RHS Exam Study Guide

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Which size receptor is traditionally used with the bisecting technique?

#2 receptor for anterior teeth and for posterior teeth With the bisecting technique, #2 receptor is traditionally used for anterior teeth and for posterior teeth; #1 receptor is recommended for anterior teeth with the paralleling technique. With the bisecting technique, #2 receptor is traditionally used for anterior teeth and for posterior teeth; #1 receptor not used for posterior teeth, it is recommended for anterior teeth with the paralleling technique. With the bisecting technique, #2 receptor is traditionally used for anterior teeth and for posterior teeth.

What vertical angulation should you use when adjusting the PID to take bite-wing images with bite-tabs?

+10

You are using the Rinn Snap-A-Ray to take a dental image of tooth #13. What vertical angulation should you set the PID at to get a dental image that is the same length as the tooth?

+30 to +40 degrees With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for mandibular premolars is -10 to -15 degrees. With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for maxillary molars is +20 to +30 degrees. With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for maxillary premolars is +30 to +40 degrees. Setting the vertical angulation is required with the Snap-A-Ray because there is no alignment rod or ring.

You are using the Rinn Snap-A-Ray to take a dental image of tooth number 13. What vertical angulation should you set the PID at to get the proper image?

With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for tooth number 6 is _________ degrees.

+45 to +55

For the maxillary topographic occlusal projection, the central ray is directed at ____ degrees.

+65

You are using the Rinn Stabe Bite-bloc to take a dental image of teeth numbers 23-26. What vertical angulation should you set the PID at to get the proper image?

-15 to -25 degrees With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for mandibular canines is -20 to -30 degrees. With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for mandibular incisors is -15 to -25 degrees. With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for maxillary incisors is +40 to+50 degrees. Setting the vertical angulation is required with the Stabe Biteblock because there is no alignment rod or ring.

With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for tooth number 30 is _________ degrees.

-5 to 0 With the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angulation range for mandibular molars is -5 to 0 degrees.

According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for an occupationally exposed pregnant women is the equivalent of

0.5 mSv/year. It is recommended that dental radiographers not exceed a maximum dose of 50 mSv in any 1 year. For pregnant dental personnel, the radiation exposure limit is 0.5 mSv per month during the pregnancy months. For nonoccupationally exposed persons (i.e., the general public), the current MPD is approximately 1 mSv/year (0.1 rem/year).

Which types of cells are more sensitive to radiation: (1) rapidly dividing, (2) slowly dividing, (3) young, and/or (4) old?

1 and 3

In dental imaging, no __________________ are used.1. critical instruments2. semicritical instruments3. noncritical instruments

1 only

Advantages of panoramic receptors over intraoral periapical receptors include visualization of1. impacted third molar teeth.2. jaw fractures.3. large lesions in the posterior mandible.

1, 2, 3

A dental image depicts which of the following dimensions of an object?1. Length2. Width3. Depth

1,2

A ______________ may be a dental radiographer.1. dental hygienist2. dental assistant3. dentist

1,2,3

After seating the patient, the radiographer must complete which of the following procedures before washing the hands and putting on gloves?1. Chair adjustment2. Headrest adjustment3. Placement of the lead apron

1,2,3

Cellular injuries following the latent period may include (1) cell death, (2) cessation of mitotic activity, and/or (3) abnormal mitotic activity.

1,2,3

Infection control is critical in your dental operatory because pathogens can be transmitted easily through which of the following1. your patient to you.2. you to your patient.3. from one patient to another patient.

1,2,3

The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act1. outlines requirements for the safe use of dental x-ray equipment.2. establishes guidelines for the proper maintenance of x-ray equipment.3. requires persons who take dental images to be properly trained and certified.

1,2,3

Through the use of dental images, the dental radiographer can detect ________ that cannot be detected clinically.1. diseases2. lesions3. conditions of teeth and bones

1,2,3

To prevent underexposure, check and increase ___________ as needed.1. exposure time2. kilovoltage3. milliamperage

1,2,3

Which of the following choices would represent the suggested receptor placement sequence for a patient who is likely to gag?1. Anterior2. Premolar3. Molar

1,2,3

Which of the following items should be removed by the patient during preparation for dental image procedures?1. Eyeglasses2. Dentures3. Chewing gum

1,2,3

Which of the following statements is true of the statute of limitations?1. It often begins when the patient discovers or should have discovered that an injury has occurred as a result of dental negligence.2. It is the time period during which a patient may bring a malpractice action.3. It may not begin until years after the dental negligence occurred.

1,2,3

Which of the following techniques use the same principles of horizontal angulation?1. Paralleling2. Bisecting3. Bite-wing

1,2,3 Paralleling, bisecting, and bite-wing techniques all use the same principles of horizontal angulation.

Who among the following categories of dental professionals is qualified to mount dental radiographs?1. Dentist2. Dental hygienist3. Dental assistant

1,2,3 The dentist, dental hygienist, and dental assistant are all qualified to mount dental radiographs. A dental assistant with knowledge of normal anatomic landmarks is qualified. In many offices, the dental hygienist and dental assistant mount most of the dental radiographs, but the dentist may do so on occasion.

Which of the following surfaces on the x-ray machine must be covered or disinfected?1. Control panel2. Exposure button3. Tubehead4. Position-indicating device (PID)

1,2,3,4

Which of the following viruses may be present in oral secretions?1. Cytomegalovirus2. Hepatitis B virus3. Herpes simplex virus4. Human immunodeficiency virus

1,2,3,4

Precautions should be taken during dental imaging procedures to which of the following critical organs in the head and neck region? (1) skin, (2) thyroid gland, (3) lens of the eye, and (4) bone marrow

1,2,3,4 Critical organs exposed during dental imaging procedures in the head and neck region include skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, and bone marrow. Skin, thyroid gland, and lens of the eye are true; however, bone marrow is also correct. Skin, thyroid gland, and bone marrow are true; however, lens of the eye is also correct. Thyroid gland and bone marrow are true; however, skin and lens of the eye are also correct.

Common uses of three-dimensional imaging include which of the following?1. Implant placement2. Extraction or exposure of impacted teeth3. Definition of anatomic structures4. Airway and sinus analysis5. Evaluation of temporomandibular joint disorders

1,2,3,4,5

A film mount may be made of1. cardboard.2. lead foil.3. plastic.4. vinyl.

