Restorative Art CH-2 Bones of the Head and Face

Mandible bone

(1) Horseshoe shaped bone forming the lower jaw. It consists of two portions - (1) the body and the (2) ramus Body (1) - the curved shaped, horizontal, and lowest part of the lower jaw. It contains alveolar processes for the teeth, as the maxilla does Ramus (2) - the vertical portions of the mandible. It is wide, flat, and quadrilateral shaped

Occipital bone

(1) Forms the lowest part of the back and base of the cranium. Acts as a cradle for the brain

Fontal bone

(1) The anterior 1/3 of the cranium forming the forehead and parts of the eye socket and most of the anterior of the cranial floor. -Two planes; Vertical (forehead) and horizontal (part of the crown)

Two sections of the skull

(1) Cranium (2) Face

Purpose of the skull

(1) Protect the brain (2) Support the jaws (3) Serve as an attachment for muscles (4) Give form to the head

Zygomatic bones

(2) the diamond shaped bones that form the cheekbones. They are located on the frontal and lateral planes of the face. The bones form part of the inferior and lateral surfaces of the orbital cavity

Maxilla bones

(2) Are the bones of the upper jaw. They form the skeletal base for most of the superior portion of the face, anterior roof of the mouth, sides and floor of the nasal cavity, and the floor of the orbits

Temporal bones

(2) Comprises the inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium. They are located inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone

Nasal bones

(2) Lie directly inferior to the glabella. They form the bridge of the nose and the dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity

Parietal bones

(2) These bones create the superior portion of the sides of the back of the cranium as well as the posterior 2/3 of the roof of the cranium

Anatomical features of the Maxilla

*Process of the Maxilla* Eminences/processes - Frontal processes of maxilla - the ascending part of the upper jaw, which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone Alveolar process - the ridge of thick, spongy bone surrounding the alveoli of the teeth Palatine process - forms anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth. Part of the nasal cavity and part of the orbital cavity Zygomatic process - where the temporal bone joins the zygomatic bone Dental prognathism (buck teeth) - can occur in this bone. The point where the two maxilla meet form a sharp bony process known as the nasal spine. The nasal spine creates the inferior boarder of the nasal skeleton

Bones of the cranium

1 Occipital 2 Parietal 2 Temporal 1 Frontal 1 Ethmoid 1 Sphenoid = 8

The face consists of how many bones?

14 Bones

The cranium consists of how many bones?

8 Bones

Ethmoid

A horizontal plane that forms the roof of the nasal cavity and closes the anterior part of the base of the cranium

Vomer bone

A single bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity. It forms part of the septum of the nose. It is thin and varies in different individuals. Frequently, it is bent slightly to one side or the other, making the nasal chambers of unequal size

Sphenoid and Ethmoid

Bones of the head but not considered surface bones thus not having significants to the RA

Maxilla articulates with

Each other at midline, forming the nasal spine, a small bony process

Nasal bones articulate with

Each other, forming the bridge of the nose and, with the frontal bone, forming the root of the nose, which is specifically where the fontal bone meets the two nasal bones.

Anatomical features of the occipital bone

Foramen magnum - an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord, spinal arteries, and nerves pass. It is located midway between two mastoid processes. This opening can assist in securing the head to the body in a decapitation death

Anatomical features of the frontal bone

Frontal eminences (2) - rounded prominences on either side of the median line and a little inferior to the center of the frontal bone. warm color area of the face Supraorbital margins (2) - the superior rim of the eye socket Superciliary arches (2) - the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the medial end of the eyebrow Glabella (1) - an elevation located between the superciliary arches on the inferior part of the frontal bone immediately above the root of the nose. The root is the point at which the two nasal bones touch the frontal bone. It is inferior to the glabella

Sphenoid

Located at the anterior portion of the base of the skull and binds the other cranial bones together

Mandible articulates with

Mandibular fossa of the temporal process

Anatomical features of the Mandible

Mental eminence - a triangular projection on the inferior of the anterior mandible Incisive fossa - the area between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth Coronoid process - a thin, flattened process projecting from the anterior portion of the upper boarder of the ramus. Serves as the insertion of the Temporalis muscle of mastication (chewing) from the temporal cavity above, which may need injections of tissue builder Condyle - a rounded eminence at the articulating posterior process of the ramus. Can be associated with a dislocated jaw Angle of the Mandible - the angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus and the inferior surfaces of the body of the mandible. It influences the form of the head from a frontal view The Bimandibular Width - is measured by a straight line between the two angles of the mandible and is ued in photographic analysis for restoration. On the photograph, the Bimandibular Width is to be compared to the Bizygomatic Width and the Biparietal Width along with the length of the head in order to reproduce, in wax, the correct geometric head shape such as round, oval, square, oblong, diamond, triangular, or inverted triangular

