respiratory system

data from a spirometer can be used to diagnose ___,__,___,___

-diagnose respiratory disease -monitor progression of disease -assess treatment

pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air __ and __ of the __

in and out lungs

higher pH from diminished H+ concentration results in a ___ shift

left

when temp decreases, their is a __ shift in the saturation curve

left

residual volume is the amount of air __ in the __ after the ___

left lungs most forceful expiration

bronchial tree divides into the ___ and ___ bronchus

left and right

volume changes create ___ changes and ___ down pressure gradient. during inspiration , thoracic volumes ___, thoracic pressure ___, so air flows __. during expiration, thoracic volume ___, thoracic pressure ___, so air flows ___.

pressure air flows increases decreases in decreases increases out

air flow is directly related to __ and inversely related to __

pressure gradient resistance

chemoreceptors are the ___ sensory receptors. central chemoreceptors are in the ___ and respond to changes in ___ due only to __ changes

primary medulla H CO2

pulmonary ventilation includes ___ and __ breathing

quiet and forced

total lung capacity (TLC) is the __ of all __, including ___. it is the __ volume of air that the lungs can hold.

sum volumes residual volumes maximum

the largest part of the larynx is the ___/___.

thyroid cartilage laryngeal prominence = adams apple

vital capacity is ___+___ and___. the total amount of air a person can __ through ___

tidal volume + IRV and ERV exchange forced breathing

inspiratory capacity (IC) is __+__

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

pulmonary ventialtion= __x__

tidal volume x respiration rate

daltons law is the __ in a mixture of gases is equal to the ___

total pressure sum of the individual partial pressures

partial pressure of gas = ___ x___

total pressure x % of gas

pulmonary ventilation: 1. autonomic nuclei in ___ regulate ___ 2. skeletal muscles __ and __ changing __ volume 3. volume changes result in changes in ___ between ___ and ___ 4. air moves ___ its ___. air enters lung during __, exits during ___.

1. brainstem, breathing activity 2. contract, relax, thorax 3. pressure gradient, lungs, atmosphere 4. down, pressure gradient, inspiration, expiration

the larynx includes the 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. epiglottis 2.hyoid bone 3.thyroid cartilage 4.laryngeal prominence

hemoglobin as a transport molecule: oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve- 1. each hemoglobin can bind to __ __ molecules. 2. percent O2 saturation of __ is crucial

1. four O2 2. hemoglobin

the four capacities calculated form respiratory volumes include: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. inspiratory capacity (IC) 2. functional residual capacity (FRC) 3. vital capacity 4.total lung capacity (TLC)

the lower respiratory tract includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. larynx 2.trachea 3.bronchus 4.bronchiole 5.terminal bronchiole

atmospheric pressure is ___ mm Hg at __. it is the ___ of all gases collectively exerted in the __

760 sea level total pressure environment

when the graph shift left, variables bring about an __ in hemoglobin. there is an affinity for __, so left over O2 is __

INCREASE O2 released

airflow is the mount of __ moving __ and ___ of the lungs with each __. this depends on 1., the ___ established between ____ pressure and ___ pressure. also depends on 2., the __ that occurs due to conditions in the __,__ and __ wall.

air in and out breath 1.pressure gradient atmospheric and intrapulmonary 2.resistance airways, lungs, and chest wall

alveolar ventilation is the amount of __ reaching ___ per __. deep breathing ___ alveolar ventilation

air alveoli minute maximizes

tidal volume is the amount of __ per __

air breath

pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is ___ movement. it consists of 2 cyclic phases, ___ and ___

air inspiration and expiration

baroreceptors prevent overstretch of __ and __ by limiting ___ , present in ___ and __

airways lungs inspiration visceral pleura bronchioles

muscles of forced expiration force ___ to move ___ to greater degree

diaphragm upward

resistance is greater __ moving __. may be altered by: 1. change in ___ of __ and __ 2. change in ___ diameter 3. collapse of ___

difficulty air 1. elasticity, chest wall, lungs 2. bronchiole 3.alveoli

muscles of forced expiration pull ___ and ___. front: ___,___,___,___. back:___

downward inward transversus thoracics internal intercostal external oblique transversus abdmoninis serratus posterior inferior