1,3,4 A film mount may be made of cardboard, plastic, or vinyl. They are not made of lead foil, which is a component of the film package.

On a dental image, the alveolar crest is typically located _________ mm below the junction of the crown and the root surfaces.

1.5 to 2.0

In order to be used for digital imaging, the x-ray unit timer must be adapted to allow exposures in a time frame of _______ of a second.

1/100

The potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer in an individual is about _________ the risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously.

1/1000

Receptor should be placed approximately ____ inch beyond the incisal or occlusal surfaces when using the bisecting technique.

1/8 The receptor should be placed approximately 1/8 inch beyond the incisal or occlusal surfaces when using the bisecting technique.

With the bite-wing technique, the vertical angulation is predetermined; the central ray is directed at ____ degrees to the occlusal plane.

10+ With the bite-wing technique, the vertical angulation is predetermined; the central ray is directed at +10 degrees to the occlusal plane.

One gray is equivalent to ______ rad(s).

100

Conventional dental x-ray film has a resolution of ___________ lp/mm.

12 to 20

____________ periapical images can be used to examine the edentulous arches.

According to the text, when exposing a complete mouth image series (CMS) using the bisecting technique, there are ____ recommended size 2 periapical receptor placements.

14 According to the text, when exposing a CMRS using the bisecting technique, there are 14 recommended size 2 periapical receptor placements.

How many dental images would you take for a CMR on your edentulous patient?

14 In a patient without teeth, 14 periapical images are usually sufficient to cover the edentulous areas.

How many dental images would you take on your patient if you were taking a CMS?

14-20 A total of 14 to 20 images may be included in the CMS.

The authors recommend using a size ____ receptor for anterior teeth and a size ____ receptor for posterior teeth.

1;2 The authors recommend using a size 1 receptor for anterior teeth and a size 2 receptor for posterior teeth.

A size ____ receptor is typically used for the edentulous examination.

The most frequently used film size for adult intraoral imaging is size:

The superior foramina of the incisive canal are _____ tiny openings or holes in bone.

Which size receptor would you use to take an occlusal image on your 3-year-old patient?

The rule of isometry states that two triangles are equal if they have ______ equal angle(s) and share a common side.

2 The rule of isometry states that two triangles are equal if they have two equal angles and share a common side.

Which of the following influencing factors would degrade sharpness?(1) Smaller silver halide crystal size(2) Larger silver halide crystal size(3) Smaller focal spot(4) Larger focal spot

2 and 4

Which of the following exposure sequences is recommended for the patient who requires both periapical and bite-wing images?1. Bite-wing exposures2. Anterior periapical receptors3. Posterior periapical receptors

2,3,1

Which of the following commercially available receptor holders are recommended for use with both the paralleling and the bisecting techniques?1. Rinn XCP instruments2. Rinn BAI instruments3. Precision receptor holder4. Stabe bite-block5. Snap-A-Ray receptor holder

2,4,5 Rinn BAI instruments, Stabe bite-block, and Snap-A-Ray receptor holder are recommended for use with either the paralleling or the bisecting technique.

For the transcranial projection, the central ray is directed toward a point _____ inches above and 0.5 inches behind the opening of the ear canal.

2.0

Periapical images must show the entire crowns and roots of the teeth being examined as well as ____ to ____ mm beyond the root apices.

2.0-3.0 Periapical images must show the entire crowns and roots of the teeth being examined as well as 2.0 to 3.0 mm beyond the root apices.

State and federal laws require that dental x-ray machines operating above 70 kVp have a minimum total (inherent plus added filtration) of ____ mm of aluminum filtration.

2.5 State and federal laws require that dental x-ray machines operating above 70 kVp have a minimum total (inherent plus added filtration) of 2.5 mm of aluminum filtration.

A circular collimator produces a cone-shaped beam that is __________ inch(es) in diameter.

2.75

A developmental disability is a substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before age ____ years and is of indefinite duration.

The mixed occlusal and periapical examination on an edentulous patient consists of _______ size 4 receptors and ________ size 2 receptors.

2;4

Viewing software allows the practitioner to select the region of interest and to scroll through these images on a computer monitor to create three-dimensional information that will assist in ____________.1. obtaining insurance reimbursement2. referrals3. diagnosis and treatment planning

_______ sizes of bite-wing receptors are available.

It is appropriate for any dental professional to discuss a patient's care with1. another patient.2. office staff members who are not involved in the treatment of the patient.3. another dentist involved in the patient's care.4. a physician with whom care is shared.

3,4

How many shades of gray can the human eye distinguish?

You are 36 years old. What is your cumulative occupational dose recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)?

360mSv

An occlusal receptor (size ____) may be used for some extraoral images.

Generally, there are ____ elements to informed consent.

In adults, size ____ receptor is used in the occlusal examination.

Explain to your patient the steps, in order, in the formation of hydrogen peroxide, a toxin that will cause damage to living tissues.1. Free radicals combine2. Free radical formation3. Cellular dysfunction and biologic damage4. X-ray photons are absorbed by water

4,2,1,3

The pediatric projection is recommended for use in children ____ years old or younger.

The annual maximum permissible dose (MPD) of radiation for an occupational worker is:

5 rem or .05 sV

According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is ___________/year.

5.0 rem The current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is 5.0 rem/year. According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is 5.0 rem/year.

Your patient is concerned about the amount of x-ray exposure she has had because she had x-rays taken quite often at her previous dental office. You explain to her that the images are necessary and you will be taking digital images which require _________ exposure than the films she previously had taken. Exposure times are ________ than that required for conventional radiography.

50%-90% less

Which of the following is the most commonly used extraoral film size?

5x7

If you are taking an anterior image sequence, which tooth do the authors recommend you begin with?

According to the text, when exposing the anterior teeth using the bisecting technique, there are ________ recommended size 2 periapical receptor placements.

6 With a size 2 receptor, a total of six anterior receptor placements are used in the bisecting technique.

The use of F-speed film instead of D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by ____%.

60%

How many exposures of the posterior teeth will you need to take when using the paralleling technique?

Which target-receptor distance should be used in the paralleling technique to compensate for image magnification and loss of definition?

8 inches 4 inches will not compensate for image magnification in the paralleling technique. A long (16-inch) target-receptor distance must be used. 8 inches will not compensate for image magnification in the paralleling technique. A long (16-inch) target-receptor distance must be used. 12 inches will not compensate for image magnification in the paralleling technique. A long (16-inch) target-receptor distance must be used. A long (16-inch) target-receptor distance must be used with the paralleling technique to compensate for image magnification.