Anatomical features of the nasal bones

Nasal cavity - the orifice (opening) in the face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla. The cavity is made up of two irregular-shaped spaces separated by cartilage, which makes up a small part of the septum. This area is used as a hidden injection point for tissue building the face

Vomer, lacrimal, and palatine bones

Not considered surface bones

Parietal bones articulates with

Occipital bone at the lambdoidal suture, temporal bone at the squamosal suture, frontal bone at the coronal suture, and the opposite side parietal at the sagittal suture

Temporal bones articulates with

Parietal bone at the squamosal suture; Occipital bone at lambdoidal suture; Greater wing of the sphenoid bone

Frontal bone articulates with

Parietal bones at the coronal suture

Occipital bone articulates with

Parietal bones at the lambdoidal suture and the Temporal bone of the squamosal suture

Male skulls compared to females

Size: Relatively large Frontonasal angle: Sharp, angular Supraorbital ridges: Prominent Forehead: Slopes backward Surface cheeckbone: Rough, concave Mandible tip (chin): Squarer Foramen magnum: Large, Long Mastoid Process: Large

Females skulls compared to males

Size: Relatively small Frontonasal angle: Smooth curve Supraorbital ridges: Poorly developed Forehead: Nearly vertical Surface cheeckbone: Smooth, flat Mandible tip (chin): Pointed Foramen magnum: Smaller, round Mastoid Process: Small

The Head

Skull with fleshy parts added, which includes the face

Anatomical features of the Temporal Bone

Squama - (like fish scale, which is the meaning of squama) is the thin superior part of the temporal bone. The temporal cavity is immediately lateral (outside) the Squama, and this space houses the temporalis muscle, which, especially in the elderly or emaciated case, may atrophy and dehydrate, causing it to shrink, as in sunken temples, and require tissue building, however, only after consulting a photograph of the deceased Zygomatic Arch (2) - a long, thin, arched process extending anteriorly from the squama to the zygomatic bone. IT lies above the external auditory meatus and divides the length of the ear in half. *It is considered the widest part of the face* Mandibular fossa (2) - a small oval depression or socket on the underside of the temporal bone. The condyle of the mandible articulates in this depression. The mandibular fossa lies just anterior to the external auditory meatus External auditory meatus (2) - the opening of the ear passage located in front of the mastoid process Mastoid process (2) - a rounded projection of the interior portion of temporal bone just medial to the lobe of the ear. the sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process. The widest part of the neck is measured by a straight line extending between the midpoint of the bellies of the two sternocleidomastoid muscles

Zygomatic bones articulates with

Temporal Process of the Zygomatic. Embryonically, the Zygomatic Arch is made from three primary ossification centers which grow together to form the arch. When the arch is completely fused, it has three parts from anterior to posterior. (1) Zygomatic bone (2) Temporal Process (3) Zygomatic Process of temporal, which completes the arch attaching it to the temporal bone. the arch points the way to the ear and cuts its length in half

Anatomical features of the parietal bones

The parietal eminence, which are marked convexities on the outer surfaces of the parietal bones, are considered the *widest part of the cranium*. The highest point of the cranium is known as the vertex. The crown is an area at the top of the cranium delineated by connecting four points together. The four points are the two frontal eminences and the two parietal eminences. The area above these four point is known as the crown, as these four points are where the kinds crown would rest.

Anatomical features of the Zygomatic bones

The widest part of the anterior plane of the face is measured by a straight line from the midpoint of one zygomatic bone to the midpoint of the opposite zygomatic bone. Acts as an area for rouge cosmetics

Lacrimal bones

are two bones located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid and maxillary bones. They somewhat resemble a fingernail in shape

Palatine bones

consist of two bones that are located at the back part of the nasal cavity behind the maxillae. These bones help form the back part of the roof of the mouth, part of the floor and outer wall of the nasal cavity, and a very small portion of the floor of the orbit