Rolfs APUSH Period 1 and 2 Terms

James Madison's nickname

"Father of the Constitution"

Virtual representation

"Parliament had in mind the interest of all the King's subjects, no matter where they resided." - George Grenville's idea

Congressman Matthew Lyon

"Spitting Lion" - Spit in a Federalist's face and got the nickname - Was sent to jail for four months (not because of spitting)

Electoral College

"a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president" - Large states had advantage in first round of popular voting - Small states would get a larger voice if no candidate got majority of electoral votes and given to House of Representatives

Half-way Covenant

"allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights" - Weakened distinction between elect and others - Weaker spiritual purity

chattels

"property" (that being African slaves)

Proprietors

"sober-minded town fathers"

National debt at the time

$75 million

Positives and negatives of trading

(+) Could trade freely with other countries (+) More items to be traded (-) Couldn't trade with Britain or British West Indies (-) Commercial outlets may have local restrictions

Positives and negatives of privateers

(-) Diverted workforce from war to ventures (+) Brought in gold (+) Harassed enemy (+) Raised morale by providing victory in times of minimal victory

Act of Toleration in MD

(1649) - religious freedom for all Christians (intended primarily to protect Catholics) and death to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Bacon's Rebellion

(1676) uprising of Virginia back country farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect back country settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite

Leisler's Rebellion

(1689-1691) armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York; one of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in the New World

Salem Witch Trials

(1692-1693) series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town; twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts

Caribbean

(Barbados and Jamaica) - Cash crop was sugar cane - Strict slave labor system from the start

Midwifery

*Assists with childbirths* - Fostered bonds - One midwife alone delivered 3000+ babies

Arminians

*Believed that a person has free will, and divine doctrine did not determine a person's fate* - followers of the Dutch theologian Jacob Arminius - churches were pressured and agreed that conversion wasn't necessary for church membership

Economy of New England

*Fishing* - cod off of coast of Newfoundland *Lumber* *Shipbuilding* - more exports of cod led to building better ships

The British parliamentary government at the time of the American Revolution was headed by

*Lord North* (Townshend went down in 1767)

Results of the Alien and Sedition Acts

- 10 Jeffersonians brought to trial with Federalist judges - Made converts for Jeffersonians - Made expire in 1801 so it couldn't be used against them if they lost the election

End of Constitutional Convention

- 17 weeks - Feared if the Constitution would be acceptable to the country

Demographics of colonies from 1700-1775

- 1700 - 300,00 souls, 20,000 being black - 1775 - 2.5 million, 500,000 being black - 400,000 white and 400,000 black immigrants - Most of the population growth done by procreation - 5% of multicolored population European - Mainly Anglo-Saxon - South held 90% of slaves - New England had least ethnic diversity

George Grenville

- 1763 - ordered British navy to strictly enforce Navigation Laws - 1764 - Sugar Act - Caused protest - duties lowered and agitation died down - 1765 - Quartering Act

Results of Salem Witch Trials

- 19 hung, 1 pressed to death, and 2 dogs hung - *Most accused witches came from wealthy families* - *Most accusers came from subsistence farming families* - Showed tension between classes

Significance of the VA and KY Resolutions

- 1st statement of states' rights - Planted the seeds for future ideas of nullification and secession

Results of Bacon's Rebellion

- 20+ rebels hung by Berkeley - Tensions remained - Landowners went to African slavery because the indentured servants seemed to be an unreliable labor source

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

- 27 delegates from 9 colonies forced Parliament to repeal Stamp Act - Rivaling colonies brought together - Little effect in England

British uprooting of French Acadians

- 4,000 - Expected a stab in the back - Caused them to be spread elsewhere - Cajuns in the South

British advantages over Americans

- 50,000 professionally trained army men - Could hire foreign soldiers - 30,000 Germans employed - 50,000 American loyalists - Recruited Indians and had frontier advantage

Germans in the colonies

- 6% of total population by 1775 - Fled from religious persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of war - Settled in Pennsylvania - Known as Pennsylvania Dutch

Scots-Irish characteristics

- 7% of population - Non-English but spoke English - Turbulent Scots Lowlanders - Presbyterians - Violent against Natives - Frontiersmen

9th and 10th Amendment

- 9th - Rights not listed in the Constitution are still rights - 10th - Anything the Constitution says Congress doesn't have is up to the states and the people

Land Ordinance of 1785

- Acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to pay off national debt - Land surveyed by six square miles per area - 16th district was for education

Voyageurs went to look for beavers where?

