RM: CITI Module Quizzes
If you're unsure about the particulars of HIPAA research requirements at your organization or have questions, you can usually consult with:
An organizational IRB or Privacy Board, privacy officer ("Privacy Officer"), or privacy official ("Privacy Official"), depending on the issue.
How long is an investigator required to keep consent documents, IRB correspondence, and research records?
For a minimum of three years after completion of the study
Amendments involving changes to IRB approved protocols do NOT need prior IRB approval if:
The changes must be immediately implemented for the health and well being of the subject.
Which of the following are the three principles discussed in the Belmont Report?
Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice.
Significant financial interest, as defined by the 2011 final rule that amended Public Health Service (PHS) regulations on Responsibility of Applicants for Promoting Objectivity in Research for which PHS Funding is Sought (42 C.F.R. Part 50, Subpart F) and Responsible Prospective Contractors (45 C.F.R. Part 94), include(s) (Check all that apply):
- Equity/stock interests (regardless of value) in a non-publicly traded company. - Intellectual property rights upon receipt of income related to such rights. - Consulting payments in excess of $5,000.
When workers are asked to participate in a research study, vulnerabilities related to the subject's employment may include:
-The employer may encourage or deny participation of workers. -Employees may experience pressure from management to participate in the study because the employer perceives the study to be advantageous to the organization. -Unions may encourage employees to participate with the expectation that "entitlements" may follow from study results. -The research study's finding could affect an employee's pay, benefits or promotion potential. *All of the above*
An investigator obtains consent from subjects to review their medical records and HIV status. He plans to go back to the medical record, so the HIV status information is stored along with patient identifiers in a database that he keeps on his laptop computer. His laptop is stolen. This incident constitutes:
A breach of confidentiality.
The results from research have been known to produce harms to members of the sampled population who do not actually participate in the research study. An example of the type of research that could result in group harms is:
A study of the genetic links between DNA samples found at a prehistoric central Asian archeological site and west coast Native American tribes.
The FDA's regulations related to electronic records and electronic signatures (21 CFR Part 11) is intended to:
Allow the use of electronic documents and signatures in the regulatory process for drugs and devices.
In most cases, a U.S. researcher affiliated with an academic institution, proposing to conducted funded research outside of the U.S., must have the approval of which of the following entities:
An IRB from both the researcher's U.S. institution and an equivalent entity within the host country
An investigator proposes a study to determine the clinical relevance of a new assay technique to measure minimal residual disease (MRD) in adolescent (age 14-16) cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The study requires that two additional bone marrow aspirates be performed during the course of chemotherapy. The subject's chemotherapy will not be altered based on the results of the assay technique measures. However, future patients with cancer would benefit from improved interventions based on study findings. The IRB determined that the activity was a minor increase over minimal risk. Which of the following statements best describes the IRB approval requirements for involving adolescent cancer patients in the research study?
Assent of the child and permission of both parents are required.
A researcher wants to invite therapists to participate in small focus groups to discuss their perceptions regarding "troubled" adolescent girls and the relationships they have with their parents. Specific clients of the therapists will not be discussed. Which of the following will be the most important issue for the researcher to consider when planning the research?
Breach of confidentiality from the focus group participants
Which of the following is a commonly used resource for international ethical guidelines for human subjects research?
CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects
A researcher is conducting a written survey about people's attitudes toward walking as an exercise option at the local shopping mall that supports a walking program. The survey is anonymous (without codes, names or other information) and volunteers may complete the survey and place it in a box at the shopping mall exits. Which of the following is the most important issue that the researcher addressed in planning the research?
Confidentiality of the individual subject's responses
A situation in which financial or other personal considerations have the potential to compromise or bias professional judgment and objectivity is an example of:
Conflict of Interest
A covered entity may use or disclose PHI without an authorization, or documentation of a waiver or an alteration of authorization, for all of the following EXCEPT:
Data that does not cross state lines when disclosed by the covered entity.