When the right-angle technique is used, an occlusal receptor is exposed directing the central ray at ____ degrees to the receptor.

In order to avoid the primary beam while taking dental images, you should stand at a ____-degree to ____-degree angle to the beam.

90;135

Current fast radiographic film requires ____ % less exposure time than the initial exposure times used in 1920.

98 Current fast radiographic film requires 98% less exposure time than the initial exposure times used in 1920.

Which type of PID would be most effective in reducing patient exposure?

A 16-inch rectangular PID A conical PID would be least effective in reducing patient exposure. A 16-inch round PID would not be as effective in reducing patient exposure as a 16-inch rectangular PID. An 8-inch rectangular PID would not be as effective as a 16-inch rectangular PID in reducing patient exposure. A 16-inch rectangular PID would be most effective in reducing patient exposure.

You are on a mission trip, and your responsibility is to take radiographs. You are using a handheld x-ray machine, digital sensors, and a receptor holder. Sterilization is not available. Which of the following receptor holders would you use?

A Uni-bite. An EEZEE-Grip is a molded-plastic device that can be sterilized and is a double-ended instrument that holds the receptor between two serrated plastic grips that can be locked in place. A Stabe bite-block is a disposable Styrofoam bite-block with a backing plate and a slot for receptor retention. The EEZEE-Grip was originally called a Snap-A-Ray. A Uni-bite is not disposable.

Which of the following films would most likely appear black?

A film exposed to light

There are three conditions that must be present for an infection to occur. Which of the following conditions is a necessary component for an infection to occur?

A way for the infectious disease to enter the host

correct when taking your retake to prevent this from reoccurring?

Adjust receptor exposure.

Which of the following areas would appear the most radiopaque on a dental image?

Air space

Which of the following are beam alignment devices?

An XCP The Stabe bite-block is a Styrofoam receptor holder. The XCP bite-block is a Styrofoam receptor holder. The EEZEE-Grip is a plastic receptor holder. An XCP is a beam alignment device.

Which of the following constitutes a person who can provide legal informed consent?

An adult (over the age of 18) who is of sound mind

Which of the following statements is true of ionization?

An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge, and an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge. This answer is not the best answer. An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge; however, an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge. An atom that loses an electron will have a positive charge. An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge; however, an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge. An atom that gains an electron will have a negative charge, and an atom that loses an electron will have a positive charge.

Which subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?

An electron A neutron does not carry an electrical charge. A proton carries a positive electrical charge. An electron carries a negative electrical charge. A nucleon carries a positive (proton) or no (neutron) electrical charge.

Your patient really doesn't understand why images are necessary. You need to take images because your patient has extensive restorations and you suspect recurrent decay under several restorations. Which of the following educational methods should you use to help the patient gain the best understanding of why images are needed?

An oral presentation with printed literature

Identify the cause of the lines the arrows are pointing to on your patient's dental

Artifacts on the phosphor plates

When are bite-wings and periapical images prescribed?

As needed, based on the patient's individual needs The dentist uses professional judgment to make decisions about the number, type, and frequency of dental images. Every patient's dental condition is different, and therefore every patient must be evaluated for dental images on an individual basis.

Which of the following suggestions are intended to help reduce the gag reflex?

Asking the patient to suspend an arm or leg in the air

Which is NOT true regarding infection control in dental radiography?

Barriers do not need to be used, because spatter of blood and saliva is unlikely.

When Rinn BAI instruments are used, "BAI" refers to which of the following?

Bisecting angle instrument

Which of the following choices is a type of lateral jaw projection?

Body of the mandible projection

When taking a premolar bite-wing image, in order to follow rule number 5 of the bite-wing technique, receptor exposure, what must the mesial part of the PID cover?

Both canines

When taking images on a patient with a hearing disability, you should wear your mask because of infection control guidelines.

Both parts of the statement are false

You should have your 75-year-old patient remove her partial dentures and her hearing aids before taking a panoramic image because ghost images occur that could cover diagnostic information on the panoramic image.

Both parts of the statement are true.

When taking a molar bite-wing image, in order to follow rule number 5 of the bite-wing technique, receptor exposure, what must the mesial part of the PID cover?

Both second premolars

If your patient refuses images, you will not be able to provide dental care on your patient, because providing treatment without necessary images is considered negligence.

Both statements and reason are true.

(1) As kilovoltage, milliamperage, and time increase, x-ray beam intensity decreases. (2) As distance and filtration increase, the intensity of the x-ray beam increases.

Both statements are false.

(1) Cancellous bone is considered radiopaque. (2) Cortical bone is considered radiolucent.

Both statements are false.

(1) Given that the human eye can resolve 8 to 10 lp/mm, a CCD system is inadequate for diagnosis of dental disease. (2) The majority of research has shown that the traditional radiographs perform at least as well as digital images and, at times, even better.

Both statements are false.

(1) If the field of view is large, findings or pathology in other regions of the oral and maxillofacial complex may be accidently included. (2) The size of the field of view should not matter if a high-quality machine is used.

Both statements are false.

(1) Radiation is the emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles. (2) Radioactivity can be defined as the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state.

Both statements are true.

An anatomic structure that is located outside of the focal plane and close to the x-ray source can cast a ghost image on the panoramic image. The ramus of the mandible is one example of a structure that can cast a ghost image on the panoramic image.

Both statements are true.

In treating children with a primary or transitional dentition, the bisecting technique is preferred, because the small size of the mouth precludes the placement of a receptor beyond the apical regions of the teeth.

Both statements are true.

An unexposed film appears

CLEAR

Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of x-rays?

Cathode rays Beta particles are fast moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms and are not associated with x-rays. Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and are not associated with x-rays. Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with cathode rays when he discovered x-rays. Radioactive materials are certain unstable atoms or elements that are in the process of spontaneous disintegration or decay.

Which of the following statements is true of somatic effects of irradiation?

Changes are not transmitted to future generations.

Which component in the panoramic x-ray machine tubehead is most different from that found in an intraoral x-ray machine tubehead?

Collimator

Which is the most common possibility when an x-ray photon interacts with matter?