- Across Great Lakes into Saskatchewan and Manitoba - Along valleys of the Platte - Arkansas and Missouri - West of the Rockies - South to border of Spanish Texas

Results in America — the quarrel between America and France

- Adams got respect - Convention of 1800

French Revolution

- Against Louis XVI - Americans cheered for liberty - second part of their revolt - Only a few Federalists were hostile to them - France declared war on Austria - won and declared itself a republic

Plantation colonies (similarities)

- All devoted to exporting agricultural products - Tobacco and rice - All had slavery at one point - Multiple plantations (retarded city, church and school growth) Intensive Agriculture - caused colonists to expand west

Constitutional Convention

- All states chose representatives by state legislatures and people — except Rhode Island - Met in secrecy in 1787 - Sentinels outside - Made men drop personal pursuits and focus on the country's needs - GW became chairman

Miami Confederacy

- Alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans invading their lands - Received firearms and firewater from British agents

Colonial society *characteristics* (hint: development of)

- Ambitious colonist could rise in social status - Merchant princes gained wealth in 1690s to 1700s from armed conflicts and demand of military weapons - Churches and schools became to be seated/separated by social status - War made a class of widows and orphans

Patriots

- American rebels - Also called Whigs

Trade with other countries from America

- American shippers used fraudulent papers and developed a trade system with Spanish and French West Indies - British authorities forbade export of all supplies from New England and the middle colonies

Church of England

- Anglicans - Official faith in GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and part of NY - Major prop of kingly authority

New York in the ratification of the Constitution

- Anti-fed majority convention - Articles used as propaganda - State couldn't prosper without the Union - 30-27 - Approved 32 proposed amendments

Congress' action on the Declaration of Independence

- Appointed a committee to prepare a more formal statement of separation - Drafting fell to Thomas Jefferson - Formally approved by Congress on July 4th, 1776

John Peter Zenger

- Assailed corrupt royal governor in New York in a newspaper - Defended by Andrew Hamilton - "The very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power" is at stake - Jury declared him not guilty - Laid path for freedom of the press and health of democracy

Why were Britain's terms so generous?

- At the time, they could still have won over the US - Wanted to reopen old trade channels - Prevent future wars over trans-Appalachian region

Proclamation of 1763

- BR Act that Prohibited American colonists from settling West of Appalachians - Meant to work out issue with Natives and prevent another uprising

Negatives of American army

- Badly organized and lacked unity - Continental Congress just debated and grew feebler - Fought almost the whole war without Constitution till 1781 - Jealousy - Economic difficulties - Other states had to make their own depreciated currency - Inflation occurred

Safeguards for conservatism

- Barriers and safeguards against the mob - President indirectly elected by Electoral College - Senators were indirectly chosen by state legislatures - Judges appointed for life - Only House of Reps was direct

Arnold beginning his invasion characteristics

- Began invasion with heavy baggage train - With many women (most were wives of militiamen) - Axemen had to chop a path through the forest

John Jay

- Believed France would betray America's trans-Appalachian interest - Went to London for agreement and they speedily came to terms with them to allure them

Hamilton's response to Thomas Jefferson

- Believed that Congress could pass anything necessary and proper - Government explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade - "Implied powers" or "loose constitution" - "Elastic clause"

George Washington in the war between France and Britain

- Believed war had to be avoided at all costs - Nation was unstable and disunited - Strategy of delay allowed population to increase, stabilize the nation, and then assert its power

Women's rights

- Believed women were weaker than men - Women kept house and men worked with their hands - New England would separate abusive spouses

Delegates in Paris - events as well as characters

- Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay - Congress told them to make no separate peace, but they all knew they were under "control" of French Foreign Office - France wanted US to be East of Allegheny - John Jay believed France would betray America's trans-Appalachian interest

African slavery (characteristics)

- Black slaves outnumbered white servants in plantation colonies by 1680s - Royal African Company - lost charter to monopolize carrying African slaves to the colonies - Rhode Island rushed to trading slave industry *- Slaves captured from West African tribes and traded to colonists*

Governor John Winthrop

- Blossomed fur trading, fishing, and ship-building - "We shall be as a city upon a hill" - Governor of Massachusetts

