respiratory system
data from a spirometer can be used to diagnose ___,__,___,___
-diagnose respiratory disease -monitor progression of disease -assess treatment
pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air __ and __ of the __
in and out lungs
higher pH from diminished H+ concentration results in a ___ shift
left
when temp decreases, their is a __ shift in the saturation curve
left
residual volume is the amount of air __ in the __ after the ___
left lungs most forceful expiration
bronchial tree divides into the ___ and ___ bronchus
left and right
volume changes create ___ changes and ___ down pressure gradient. during inspiration , thoracic volumes ___, thoracic pressure ___, so air flows __. during expiration, thoracic volume ___, thoracic pressure ___, so air flows ___.
pressure air flows increases decreases in decreases increases out
air flow is directly related to __ and inversely related to __
pressure gradient resistance
chemoreceptors are the ___ sensory receptors. central chemoreceptors are in the ___ and respond to changes in ___ due only to __ changes
primary medulla H CO2
pulmonary ventilation includes ___ and __ breathing
quiet and forced
total lung capacity (TLC) is the __ of all __, including ___. it is the __ volume of air that the lungs can hold.
sum volumes residual volumes maximum
the largest part of the larynx is the ___/___.
thyroid cartilage laryngeal prominence = adams apple
vital capacity is ___+___ and___. the total amount of air a person can __ through ___
tidal volume + IRV and ERV exchange forced breathing
inspiratory capacity (IC) is __+__
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
pulmonary ventialtion= __x__
tidal volume x respiration rate
daltons law is the __ in a mixture of gases is equal to the ___
total pressure sum of the individual partial pressures
partial pressure of gas = ___ x___
total pressure x % of gas
pulmonary ventilation: 1. autonomic nuclei in ___ regulate ___ 2. skeletal muscles __ and __ changing __ volume 3. volume changes result in changes in ___ between ___ and ___ 4. air moves ___ its ___. air enters lung during __, exits during ___.
1. brainstem, breathing activity 2. contract, relax, thorax 3. pressure gradient, lungs, atmosphere 4. down, pressure gradient, inspiration, expiration
the larynx includes the 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. epiglottis 2.hyoid bone 3.thyroid cartilage 4.laryngeal prominence
hemoglobin as a transport molecule: oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve- 1. each hemoglobin can bind to __ __ molecules. 2. percent O2 saturation of __ is crucial
1. four O2 2. hemoglobin
the four capacities calculated form respiratory volumes include: 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. inspiratory capacity (IC) 2. functional residual capacity (FRC) 3. vital capacity 4.total lung capacity (TLC)
the lower respiratory tract includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. larynx 2.trachea 3.bronchus 4.bronchiole 5.terminal bronchiole
atmospheric pressure is ___ mm Hg at __. it is the ___ of all gases collectively exerted in the __
760 sea level total pressure environment
when the graph shift left, variables bring about an __ in hemoglobin. there is an affinity for __, so left over O2 is __
INCREASE O2 released
airflow is the mount of __ moving __ and ___ of the lungs with each __. this depends on 1., the ___ established between ____ pressure and ___ pressure. also depends on 2., the __ that occurs due to conditions in the __,__ and __ wall.