Compton scatter No interaction means the photon passed through matter without any interaction. Absorption (photoelectric effect) accounts for 30% of the interactions with matter from the dental x-ray beam. Compton scatter accounts for 62% of the interactions with matter that occur in diagnostic radiography. Coherent scatter accounts for only 8% of the interactions with matter from the dental x-ray beam.

Your digital panoramic image appears dark and has burned-out areas. Which of the following would you need to adjust in order to have a diagnostic image?

Computer software

You will need to take a retake on your patient's mandibular right premolars because of overlapping. The overlapping is more excessive toward the mesial of the film than the distal of the film. What do you need to do to prevent this error on the retake?

Correct horizontal angulation, direct the PID more toward the distal.

Which occlusal projection is used to locate foreign bodies or salivary stones in the region of the floor of the mouth?

Cross-sectional occlusal projection

Radiopaque artifacts or radiolucent scratch marks on the image indicate which of the following?

Debris accumulation on the sensor

The teeth on your dental images appear shorter than your patient's teeth, which of the following would you correct when retaking the dental image?

Decrease vertical angulation Incorrect horizontal angulation results in overlapped ("unopened") contact areas. Elongation of images results from insufficient vertical angulation. Foreshortening of images results from excessive vertical angulation, you will need to decrease vertical angulation.

You have noticed that your mandibular incisors are foreshortened; how would you correct this problem?

Decrease vertical angulation.

Which of the following changes will increase x-ray beam intensity?

Decreasing the source-to-film distance

Which of the following statements is true of the use of voltage in dental x-ray equipment?

Dental x-ray equipment requires the use of 60 to 70 kilovolts.

Which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?

Dental x-ray wave A radio wave has a wavelength as long as 100 meters. A television wave has a wavelength of approximately 1 meter. A radar wave has a wavelength of 1/100 of a meter. The dental x-ray wave has a wavelength of 0.1 nanometer, or 0.00000000001 meter.

Which is the correct order of steps in manual processing?

Develop, rinse, fix, and wash

The acronym, DICOM, stands for

Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine.

Three-dimensional imaging is encoded for handling, storage, and transmission by which of the following?

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

Which of the following would be a reason to switch from film to direct digital imaging?

Digital images can be printed when needed.

You are taking dental images on your patient. You have directed the position indicating device (PID) perpendicular to the tooth and the receptor. Which of the following would you minimize by doing this?

Dimensional distortion

You need to take a maxillary occlusal image on your 4-year-old patient. Which of the following will you need to do?

Direct the PID at a +60-degree angle.

The contacts on your dental image are closed. You will need to take a retake. What should you do in order to achieve open contacts on your retake dental image?

Direct the PID through the contacts of the teeth.

Which of the following would be an example of the use of interpersonal skills rather than technical skills with patients?

Discussing the rationale for use of dental images

Your patient's mother is concerned because her two-year-old son doesn't have all of his teeth. What should you tell her?

Don't worry, his teeth should be in by the time he is three.

You have entered a wrong entry in the dental record. Which of the following should you do?

Draw a single line through the incorrect entry, initial it, write in the correct entry.

Which of the following can be used for cleaning and disinfection of the dental unit and environmental surfaces?

EPA-registered chlorine-containing compounds labeled as both hospital disinfectants and tuberculocidals

Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the United States using a live person?

Edmund Kells Otto Walkoff was a German dentist who made the first dental radiograph. Wilhelm Roentgen was a Bavarian physicist who discovered the x-ray. Edmund Kells exposed the first dental radiograph in the United States using a live person. Price introduced the bisecting technique in 1904.

Cathode rays are derived from which of the following types of particulate radiation?

Electrons Cathode rays are derived from electrons. Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals. Protons are accelerated particles with a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. Neutrons are accelerated particles with a mass of 1 and no electrical charge.

Which is NOT consistent with the ALARA principle?

Exposing radiographs at predetermined intervals

If the tubehead drifts, which component of the x-ray machine needs attention?

Extension arm

Which component of the x-ray machine functions in positioning the tubehead?

Extension arm

On a panoramic image, which of the following structures appears radiolucent on images and is located above and in front of the mastoid process?

External auditory meatus The external auditory meatus appears as a round-to-ovoid radiolucency anterior and superior to the mastoid process. The hamulus is located posterior to the maxillary tuberosity. The hamulus appears as a radiopaque hook-like projection posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area. On a panoramic image, the maxillary tuberosity appears as a radiopaque bulge distal to the third molar region. The coronoid process is a marked prominence of bone found on the anterior superior ramus of the mandible. The coronoid process appears as a triangular radiopacity posterior to the maxillary tuberosity region.

____-speed film is currently the fastest intraoral film available.

F D-speed film (ultra-speed) is the oldest and slowest intraoral film available. E-speed film (ekta-speed) is faster than D-speed film but slower than F-speed film. F-speed film is currently the fastest intraoral film available. G-speed film does not exist at this time.

Who modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique?

F. Gordon Fitzgerald C. Edmund Kells introduced the paralleling technique in 1896. Franklin W. McCormack reintroduced the paralleling technique in 1920. F. Gordon Fitzgerald modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique. This is the technique currently used. Howard Riley Raper modified the bisecting technique and introduced the bite-wing technique in 1925.

Which of the following choices may be the cause of an unexposed film or receptor?

Failure to turn on the x-ray machine

Which film placement guideline is legitimate?

Film is centered over the areas to be examined

Which is associated with incorrect vertical angulation?

Foreshortening

What specific mechanism of radiation injury may result in the formation of hydrogen peroxide when x-ray energy is absorbed by patients?

Free radical formation created by the ionization of water may occur. This is an example of ionization; hydrogen peroxide may be formed as a result of free radical formation. Free radical formation created by the ionization of water may occur. Hydrogen peroxide may be formed as a result of the recombination of free radicals created by the ionization of water.

Which of the following statements is true of the wave concept of electromagnetic radiation?

Frequency and wavelength are inversely related. Velocity refers to the speed of the wave. Frequency refers to the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time. Wavelength is defined as the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related: if the frequency of the wave is high, the wavelength will be short, and if the frequency is low, the wavelength will be long.

Which muscles attach to the genial tubercles?

Genioglossus and geniohyoid

Which of the following statements is true of the average dose of background radiation received by an individual in the United States?

Geographic areas at higher elevations are associated with increased amounts of cosmic radiation.