partial pressure is the ___ moving gas into __. determined by the __ and __ in the mixture. ex: ___ forced into soft drinks under __ pressure

driving force liquid total pressure percentage of gas CO2 high

partial pressure is pressure exerted by __ within a mixture of __, measured in ___. each gas moves ___ it partial pressure gradient during gas exchange

each gas gases mm Hg independently down

compliance is __ with which the __ and __ expands. the easier the lung expands, the __ the compliance

ease lungs and chest wall greater

anular ligament is ___

elastic CT

vocal folds are primarily __ covered by ___ that cross the larynx from front to back

elastic cartilage mucous membrane

compliance is reduced in the __ and ___

elderly premature infants

respiration rate = the number of __ per ___

breaths minute

carina is the bifurcation of the ___. it has __ that initiate ___ when exposed to an ___. serves as a ___ function

bronchus sensitive receptors cough irritant protective

alveolar ventilation =

(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x respiration rate

the action of higher breathing center have 3 main functions: 1. ___ increases breathing rate of body is __. 2.____ alters breathing rate in response to ___ 3. ___ of cerebral cortex controls ___ changes in breathing patterns

1.hypothalamus, heat 2. limbic system, emotion 3. frontal lobe, voluntary

the upper respiratory tract includes 1. 2. 3.

1.nose 2.nasal cavity 3.pharynx

carbon dioxides three means of transport include : 1. as CO2 dissolved in __, __% 2. as CO2 attached to __ of globin portion of ___, __% 3. as __ dissolved in plasma, __%

1.plasma, 7% 2. amine group, hemoglobin, 23% 3. bicarbonate, 70%

the presence of ___ or ___influences oxygen release of hemoglobin during systemic exchange.

2,3 -BPG CO2

blood is transported in ___ through __

RBC blood vessels

in the trachea, ___ maintain patency

cartilage rings

anatomic dead space is the ___ space. there is __ of respiratory gases.

conducting zone no exchange

cavity changes in inspiration: diaphragm ___; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity ___. ribs are __ and thoracic cavity ___. inferior portion of sternum moves ___ and thoracic cavity ___

contracts increases elevated widens anteriorly expands

trachealis muscle contracts during ____ to decrease ___ and increase __

cough diameter force of air flow

auditory tube ___ pressure on either side of the ___

equalizes tympanic membrane

functional residual capacity (FRC) is __ +__. volume __ in lungs after __

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume left quiet expiration

the epiglottis is the __ which closes during ___. keeps food from going down ___

flap swallowing wind pipe

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be ___ beyond the ___; measures ____

forcibly exhaled tidal volume elasticity of lungs and chest wall

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be ___ beyond the ___; measures ____

forcibly inhaled tidal volume compliance

the process of inspiration involves ___: 1. 2. 3. 4.

four process 1.pulmonary ventilation 2.alveolar gas exchange 3.gas transport 4. systemic gas exchange

solubility coefficient is the volume of __ that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid at a given __ and__. a constant that depends interactions between __ of __ and __

gas percentage of gas temperature pressure molecules gas liquid

the respiratory zone has structures involved in ___ with ___

gas exchange blood

gas transport is the transport of __ in __ between ___ and ___

gases blood lungs systemic cells

alveolar gas exchange (external respiration) is the exchange of __ between ___and ___

gases alveoli blood

pulmonary ventilation is he movement of ___ between the ___ and ___

gases atmosphere alveoli

an air pressure gradient exists when force per unit area is ___ in one place than another. if 2 places are interconnected, air flows form __ to __ pressure until pressure is __

greater high to low equal

2,3-BPG, a molecule that binds to ___, causing release of additional ___.

hemoglobin oxygen

muscles of forced inspiration ___ expansion during ___.

increase inspiration

muscles of quiet breathing __ dimensions of ___, it includes ___ and ___

increase thoracic cavity diaphragm external intercostal

as metabolism increases, the demand of oxygen ___

increases

if pressure gradient increases, airflow to lungs ___. if resistance increases, airflow ___.