As of January 2015, the NIH expects investigators to obtain the informed (valid) consent of research participants in NIH -funded genetic research for broad research use of data and data sharing, even if the cell lines or specimens are:
De-Identified
Which of the following brought increased public attention to the problems with the IRB system?
Death of Jesse Gelsinger
Which of the following is an example of how the Principle of Beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects?
Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks.
A subject participates in a drug study because treatment is available at no or reduced cost, and he could not otherwise afford it. This is an example of
Economic vulnerability
When conducting research that involves collecting biological specimens for genetic testing, which of the following issues is the most important for the IRB to consider?
Effects of findings on other family members
The most important ethical concerns related to conflicts of interest in research are:
Ensuring the objectivity of research and the protection of human subjects
The National Research Act of 1974
Established the National Commission.
Which choice is the best definition of "genetic determinism?"
Genes are primarily responsible for human traits, including health, behavior, and disease
A 46-year-old man is currently enrolled in a Phase 2 study of a drug for severe diabetic neuropathy. While the study is on going, a new drug becomes commercially available that may have equal or greater benefit to the subject. The investigator should do which of the following?
Give the subject comprehensive information about the new drug, including its side effects. Discuss the pros and cons of both the investigational drug and the commercially available drug and then allow the subject to decide whether to withdraw from the research to take the new drug.
According to the HHS 2011 updated of the PHS federal regulations, the threshold amount for reporting a significant financial interest (investigator and his/her spouse and dependents) is:
Greater than $5,000 of ownership in any single public entity/public company.
NBAC proposed a concept of vulnerability in research based on features of potential subjects or of their situation. Which of the following was NOT included as possibly leading to vulnerability?
High potential for individual benefit from participating in research
A federally funded research study involving children 8 to 12 years old involves collecting a single voided urine sample to assess the frequency of asymptomatic proteinuria (higher amounts of protein in the urine without any signs or symptoms of illness or infection). Your IRB has determined that assent of children age 8 and older is required for the study. A 10 year old firmly declined to participate in the study described above. Which of the following procedures best describes the action to be taken by the investigator?
Honor the child's decision.
A general requirement for the informed consent is that no informed consent may include any exculpatory language. Exculpatory language is that which waives or appears to waive any of the subject's legal rights or releases or appears to release those conducting the research from liability for negligence. Which of the following statements in a consent form is an example of exculpatory language?
I waive any possibility of compensation for injuries that I may receive as a result of participation in this research.
Researcher access to confidential records adds to the vulnerability of workers who participate in workplace studies. Inappropriate release of identifiable private information could adversely affect a worker's retention of a job, insurance or other employment related benefits. To avoid or minimize these risks, the study design must include adequate safeguards to protect the confidentiality of the information collected. A plan for the proper management of study data and records should clearly define:
If the study results, if any, will be included in the employee's personnel records. How the data will be collected and secured. If personal identifiers will be retained and used in the data analysis. Who will have access to the data. All of the above
When an IRB is reviewing a research study and they are considering if a potential subject population is vulnerable, they should consider:
Is there a power differential between researchers and subjects?
Which of the following most accurately describes the risks associated with SBR?
Less predictable, more variable and less treatable than physical harms
Subjects with a serious illness may be at risk for exploitation since they may be desperate for a possible cure. This is an example of
Medical Vulnerability
A federally funded research study involving children 8 to 12 years old involves collecting a single voided urine sample to assess the frequency of asymptomatic proteinuria (higher amounts of protein in the urine without any signs or symptoms of illness or infection). According to 45 CFR 46, an IRB's risk assessment would likely conclude that this study involves:
No more than minimal risk to the child.
IRB continuing review of an approved protocol must:
Occur at least annually.
Under which of the following conditions is it appropriate to re-contact the individuals who provided biological specimens?
Original signed consent documents include provisions for recontacting subjects
Which of the following studies has the LEAST potential to create group harm?