What can you do to reduce the risk of a gag reflex?

Give your patient a cup of ice water to drink to try to reduce tactile stimuli.

The contacts on your dental image are overlapped, which of the following would you correct when retaking the image?

Horizontal angulation

Which basic rule of paralleling indicates that the central ray should be directed through the contact area of the teeth?

Horizontal angulation Receptor placement, the first basic rule of paralleling, indicates the receptor must be positioned to cover the prescribed area of teeth to be examined. Horizontal angulation, the fourth basic rule of paralleling states that the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed through the contact areas between teeth. Vertical angulation, the third basic rule of paralleling states that the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed perpendicular (at a right angle) to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth. Receptor position, the second basic rule of paralleling, indicates the receptor must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth.

Which of the following elements is the simplest atom?

Hydrogen (H #1)

Your patient is concerned about radiation exposure. Which of the following explanations would you give to your patient to help calm her concerns?

I am using this collimator attachment, which will decrease the x-ray dose you receive by 60-70%. Use of digital radiographs rather than F-speed film will decrease patient exposure to radiation during dental imaging procedures by 50%-90%. Rectangular collimation will decrease patient exposure to radiation during dental imaging procedures by 60% to 70%. The bisecting technique uses a shorter source-to-receptor distance, which will increase patient exposure to radiation. The paralleling technique, which uses a longer source-to-receptor distance, will reduce patient exposure to radiation during dental radiographic procedures. Erythema occurs after the absorption of 250 rads (2.5 Gy) in a 14-day period. That is equal to 500 dental films.

Which of the following would you place in the patient's mouth in order to take dental x-rays?

Image receptor An image is a picture or likeness of an object. An image receptor is the recording medium (film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) that is placed in the patient's mouth to record the image produced by the x-rays. A radiograph is an image of two-dimensional representation of a three- dimensional object. A dental radiograph is the dental image produced on a recording medium.

Your patient has heard a lot of stories and is apprehensive about receiving x-rays. Which of the following could you tell your patient to calm her fears?

Images are prescribed on an individual basis. We will only take the images that are needed to provide a thorough oral assessment. This will limit your radiation exposure.

You are going to take dental images on your patient. He is larger than average. What machine setting adjustment should you make prior to taking dental images?

Increase impulses.

You have taken your first dental image on your patient. The contrast is high and you are looking for periodontal disease. You are using a DC machine and you have control of your settings. You have a 60- to 70-kV range and a 6- to 8-mA range. You had the kV set at 60, the mA set at 7, and the impulses set at 6/100. While leaving all other settings the same, which setting would you adjust to create better contrast for detecting periodontal disease?

Increase kV to 70.

In order to use the paralleling technique when taking periapical images on your patient, you will need to place the receptor approximately an inch from the teeth. Which of the following will you need to do to decrease image magnification?

Increase target-receptor distance.

You have noticed that your maxillary premolars are elongated, how would you correct this problem?

Increase vertical angulation.

Which of the following is an advantage of digital imaging?

Increased speed for viewing images Patient exposure is reduced with digital imaging. Digital sensors are more sensitive to x-rays than film. Digital sensors are rigid and bulky, causing decreased patient comfort. The image from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without the need for chemical processing. This allows for immediate interpretation and evaluation. The image from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without the need for chemical processing.

You have to take retake a dental image on your patient because the image is too light and is undiagnostic. Which of the following could you change to produce an image with increased density?

Increasing the exposure time

Heat is a byproduct of x-ray production. Which component of the x-ray tubehead dissipates the heat created by the production of x-rays?

Insulating oil The metal housing protects the x-ray tube and grounds the high-voltage components. Insulating oil absorbs heat created by the production of x-rays. Aluminum discs filter out nonpenetrating, longer-wavelength x-rays. The lead collimator restricts the size of the x-ray beam.

Which technique examines the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image?

Interproximal examination The interproximal examination examines the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image.

Your patient had x-rays taken in her previous dental office. She notices that the long metal tube at the end of the x-ray head is longer than it was at the other office. What explanation would you give for the purpose of the tube, or cone, attached to the x-ray head?

It aims and shapes the x-ray beam. The metal housing surrounds and protects the x-ray tube and grounds the high-voltage components. The tubehead seals the oil in the tubehead and acts as a filter to the x-ray beam. Aluminum discs filter out the nonpenetrating, longer-wavelength x-rays. The position-indicating device aims and shapes the x-ray beam.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the direct theory of radiation injury?

It involves damage to the critical areas of a cell through direct contact with the x-ray photon. The indirect theory of radiation injury involves absorption of an x-ray photon by water within a cell. The indirect theory of radiation injury involves the formation of toxins that damage cells. The direct theory of radiation injury involves a direct hit to and absorption of an x-ray photon within critical areas of a cell. The indirect theory of radiation injury involves the formation of free radicals.

Which of the following statements is true of ionizing radiation?

It is radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom.

Which of the following statements is true of the receptor holder?

It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique. It is used to align an intraoral dental x-ray receptor. It does not require the patient to stabilize the receptor in the mouth. The receptor holder is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique. It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique.

Which of the following statements is true of characteristic radiation?

It only occurs at 70 kV and above. General radiation is known as braking, or bremsstrahlung, radiation. Characteristic radiation is not the same as general radiation. Characteristic radiation occurs at 70 kV and above. General radiation is the source of the majority of the x-rays that are produced. The speeding electron passes close to the nucleus or hits the nucleus of the tungsten atom in general radiation.

Which statement is NOT true of electromagnetic radiation?

It travels at various speeds.

Your former patient has moved and would like his records including the original radiographs sent to his new dentist. Which of the following should you do?

Keep the original films and send the new dentist a duplicate set.

Which would you adjust if you wanted to produce characteristic radiation?

Kilovoltage

Which controls the penetrating power of the x-ray beam?

Kilovoltage selector

Which best describes the latent period?

Lapse of time from x-ray exposure until noticeable damage

Which of the following is a maxillary occlusal projection but not a mandibular occlusal projection?

Lateral occlusal projection

Which of the following structures is part of the sphenoid bone?

Lateral pterygoid plate The lateral pterygoid plate is part of the sphenoid bone. The glenoid fossa is part of the temporal bone. The articular eminence is part of the temporal bone. The styloid process is part of the temporal bone.

Your patient wants her original set of radiographs. She claims they are hers because she paid for them. Which of the following would be the best reply?