Customs of Pennsylvania

- Bought land from Natives fairly - Representative Assembly elected by landowners - Disliked black slavery

Currency shortage on the colonies (not in terms of paper)

- Bought more from Britain than they sold - Difference had to be made up in cash — most were from the French West Indies or the Spanish - Money was so low that they went to butter, nails, pitch, and feathers as currency

Jay's Treaty

- Britain would pay back for captured ships - Evacuate claims on US soil - Didn't say anything about future maritime seizures - Forced Jay to pay debts

Differences that caused tension between American colonies and mother Britain

- British refused to recognize American militia above colonel - Colonists believed they were cutting edge and deserved credit, not contempt - British subduing Spanish and French West Indies, but colonies fed them

Results of Pontiac's Rebellion

- Brought uneasy truce to frontier - British need to stabilize relations with Natives and keep troops against frontier - Americans went west and settled Inspired Proclamation of 1763

King George's War

- Called War of Austrian Succession in Europe - France allied with Spain - New Englanders invaded New France - Captured Fortress of Louisbourg

Citizen Edmond Genêt

- Came to Charleston, SC to negotiate - Fit out privateers and took advantage of alliance - Believed Neutrality Proclamation didn't reflect the true wishes of Americans - Recruited armies to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British Canada (in *America*!!!) - Threatened to appeal over the head of "Old Washington." - President demanded his withdrawal

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

- Can't maintain armies without Congress' approval - Unanimous agreement needed to get articles passed - 9/13 needed for bills to be passed - One vote for each colony regardless of size - States collect the tax, give money to federal government - *usually "lost"* - No executive branch or strong court system - Congress was intentionally weak

South Carolina

- Cash crop was rice - Plantation economy - Wealthy aristocratic elite - African slave labor

General Howe

- Caused confusion because he went to Philadelphia instead of from the Hudson River to New York - Wanted to form engagement on Washington's army, destroying it and leave a way for Burgoyne

Anne Hutchinson

- Challenged accepted role of women within the church by openly speaking out against church leaders - Antinomianism - Banished for heresy - Went to Rhode Island but then killed by Natives when moving to NY

Result of France entering America on the British

- Changed Britain's strategy - Originally could count on blockading colonial coast and commanding seas - French had powerful ships in the water to protect West Indies and jeopardize Britain's blockade and line of supply - British evacuated Philadelphia and focused on NYC

Changes within society in the pursuit of equality

- Changed forenames to Mr. and Mrs. - Master replaced with boss - Not many indentured servants - No primogeniture

Established bank of the US

- Chartered for 20 years - 1791 in Philidelphia - Capital of $10 million - 1/5 owned by federal government - Stock thrown to the public - sold out in two hours

English Whigs against English characteristics

- Cheered for the Americans - Opposed Lord North's Tory wing - Wanted to embarrass Tories - Believed British freedom was being fought in America

Battle of Quebec

- Chose James Wolfe to lead - Sent troops to a poorly-guarded area of the rocky eminence guarding Quebec - Vanguard scaled cliff and made way for the rest - Two armies met each other in the morning on the Plains of Abraham - British had Wolfe, and French had Marquis de Montcalm - Both commanders fell fatally wounded, but the French surrendered

Some issues with the colonies at the time

- Churches not heated - No running water or plumbing - No bathtub - Hogs and buzzards roamed streets

France's reasons for being a latecomer to colonization

- Clashes between Catholics and Huguenots - Edict of Nantes and Louis XIV came to power

New England families - factors that contributed to better conditions

- Clean water and cooler temperatures (less disease) - Immigrants added 10 years when settling in New England - 70-year life expectancy for Puritan colonists - People reproduced - Migrated as families - *TIGHTLY-KNIT FAMILIES*

Slave life in the *Deep South*

- Climate was hostile to health - Labor was life-draining - South Carolina rice and indigo plantations - male Africans worked then died - Only new slaves could sustain population

Spanish in America

- Closed Mississippi River in 1784 to Americans - Got land given to US - Schemed with the Natives

Difference between legislation and taxation in colonies

- Colonists gave right to Parliament to legislate on matters that affected the entire empire - Denied right to Parliament to tax them — only elected colonial legislatures could

Loyalist

- Colonists loyal to the King - 16% of colonists - Consisted of the educated/wealthy, Anglican clergy/congregation, King's officers/beneficiaries, older generation - Most numerous where the Anglican church was the strongest (other than VA b/c debt) - Believed that any violent change would be for the worst - Believed if they won, Patriots like GW would be disgraced, punished, and forgotten

What laid the basis for the separation of church and state?

