True

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. True/False

True

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage. True/ False

True

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. True/False

True

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. True/False

True

Composed of simple squamous epithelium

Type I cells

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant

Type II cells

Tidal volume is air ________. A. forcibly expelled after normal expiration b. exchanged during normal breathing C. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration D. inhaled after normal inspiration

b. exchanged during normal breathing