increases lessens

tidal volume is the amount of air __ or __ per breath during ___ breathing

inhaled or exhaled quiet

parietal pleura lines the ____ inner thoracic wall

inner thoracic wall

there are more muscles in ___ used for inspiration, more muscles in ___ used in expiration

inspiration expiration

pons to medulla allows for a smooth transition form __ to ___

inspiration to expiration

the larynx is the beginning of the ___

lower respiratory tract

serous fluid within the pleural cavity provides ___ so membranes ___ each other during ___

lubrication slide past respiration

visceral pleura is tightly adherent to the ___

lung surface

motor output originates in the ___

medulla

in H+ binding, greater H, the ___ is released. this known as the ___

more readily oxygen bohr effect

mucosa includes ___ and ___

mucus and cilia

the conducting zone is from the __ to the end of the ___

nose terminal bronchiole

systemic gas exchange: internal respiration oxygen diffuses __of ___ to enter ___. partial pressure gradient ___ the process. it continues until blood PO2 is ___ mmHg; is ___ O2. systemic PO2 stays __.

out systemic capillaries systemic cells drives 40 "left over" fairly constant.

CO2 binding to hemoglobin causes release of more ___ from hemoglobin

oxygen

oxygen transport is the bloods ability to transport ___. it depends on: 1. __ of oxygen. this is very __, so very little __ dissolves in __. 2. presence of __. the __ of hemoglobin attaches to __. about __ of O2 in blood is bound to ___.

oxygen solubility coefficient low oxygen plasma hemoglobin iron oxygen 98% hemoglobin

increased temp favors dissociation of ___ from the __

oxygen hemoglobin

when graph shift right, factors that release __. more O2 is ___. there is an affinity for __

oxygen released oxygen

the most significant factor that effects the release of oxygen form hemoglobin to the cell is ___

partial pressure gradient of oxygen

the nasopharynx includes the ___ and ___

pharyngeal tonsil auditory tube opening/eustachian tube

serous cavity is the ___, pleural cavity, which is is filled with ___ and ___

pleural cavity water and fluid

cavity changes in expiration: diaphragm ___; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity ___. ribs are __ and thoracic cavity ___. inferior portion of sternum moves ___ and thoracic cavity ___

relaxes narrow depressed narrows posteriorly compresses

with age, ___ is more common

resistance

systemic gas exchange (internal respiration) is exchange of ___ between the __and __

respiratory gases blood and systemic cells

spirometer measures ___. it can be used to assess ___. there are 4 volumes measured by spirometry: 1. 2. 3. 4.

respiratory volume respiratory health 1. tidal volume 2.inspiratory reseve volume (IRV) 3. expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 4. residual volume

quiet breathing is ___ breathing occurs at ___

rhythmic rest

lower pH in H+ binding, there is a __ shift

right

at higher temperatures, there is a __ shift in the saturation curve, this __ release of O2 and ___ structures of ___ to more readliy release __

right increases changes hemoglobin oxygen

thoracic cavity has a ___ membrane, ___ layers

serous membrane 2 layers

systemic gas exchange: internal respiration carbon dioxide diffuses from ___ to __. the partial pressure gradient is the ___. diffusion continuing until blood Pco2 is __ mmHg

systemic cells blood driving process 45

henrys law is at a given __, the __ of gas in liquid is dependent upon the __ of the gas in the air or __ of gas in liquid

temperature solubility partial pressure solubility coefficient

muscles of forced inspiration pull __ and ___. these muscles include on the front: ___,___,___. back: ___,___

upward outward sternocleidomastoid scalenes pectoralis minor serratus posterior superior erector spinae

forced breathing is ___ breathing accompanies ___

vigorous exercise

pressure gradient can be changed by altering __ of the ___. small volume changes of quiet respiration allow ___ of air to enter. if accessory muscles of inspiration are used, volume ___ more.

volume thoracic cavity 500mL increase more

boyles gas law is the relationship of __ and __. at constant temp, pressure of gas ___ if volume of container ___, and vice versa

volume and pressure decreases increases