- Congregation could hire, fire, and set salary of the preacher - Clergymen couldn't hold political office chair

Antifederalists

- Consisted of poorer people, like debtors who feared to pay back all of their money - Opposed stronger federal government - Freedom of individuals was compromised, wanted annual elections, no standing army, feared no ref. to God, and disliked the ratification of 2/3 states needed

George Washington's Cabinet

- Constitution didn't mention it - Washington's administration - President "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive branch departments

Negatives of mercantilist system in America

- Constrained economic initiative and imposed dependency on British agents and creditors - Felt they could never come out of economic opportunity

Abolitionist movements

- Continental Congress abolished it with a positive response - No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery - discrimination continued - Any major abolitionist movement would have disrupted unity that was already fragile

Strategic advantages to getting ports in Mississippi and Louisiana

- Control of the head of the Mississippi river - Grain sent down through Louisiana to West Indies and Europe - Established trading ports in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes

Yorktown

- Cornwallis waited in the Chesapeake Bay for more supplies and troops - Naval superiority began to ship - Admiral de Grasse defeated British fleet and blockaded them - GW marched to the Chesapeake Bay 300 miles from NY - Cornwallis surrendered w/ 7,000 men on October 19, 1781

The Association

- Created by Continental Congress - Called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption

Carolina

- Created in 1670 after Charles II granted Lords Proprietors land -Barbados Connection - Hoped to grow food to provision sugar plantations and export non-English products - *Rice became major export crop in Carolina* --- paid for African slaves and their knowledge of rice

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

- Created the Northwest Territory - Allowed an area to be a state when it had 60,000 people in it - Prohibited slavery

Health issues in the Chesapeake Bay

- Cut off ten years for immigrants - Average lifespan was 20 years - Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid were major diseases - Death within seven years of marriage - Not common to have grandparent

Boston Tea Party

- December 16th, 1773 - About 100 Bostonians disguised as Indians, went on board, smashed open 342 chests of tea, and dumped it into the Atlantic

Frederick the Great

- Defeated French, Austrian, and Russian armies 3:1 - British unable to send troops — sent gold - French wasted most of their strength on this battle, so they were able to throw force in New World

Similarities among state constitutions

- Defined government with authority from the people - Documents required annual elections - A bill of rights - A weak judiciary - Little executive power - Legislature had too much power

Agreements that were mutual among states

- Demanded established money and private property - Strong government with three branches and having checks & balances - Suffrage for men

Civic virtue

- Democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good - Mothers spread this to children

North Carolina and Rhode Island similarities

- Democratic - Independent-minded - Least aristocratic

Problems with tobacco

- Destroyed land - Demand for labor goes up - Tensions rise with natives as colonists move west - Natives to slavery

Government in New France

- Direct control under king - No representative assemblies - No right to trial by jury

Town Governments

- Discussed local issues - Voted fairly - No flaming

the three d's

- Disease - Disorganization - Disposability

Reasons that the colonists disliked the Townshend Acts

- Disliked any taxation without representation - Were to pay salaries of royal governors and judges (held the purse)

Punishments and routine for divorce

- Divorce was rare but was allowed for abandonment and/or adultery - If adultery occurred, the offender would be whipped and public and would have the letter "A" stitched to their clothes forever

Thomas Jefferson

- Drafted first Declaration of Independence but had to withdraw because of torrent of protest from Southern slave masters - showed cruel complexity of slavery

Benjamin Franklin in Paris to discuss the treaty

- Dressed plainly - Walking stick instead of a sword - Parisians adored him as a new type of social order - Kissed Voltaire in a theatre in Paris - everybody applauded

Labor relations and the transition to slavery

- Early period, primary source was indentured servants - 1st Africans arrived in colony in 1619

Emergence of political parties

- Economic plan restored credibility but infringed upon states' rights - Madison and Jefferson made an opposition group to Hamiltonians - Originally supposed to be confined to Congress

Philadelphia Congress (2nd Continental Congress)

- Edged toward independence - Richard Henry Lee of Virginia on June 7, 1776: "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states" - Motion adopted on July 2nd, 1776 after debate