air in and out breath 1.pressure gradient atmospheric and intrapulmonary 2.resistance airways, lungs, and chest wall
alveolar ventilation is the amount of __ reaching ___ per __. deep breathing ___ alveolar ventilation
air alveoli minute maximizes
tidal volume is the amount of __ per __
air breath
pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is ___ movement. it consists of 2 cyclic phases, ___ and ___
air inspiration and expiration
baroreceptors prevent overstretch of __ and __ by limiting ___ , present in ___ and __
airways lungs inspiration visceral pleura bronchioles
muscles of forced expiration force ___ to move ___ to greater degree
diaphragm upward
resistance is greater __ moving __. may be altered by: 1. change in ___ of __ and __ 2. change in ___ diameter 3. collapse of ___
difficulty air 1. elasticity, chest wall, lungs 2. bronchiole 3.alveoli
muscles of forced expiration pull ___ and ___. front: ___,___,___,___. back:___
downward inward transversus thoracics internal intercostal external oblique transversus abdmoninis serratus posterior inferior
partial pressure is the ___ moving gas into __. determined by the __ and __ in the mixture. ex: ___ forced into soft drinks under __ pressure
driving force liquid total pressure percentage of gas CO2 high
partial pressure is pressure exerted by __ within a mixture of __, measured in ___. each gas moves ___ it partial pressure gradient during gas exchange
each gas gases mm Hg independently down
compliance is __ with which the __ and __ expands. the easier the lung expands, the __ the compliance
ease lungs and chest wall greater
anular ligament is ___
elastic CT
vocal folds are primarily __ covered by ___ that cross the larynx from front to back
elastic cartilage mucous membrane
compliance is reduced in the __ and ___
elderly premature infants
respiration rate = the number of __ per ___
breaths minute
carina is the bifurcation of the ___. it has __ that initiate ___ when exposed to an ___. serves as a ___ function
bronchus sensitive receptors cough irritant protective
alveolar ventilation =
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x respiration rate
the action of higher breathing center have 3 main functions: 1. ___ increases breathing rate of body is __. 2.____ alters breathing rate in response to ___ 3. ___ of cerebral cortex controls ___ changes in breathing patterns
1.hypothalamus, heat 2. limbic system, emotion 3. frontal lobe, voluntary
the upper respiratory tract includes 1. 2. 3.
1.nose 2.nasal cavity 3.pharynx
carbon dioxides three means of transport include : 1. as CO2 dissolved in __, __% 2. as CO2 attached to __ of globin portion of ___, __% 3. as __ dissolved in plasma, __%
1.plasma, 7% 2. amine group, hemoglobin, 23% 3. bicarbonate, 70%
the presence of ___ or ___influences oxygen release of hemoglobin during systemic exchange.
2,3 -BPG CO2
blood is transported in ___ through __
RBC blood vessels
in the trachea, ___ maintain patency
cartilage rings
anatomic dead space is the ___ space. there is __ of respiratory gases.
conducting zone no exchange
cavity changes in inspiration: diaphragm ___; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity ___. ribs are __ and thoracic cavity ___. inferior portion of sternum moves ___ and thoracic cavity ___
contracts increases elevated widens anteriorly expands
trachealis muscle contracts during ____ to decrease ___ and increase __
cough diameter force of air flow
auditory tube ___ pressure on either side of the ___
equalizes tympanic membrane
functional residual capacity (FRC) is __ +__. volume __ in lungs after __
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume left quiet expiration
the epiglottis is the __ which closes during ___. keeps food from going down ___
flap swallowing wind pipe
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be ___ beyond the ___; measures ____
forcibly exhaled tidal volume elasticity of lungs and chest wall
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be ___ beyond the ___; measures ____
forcibly inhaled tidal volume compliance
the process of inspiration involves ___: 1. 2. 3. 4.
four process 1.pulmonary ventilation 2.alveolar gas exchange 3.gas transport 4. systemic gas exchange
solubility coefficient is the volume of __ that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid at a given __ and__. a constant that depends interactions between __ of __ and __
gas percentage of gas temperature pressure molecules gas liquid
the respiratory zone has structures involved in ___ with ___
gas exchange blood
gas transport is the transport of __ in __ between ___ and ___
gases blood lungs systemic cells
alveolar gas exchange (external respiration) is the exchange of __ between ___and ___
gases alveoli blood
pulmonary ventilation is he movement of ___ between the ___ and ___
gases atmosphere alveoli
an air pressure gradient exists when force per unit area is ___ in one place than another. if 2 places are interconnected, air flows form __ to __ pressure until pressure is __
greater high to low equal
2,3-BPG, a molecule that binds to ___, causing release of additional ___.
hemoglobin oxygen
muscles of forced inspiration ___ expansion during ___.
increase inspiration
muscles of quiet breathing __ dimensions of ___, it includes ___ and ___
increase thoracic cavity diaphragm external intercostal
as metabolism increases, the demand of oxygen ___
increases
if pressure gradient increases, airflow to lungs ___. if resistance increases, airflow ___.