Legally they are the property of the dentist even though you or the insurance company pays for them.

Approximately what percentage of the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to x-rays at the anode?

Less than 1%

Which of the following describes a ridge?

Linear protrusion of bone A ridge is defined as a linear prominence or projection of bone. A spine is a sharp, thornlike projection of bone. A tubercle is a small bump or nodule of bone. A tuberosity is a rounded prominence of bone.

Occlusal views are best suited to which purpose?

Locating fractures of the maxilla or mandible

The paralleling technique is preferred in the presence of which anatomic anomaly?

Long lingual frenum

When a high operating kilovoltage is used, (low/high) subject contrast and (many shades of gray/areas of black and white) are seen on the dental image.

Low subject contrast; many shades of gray

The acronym for the maximum dose permitted in a year is

MPD—maximum permissible dose MPD is the acronym for the maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive within a year. The MPD is the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no injury. The acronym for the permitted lifetime accumulated dose is MAD—maximum accumulated dose, now known as cumulative occupational dose.

Which posterior quadrant should you move to next (second) when using the paralleling technique?

Mandibular left quadrant The second quadrant in the recommended posterior periapical sequence for the Rinn XCP instruments is the mandibular left quadrant.

Your patient indicates he was shot around tooth number 30 with a BB when he was younger. The BB is still there. He would like it removed. You have been asked to take a dental image of the area to locate the buccal-lingual and anterior-posterior position of the BB. Which of the following would you take?

Mandibular occlusal image

Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the following is the correct response?

Many dental diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental images. An oral examination without dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen clinically. Many dental diseases and conditions produce no clinical signs and symptoms. Dental images are a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. Many dental diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental images.

Which posterior quadrant would be the best for you to begin with when using the paralleling technique?

Maxillary right quadrant The recommended posterior periapical sequence for the Rinn XCP instruments starts with the maxillary right quadrant.

Which of the following structures may be seen on a periapical image?

Maxillary tuberosity The maxillary tuberosity may be seen on a periapical image. The mastoid process is not seen on a periapical image. The styloid process is not seen on a periapical image. The external auditory meatus is not seen on a periapical image.

________________ is/are the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure (0.00053 Sv/year).

Medical radiation Consumer products contribute 0.00009 Sv/year, less than medical radiation. Medical radiation is the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure. Fallout from atomic weapons contributes 0.00001 Sv/year, less than medical radiation. The nuclear fuel cycle contributes 0.00001 Sv/year, less than medical radiation.

Which structure appears radiopaque on dental x-ray film?

Metal restorations

Where should you position the mesial edge of the receptor when taking a premolar bite-wing image?

Midline of the mandibular canine

Where should you position the mesial edge of the receptor when taking a molar bite-wing image?

Midline of the mandibular second premolar

Distorted panoramic image

Midsagittal plane not perpendicular to floor

Which would you adjust if you wanted to create a larger electron cloud?

Milliamperage

Lower molar exposure

Mylohyoid ridge and ramus

Which of the following four possibilities that can occur when an x-ray photon interacts with matter is responsible for producing densities on a dental receptor that make dental radiography possible?

No interaction X-ray photons that pass through a patient without interaction are responsible for producing the densities on a dental receptor that make dental radiography possible. Absorption or photoelectric effect is incorrect; x-ray photons that pass through a patient without interaction are responsible for producing densities on a dental receptor that make dental radiography possible. Compton scatter is incorrect; x-ray photons that pass through a patient without interaction are responsible for producing densities on a dental receptor that make dental radiography possible. Coherent scatter is incorrect; x-ray photons that pass through a patient without interaction are responsible for producing densities on a dental receptor that make dental radiography possible.

If you change the exposure time of the x-ray unit, what is affected?

Number of x-rays produced

You have been asked to take a dental image of your patient's mandible. Which type of image would you take?

Occlusal Periapical images show the entire crowns and roots of the teeth being examined. Bite-wing images show the entire crowns of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth being examined. Occlusal images show large areas of the maxillary or the mandibular. Lateral jaw extraoral images show the posterior region of the mandible.

Damage to which cells could lead to genetic mutations?

Ovarian and sperm

Which of the following is an extraoral technique for dental image examination?

Panoramic The panoramic image is an extraoral technique for dental image examination. The interproximal image is an intraoral technique for dental image examination. The periapical image is an intraoral technique for dental image examination. The occlusal image is an intraoral technique for dental image examination.

Blurred panoramic image

Patient movement

Anterior teeth appear "skinny"

Patient positioned too anterior (too much bite block in mouth)

Anterior teeth appear "fat"

Patient positioned too posterior (not enough bite block in mouth)

Which property of x-rays allows for the image on the receptor?

Penetrating power X-rays have fluorescence capability, and they can cause substances to fluoresce. However, this is not a property that produces an image on a receptor. The penetrating power of the x-ray determines the x-ray's ability to penetrate matter. The amount of x-rays that pass through or are that are absorbed creates the image on the receptor. The focusing ability, which means an x-ray cannot be focused to a point, does not affect the production of an image on the receptor. X-rays cause biologic changes to living cells; this does not affect the production of an image on the receptor.

Which of the following images is used to evaluate the crown, roots, and supporting bone of a tooth?

Periapical The periapical intraoral image examination is used to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone; the interproximal examination does not show the entire root; the occlusal examination is used to examine large areas of the maxilla or the mandible on one image; the panoramic examination is an extraoral image.

What modification in technique is recommended when the patient has an edentulous space causing a problem with bite-wing receptor placement?

Place a cotton roll in the area of the missing tooth or teeth.

Which describes the most effective way to erase a phosphor storage plate (PSP)?

Place the phosphor side of the PSP on a bright dental view box for 1 to 2 minutes

Your patient has a palatal torus, where should you place the receptor?

Place the receptor on the far side of the torus.

Which of the following can you do after x-ray receptor exposure to reduce(s) the amount of x-radiation your patient receives?

Proper instrument technique Proper placement of the lead apron protects the patient during x-ray exposure. Proper image retrieval or receptor processing reduces the amount of x-radiation a patient would receive from retakes. Proper instrument technique reduces the amount of x-radiation a patient receives during x-ray exposure. Selecting proper exposure settings limits the amount of x-radiation a patient receives.

Which of the following should you do prior to taking x-rays to protect your patient from radiation exposure?