Phase 3 clinical trial of a new anticancer agent in middle-aged women diagnosed with breast cancer.
According to the authors, there are four common abuses that historically are described as giving rise to vulnerability . Which response below contains the correct four?
Physical control, coercion, undue influence, and manipulation
Which of the following practices can be effective in minimizing group harms?
Planning disclosure of research results Community consultation Collaborative IRB review Ongoing consultation *All of the above*
Identify the following groups that are protected in the federal regulations (45 CFR 46), specifically in Subparts B, C and D with additional protections:
Pregnant women, prisoners, children
Informed consent is considered an application of which Belmont principle?
Respect for Persons
The use of prisoners in research is a concern under the Belmont principle of Justice because:
Prisoners may be used to conduct research that only benefits the larger society
Which of the following was the result of the Beecher article?
Realization that ethical abuses are not limited to the Nazi regime
Researchers designing studies to be conducted in host countries outside the U.S. should:
Remember that in some populations an individual cannot make a decision about medical care without the full engagement of relatives, friends and those in authority in the community
A subject in a clinical research trial experiences a serious, unanticipated adverse drug experience. How should the investigator proceed, with respect to the IRB, after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence?
Report the adverse drug experience in a timely manner, in keeping with the IRB's policies and procedures, using the forms or the mechanism provided by the IRB.
An elderly gentleman, whose wife is his legally authorized representative since his strokes several years ago, was recently diagnosed with lung cancer. He is eligible for a clinical trial using a new investigational drug that aims to treat lung cancer. He is able to express interest, shows a basic understanding of the nature of the trial, and gives his assent to participation. The subject's wife is out of town on a business trip. Which of the following is the most appropriate action to take for the investigator?
Send a copy of the informed consent via facsimile to the subject's wife. After she has had the opportunity to speak to the investigator, she can sign the informed consent and fax it back.
A sponsor proposes research to evaluate reengineering a commercially available pacemaker. It is hoped that the new pacemaker will pose fewer risks to individuals when compared to the current commercially available product. How should this device be classified?
Significant risk device
The purpose of a federally supported research study is to examine the effect of scheduled cell searches on gang violence among men confined to drug treatment facilities under court order. Which of the following best describes the IRB's duties when reviewing this research?
Since this research involves individual subjects who would be considered prisoners and examines the possible causes, effects, and processes of incarceration, the IRB should ensure that the additional requirements for prisoner research are met
In considering NBAC's analytic approach, an otherwise competent person who is acutely ill might be considered at especially high risk of harm for:
Situational cognitive vulnerability
An investigator proposes to study a marketed product sold to treat high blood pressure in individuals over age 12 using a liquid formulation for children under age 12. The drug sponsor hopes that the information from the research can be used to change the labeling for use of the drug in younger children. Which of the following is the investigator's most appropriate course of action?
Submit the research protocol to the IRB for review and submit an IND application to the FDA before conducting the research
All of the following are true regarding the Belmont Report, EXCEPT:
The Belmont Report indicates that it is necessary to rigorously avoid conflicts of interest.
An investigator is confronted with a life-threatening situation that necessitates using a test article in a human subject who is unable to provide informed consent and there is no time to obtain consent from the individual's legal representative and no alternative method or recognized therapy is available. Under the FDA regulations for using test articles, which of the following describes the best course of action for the investigator:
The investigator and an independent physician agree that the situation necessitates the use of the test article. An exception or waiver for informed consent can be made under these circumstances. The IRB will be notified later.
An academic medical center is selecting a new database system for clinical research. The system needs to be "Part 11 compliant" in order to allow:
The medical center to replace the use of paper records with electronic records for its research.
A conflict of interest implies:
The potential for bias
A research project is designed to evaluate a new experimental type of fetal surgery to correct diaphragmatic hernia in the fetus (a potentially life-threatening condition for the baby) prior to delivery. This research is directed toward the fetus as subject to meet the health needs of the fetus. The pregnant woman is otherwise healthy. The investigator must obtain consent from whom?