increases lessens
tidal volume is the amount of air __ or __ per breath during ___ breathing
inhaled or exhaled quiet
parietal pleura lines the ____ inner thoracic wall
inner thoracic wall
there are more muscles in ___ used for inspiration, more muscles in ___ used in expiration
inspiration expiration
pons to medulla allows for a smooth transition form __ to ___
inspiration to expiration
the larynx is the beginning of the ___
lower respiratory tract
serous fluid within the pleural cavity provides ___ so membranes ___ each other during ___
lubrication slide past respiration
visceral pleura is tightly adherent to the ___
lung surface
motor output originates in the ___
medulla
in H+ binding, greater H, the ___ is released. this known as the ___
more readily oxygen bohr effect
mucosa includes ___ and ___
mucus and cilia
the conducting zone is from the __ to the end of the ___
nose terminal bronchiole
systemic gas exchange: internal respiration oxygen diffuses __of ___ to enter ___. partial pressure gradient ___ the process. it continues until blood PO2 is ___ mmHg; is ___ O2. systemic PO2 stays __.
out systemic capillaries systemic cells drives 40 "left over" fairly constant.
CO2 binding to hemoglobin causes release of more ___ from hemoglobin
oxygen
oxygen transport is the bloods ability to transport ___. it depends on: 1. __ of oxygen. this is very __, so very little __ dissolves in __. 2. presence of __. the __ of hemoglobin attaches to __. about __ of O2 in blood is bound to ___.
oxygen solubility coefficient low oxygen plasma hemoglobin iron oxygen 98% hemoglobin
increased temp favors dissociation of ___ from the __
oxygen hemoglobin
when graph shift right, factors that release __. more O2 is ___. there is an affinity for __
oxygen released oxygen
the most significant factor that effects the release of oxygen form hemoglobin to the cell is ___
partial pressure gradient of oxygen
the nasopharynx includes the ___ and ___
pharyngeal tonsil auditory tube opening/eustachian tube
serous cavity is the ___, pleural cavity, which is is filled with ___ and ___
pleural cavity water and fluid
cavity changes in expiration: diaphragm ___; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity ___. ribs are __ and thoracic cavity ___. inferior portion of sternum moves ___ and thoracic cavity ___
relaxes narrow depressed narrows posteriorly compresses
with age, ___ is more common
resistance
systemic gas exchange (internal respiration) is exchange of ___ between the __and __
respiratory gases blood and systemic cells
spirometer measures ___. it can be used to assess ___. there are 4 volumes measured by spirometry: 1. 2. 3. 4.
respiratory volume respiratory health 1. tidal volume 2.inspiratory reseve volume (IRV) 3. expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 4. residual volume
quiet breathing is ___ breathing occurs at ___
rhythmic rest
lower pH in H+ binding, there is a __ shift
right
at higher temperatures, there is a __ shift in the saturation curve, this __ release of O2 and ___ structures of ___ to more readliy release __
right increases changes hemoglobin oxygen
thoracic cavity has a ___ membrane, ___ layers
serous membrane 2 layers
systemic gas exchange: internal respiration carbon dioxide diffuses from ___ to __. the partial pressure gradient is the ___. diffusion continuing until blood Pco2 is __ mmHg
systemic cells blood driving process 45
henrys law is at a given __, the __ of gas in liquid is dependent upon the __ of the gas in the air or __ of gas in liquid
temperature solubility partial pressure solubility coefficient
muscles of forced inspiration pull __ and ___. these muscles include on the front: ___,___,___. back: ___,___
upward outward sternocleidomastoid scalenes pectoralis minor serratus posterior superior erector spinae
forced breathing is ___ breathing accompanies ___
vigorous exercise
pressure gradient can be changed by altering __ of the ___. small volume changes of quiet respiration allow ___ of air to enter. if accessory muscles of inspiration are used, volume ___ more.
volume thoracic cavity 500mL increase more
boyles gas law is the relationship of __ and __. at constant temp, pressure of gas ___ if volume of container ___, and vice versa
volume and pressure decreases increases