Proper prescribing of radiographs Proper film processing is an example of a patient protection technique used after x-ray exposure. Proper prescribing of radiographs is an example of a patient protection technique used before x-ray exposure. A lead apron is an example of a patient protection technique used during x-ray exposure. A thyroid collar is an example of a patient protection technique used during x-ray exposure.

On a panoramic image, which of the following structures appears as a radiolucency?

Pterygomaxillary fissure On a panoramic image, the pterygomaxillary fissure appears as a radiolucency. The lateral pterygoid plate is a wing-shaped bony projection of the sphenoid bone located distal to the maxillary tuberosity region. The lateral pterygoid plate appears as a radiopaque bony projection that lies distal to the maxillary tuberosity region. The medial pterygoid plate appears as a bony projection that lies medial to, and is obscured by, the lateral pterygoid plate. A fissure is a narrow space or cleft, so a greater number of photons would pass through this area of decreased density. The coronoid process is a marked prominence of bone found on the anterior superior ramus of the mandible. The coronoid process appears as a triangular radiopacity that lies posterior to the maxillary tuberosity region.

You have your patient in the chair, you have placed the receptor in your patient's mouth, and you have positioned the position-indicating device. Which of the following should you do next to take the x-rays?

Push the exposure button. The on-off switch turns the machine on and off; it should have been turned on before your patient was seated. The exposure button is depressed when you are ready to activate the machine to produce x-rays. The exposure light, which is illuminated during x-ray exposure, will automatically come on to indicate that the exposure button has been depressed. The control devices, which include the timer and kV and milliamperage selectors, are adjusted prior to exposing the patient to x-rays.

You have taken nineteen films, and the film holder holds twenty films. What should you do with the empty window frame?

Put black opaque paper in the window. When all the windows of the film mount are not filled with radiographs, the text recommends placing black opaque paper in the unused frames. Masking tape would be difficult to place and remove and is not suggested. Not placing anything fails to eliminate extraneous light. Using an unexposed film would eliminate extraneous light but would be wasteful.

Which of the following should you do first when using a daylight loader for film processing?

Put hands through openings of daylight loader.

Which of the following could you do to prevent stimulating your patient's gag reflex?

Put your finger on the tissue where the receptor will be placed to demonstrate the receptor placement.

Which of the following types of questions must be answered only by the dentist?

Questions about diagnosis

Which of the following receptor holders include aiming rings that aid in the alignment of the position-indicating device (PID) with the receptor?

RINN XCP instruments Rinn XCP instruments include aiming rings that aid in the alignment of the PID with the receptor.

Which term describes light or white areas on the radiograph?

Radiopaque

For which of the following projections would be you place the receptor parallel to the patient's cheek and have the patient tip her head 15 degrees toward the receptor with her chin slightly extended and elevated?

Ramus of the mandible projection

Which of the following is the fastest recommended screen and screen film combination?

Rare earth screen with green light

Your premolar image is undiagnostic, the mesial half of the dental image is radiopaque. You are missing the canine and first premolar, and the distal edge of the radiopaque area is curved. Which of the following will you adjust to correct this error for the retake?

Receptor exposure Incorrect receptor placement, the first basic rule of bisecting, would affect which teeth were visible on the receptor. Incorrect vertical angulation, the third basic rule of bisecting, causes images that are either elongated or foreshortened. Incorrect horizontal angulation, the fourth rule of bisecting, results in overlapped ("unopened") contact areas. Incorrect receptor exposure caused the conecut on your image. You must correct receptor exposure, the fifth basic rule of bisecting. The x-ray beam (PID) must be centered on the receptor to ensure that all areas are exposed.

Which of the following combinations will result in the lowest absorbed dose for the patient from a 20-film series of dental radiographs?

Rectangular collimation with digital sensor The lowest absorbed dose for the patient from a 20-film series of dental radiographs will result from the use of rectangular collimation with a digital sensor. The lowest absorbed dose for the patient from a 20-film series of dental radiographs will result from the use of rectangular collimation with F-speed film.

Which advantage is associated with panoramic radiography?

Reduced radiation exposure

In order to take this projection, you need to have your patient face the receptor, touch his forehead to the receptor, tuck his chin down to his chest, and open his mouth as wide as he can. Which projection is this?

Reverse Towne

You have been asked to take a dental image to locate a fracture at the neck of the condyle. Which projection would you take?

Reverse Towne

Which is the most common film holder used to position and hold the dental x-ray film?

Rinn XCP

Which of the Rinn beam alignment device includes one ring and one arm that can be used for anterior, posterior, and bite-wing receptor positioning?

Rinn XCP Extension Cone Paralleling System The Rinn XCP Extension Cone Paralleling System includes three plastic bite-blocks, three plastic aiming rings, and three metal indicator arms. It may be used with film, PSP sensors, and digital sensors. The Rinn XCP-ORA One Ring Arm Positioning System includes one ring and one arm. It was designed to be universal and accommodates anterior, posterior, and bite-wing receptor placement. It may be used with film, PSP sensors, and digital sensors. The Rinn XCP-DS FIT Universal Sensor Holder is a bite-block that includes a self-adjusting clip that stretches to accommodate the size of the digital sensor, regardless of brand or size. The Rinn Flip-Ray System uses a rotating bite-block and ring to eliminate multiple positioning parts. It may be used with film or PSP sensors.

Which form of the x-ray beam is most detrimental to the patient and operator?

Scatter radiation Primary radiation is the penetrating x-ray beam produced at the target of the anode. Secondary radiation is created when the primary beam interacts with matter. Scatter radiation is the most detrimental to the patient and operator. The useful beam is another term for primary radiation.

Which sequence promotes infection control during film exposure?

Seat the patient, place the lead apron, wash and dry hands, don gloves

You are in charge of monitoring the film badges. Film badges are checked on a quarterly basis. Your co-worker is 4 months pregnant. The badge registered 5.0 Sv for the previous quarter. Based on the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), what information should you give the dentist?

She has exceeded her maximum dosage and cannot have any more exposure during the pregnancy.

Which of the following is associated with long-term radiation effects?

Small amounts of radiation absorbed over a long period Symptoms of short-term radiation effects include diarrhea, hair loss, and hemorrhage. Long-term radiation effects are associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed over a long period. Short-term radiation effects are associated with large amounts of radiation absorbed over a short time. Short-term radiation effects are associated with acute radiation syndrome. Clinical effects that are seen within minutes, days, or weeks of the radiation exposure are termed short-term effects.