The pregnant woman and the father of the fetus.
Investigators wish to evaluate a new treatment for eclampsia (a life threatening condition in pregnant women) in women 30 - 50 years of age. The research is intended to directly benefit the pregnant woman who is otherwise healthy and competent. The investigator must obtain consent from whom?
The pregnant woman only.
A researcher wants to conduct a secondary analysis using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) database that was collected by the agency solely for surveillance purposes from 1996-2006. The researcher did not participate in the initial collection of the data. The database is publicly available. The database does not include any identifiers. The IRB makes a determination that the individuals whose records will be reviewed do not meet the federal definition of human subjects. Which of the following considerations was relevant to the IRB's determination that this activity does not constitute research with human subjects?
The researcher will not be interacting/intervening with subjects and the data has no identifiers.
According to federal regulations, which of the following best describes when expedited review of a new, proposed study may be used by the IRB?
The study involves no more than minimal risk and meets one of the allowable categories of expedited review specified in federal regulations
As part of a research study, a physician plans to review medical records of the next 50 of her patients who require magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for clinical treatment to explore factors related to patients requiring MRI scans. The physician will review the medical records, and write down the clinical indication for the scans, any existing injuries, current prescriptions, as well as other clinical data. The clinical indication for the scans and the other clinical data will be collected in the medical records for treatment purposes as part of standard clinical care. The physician will use a coding system to be able to identify the patient's information; however, the "key" to the coding system will be stored separately from the data in a locked cabinet that only she will have access to. Which of the following is true?
The study is human subject research which is eligible for expedited review.
The purpose of informed consent is:
To provide a potential subject with appropriate information in an appropriate manner and allow that person to make an informed decision about participation in research.
According to current NIH Guidelines, which of the following is adequate justification for exclusion of women from NIH funded research?
There is compelling evidence that inclusion would be inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects.
An adult with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presents to a physician. To date, no behavioral or drug interventions have proven useful. The physician has just read several reports about a drug that is approved and marketed for another indication, but has shown some benefit for ADHD. The physician wants to prescribe this drug, in the labeled marketed dose, for the individual patient. Which of the following would be the most appropriate course of action?
Treat the patient with the drug based on physician's best medical judgment
When a research project includes the collection of biological samples, all planned future uses of the samples, identifiers, and the data obtained from the samples, must be fully explained to the research subject.
True
Issued in 1974, 45 CFR 46 raised to regulatory status:
US Public Health Service Policy
Which of the following statements is accurate in determining subject risk involved in a genetic study:
Understanding the purpose and context of a specific study is critical in determining the risk involved
Which of the following is included in the Nuremberg Code:
Voluntary consent
When required, the information provided to the data subject in a HIPAA disclosure accounting ...
must be more detailed for disclosures that involve fewer than 50 subject records.
Under HIPAA, a "disclosure accounting" is required:
for all human subjects research that uses PHI without an authorization from the data subject, except for limited data sets.
Which of the following is not considered an SBR data collections method?
hearing/audiological screenings
When reviewing federally supported research involving prisoners, an IRB must have at least the following member, in addition to the standard requirements for IRBs to ensure that the prisoners' perspective is represented:
one member who is a prisoner or prisoner representative
Due to past abuses, which of the following groups of potential research subjects has specific Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations to ensure additional protections when this population is being considered for research.
prisoners
When researchers plan to involve a prisoner population, which best describes the type of federally supported research that may be conducted?
research that is relevant to prisoners and their conditions or situations
The HIPAA "minimum necessary" standard applies...
to all human subjects research that uses PHI without an authorization from the data subject.
Vulnerable persons are those who are less able to protect themselves than other persons in a given situation. The Common Rule (45 CFR 46) has specific requirements for the following vulnerable populations, except:
workers