Which tissue has the highest radiation sensitivity?

Small lymphocytes

Which of the following factors would improve image sharpness?

Smaller crystal size in the film

White shadow over the center of the panoramic image

Spine not straight

Which of the following commercially available receptor holders is recommended for one-time use only?

Stabe bite-block

Which of the following is a disposable receptor holder designed for one-time use only?

Stabe bite-block Rinn XCP instruments are autoclaved between patients. Precision receptor holders are autoclaved between patients. The Stabe bite-block is a disposable receptor holder designed for one-time use only. The Snap-a-ray receptor holder is autoclaved between patients.

Which of the following intraoral receptor holders is a disposable Styrofoam bite-block?

Stabe bite-block The EEZEE-Grip is a double-ended instrument that holds the receptor between two serrated plastic grips. The Stabe bite-block is a disposable Styrofoam bite-block. The EndoRay is used during root canal procedures. The Uni-bite is a plastic holder.

Which measure protects against occupational exposure to radiation?

Stand at a right angle (90 degrees) to the beam

Which of the following would you need in order to perform efficient, accurate dental imaging procedures on your patients?

Sufficient knowledge and technical skills

Your patient warned you about her gag reflex. She said that no one has ever been able to take dental images on her. She started gagging on the maxillary anterior images. You have tried several things but have not had any luck. You tried topical anesthetic on the soft palate, salt on her tongue, and having her lift her foot. What should you do?

Take a panoramic image to gather diagnostic information.

Your patient is a 5-year-old boy who you have been seeing since he was 3 years old. He is always eating candy and drinking cola beverages. Six months ago he had A, J, and T restored. One year ago he had B, I, and L restored. Which of the following should you do regarding taking radiographs?

Take bite-wings and occlusal radiograph today.

You have just placed the receptor to expose the maxillary right molar and your patient has started gagging. What should you do?

Take the receptor out of your patient's mouth as quickly as possible.

How does the CMOS detector differ from the CCD detector?

The CMOS detector is silicon-based and differs from the CCD detector in the way that the pixels are read.

When the bisecting technique is used, which of the following angles is bisected?

The angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth The angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth is the angle that is bisected when the bisecting technique is used.

Bisecting and paralleling are two methods used for obtaining which of the following dental images?

The bisecting and paralleling methods are used for taking periapical images.

The bite-wing image is used in the

The bite-wing image is used in the interproximal examination.

Which of the following components of the x-ray machine would have two indicator lights?

The control panel The x-ray tube is inside the tubehead; it does not have indicator lights. The x-ray tubehead contains the x-ray tube; it does not have indicator lights. The control panel has an indicator light for the on-off switch and an indicator light for the exposure button. The extension arm is used to position the tubehead; it does not have indicator lights.

Which of the following statements is true of dental images and the patient's dental record?

The dental record must include documentation of the number and type of dental images exposed.

You are showing your patient a bite-wing image. Your patient points to a portion of the tooth that is the most radiopaque and wants to know what it is. What portion of the tooth is your patient pointing to?

The enamel

_________________ regulate(s) the manufacture and installation of dental x-ray equipment.

The federal government While state governments may regulate how dental x-ray equipment is used, the federal government regulates the manufacture and installation of dental x-ray equipment.

What is the cause of a double exposure?

The film was exposed in the patient's mouth twice.

When a patient refuses dental images the dentist has deemed are necessary for treatment planning, the dentist should refuse to treat the patient; however, the patient could sign a release form that would allow the dentist to continue with the patient's treatment.

The first part of the statement is true; the second part of the statement is false.

(1) A thyroid collar is used for Waters, submentovertex, and reverse Towne projections. (2) A thyroid collar is not used for the lateral jaw, lateral cephalometic, and the posteroanterior projections.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

(1) Cone-beam computed tomography utilizes a vertical, narrow x-ray beam, similar to panoramic imaging, to acquire three-dimensional information. (2) The source of radiation in the CBCT machines rotates around the head of the patient.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

(1) Cone-beam data is said to have a 1:2 relationship with the anatomy. (2) With CBCT imaging, anatomy can be accurately reproduced, the superimposition of structures is eliminated, and image magnification doesn't occur.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

(1) Digital sensors can be disinfected, sterilized, placed in cold sterilization, or be placed in barriers. (2) When using barriers, disinfect the sensor, cover both the sensor and the wire connection with a plastic barrier, and then cover with a finger cot to provide added protection.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

A panoramic radiograph can be substituted for a complete series of dental images. A panoramic radiograph does not clearly reveal changes in teeth, such as tooth decay, or the details of the supporting bone.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

All panoramic units have the same focal trough size and shape. Panoramic units may have different receptor transport mechanisms.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

The panoramic image is the preferred image for the detection of caries and periodontal disease. The panoramic image is preferred for the evaluation of eruption patterns, growth, and development.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

(1) When using the paralleling technique, you must be conscious of fixed vertical angulations. (2) The paralleling technique creates dental images free from dimensional distortion.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true. The paralleling technique does not rely on fixed vertical angulations and produces a radiographic image without dimensional distortion.

(1) When taking maxillary periapical images on a patient with a shallow palate, there is only one technique that can be used to compensate for lack of parallelism. (2) To compensate for lack of parallelism, the vertical angulation can be increased by 5 to 15 degrees more than the XCP instrument indicates.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true. When the patient has a shallow palate requiring a modification in technique, there are two compensation techniques that can be used. Two cotton rolls can be placed, one on each side of the biteblock, or the vertical angulation can be increased by 5 to 15 degrees more than the XCP instrument indicates.

(1) When using the bisecting technique, the receptor holder or the patient's finger may be used to stabilize the receptor. (2) A beam alignment device is used to stabilize the receptor and to align the position-indicating device (PID).

The first statement is false; the second statement is true. When using the bisecting technique, a receptor holder may be used to stabilize the receptor. The patient's finger should not be used. A beam alignment device is used to stabilize the receptor and to align the position-indicating device.

(1) Size 3 receptor can only be used for bite-wing images. (2) Size 3 receptor is the recommended size for adult bite-wing images.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false

(1) A primary advantage to digital imaging is the superior gray-scale resolution that results. (1) Digital imaging uses up to 32 shades of gray.