Glorious Revolution of 1688

- Ended Dominion of New England - Caused Sir Edmund Andros to be kicked out

Treaty of Paris (1763)

- Ended French and Indian War - No more French power in North America

Sir Edmund Andros

- Ended town meetings - Laid restriction on courts, press, and schools - Revoked all land titles - Taxation without elected "yes" - Enforced Navigation Laws - Affiliated with Church of England

Results of privateers on the English

- English insurance rates skyrocketed - Merchant British ships sailed in convoy - Brought pressure on Parliament to end war

Similarities with all colonies

- English language and customs - Protestant mostly - Ethnic and religious toleration - Social mobility - Self-government - Communication and transportation improving

Causes of disunity in the colonies

- Enormous distances - Geographical barriers - Conflicting religions from Catholic to Quaker - Varied nationalities - Different types of government - Boundary disputes - Resentment of backcountry settlers against aristocrats

Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment

- Enrolled black slaves into the army against Americans - 14,000 enrolled at the end of the war

Judiciary Act of 1789

- Established a Supreme Court with a chief justice & five associates, federal districts & circuit courts, and an established office of the attorney general - John Jay became the first Chief Justice

New England teaching

- Established primary and secondary schools (many couldn't go because of work on farms) - Focus on doctrine and dogma rather than reasoning and logic

Results of George Washington's presidency

- Established two-term tradition - Central government established - Expanded West - Merchant trading safer - Kept out of foreign affairs

Differences among middle colonies

- Ethnically mixed - More free - Easier to get land

Great Awakening

- Exploded in 1730s and 1740s - Ignited in Northampton, MA by Jonathan Edwards

Samuel de Champlain

- Father of New France - Leader in Quebec - Entered into friendly relations with Huron Indian tribes - Joined them in battle against Iroquois - 3 died, 1 wounded - Hampered French penetration of Ohio River Valley and served as British allies

John Trumbull

- Father said "Connecticut is not Athens" - Forced to move to London to pursue art

Federalists

- Favored stronger federal government - Wealthier, more organized, and had the press on their side - 100+ newspapers, only 12 supported anti-feds

James Madison

- Feared a new convention might make the Federalists lose - Made the Bill of Rights - "Father of the Constitution"

Radical Whigs

- Feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers about elected representatives in Parliament - Mounted attacks on use of patronage and bribes by the King's minister

Southern Victories

- February 1776 - Against 1,500 Loyalists at Moore's Creek Bridge in NC - June 1776 - Against British fleet coming to Boston Harbor

Issues in America about the French Revolution

- Federalist aristocrats feared Jeffersonian masses - "Lukewarm" Federalists approval of the revolution changed to disapproval - Jeffersonians disregarded bloodshed - thought a few thousand deaths were necessary for freedom

Alien Laws

- Federalists raised citizen requirement to be from 5 years to 14 years - President could deport foreigners in times of peace and deport/imprison them in times of hostility

General Benedict Arnold becoming a traitor

- Felt his services weren't fully appreciated - Sold West Point Fort Plans for £6,300 and an officer's commission - Plot detected and plans thwarted - Fled to the British, Major Andre his BR accomplice is hung

Similarities among middle colonies

- Fertile and broad land - Rivers for trading - Ports, lumber, and industry - Land owners had larger than north and smaller than south - Local govt balance b/t N and S

Issues with Southern cities

- Few cities, so water provided most transportation - Economy revolved around plantations - Professional class was slow to emerge - Family burial plots in the South occurred because the roads were bad for funeral parties

Defeat of General Braddock

- Few miles from Fort Duquesne - encountered small French and Indian army - Didn't expect it and was defeated - George Washington was there - two horses under him shot and took four bullets to the coat

Virginia in the ratification of the Constitution

- Fierce antifederalist opposition - Strong leaders influenced them - New Hampshire was about to ratify, so the Union would be made anyway - couldn't continue as independent - 89-79 ratification

Articles of Confederation

- First governing document of the US - Lacked strong central government - Needed 13 states to ratify - Translated into French to show they had a government

Results of the protest of the Stamp Act

- Forced stamp agents to resign - America bought 1/4 of British export - 1/2 of shipping devoted to American colonies

Different types of actions from Patriots and Loyalists in colonies

- Forcefully affirming their loyalty to the King and earnestly voicing their desire to patch up difficulties - Also raising armies and shooting down the King's soldiers

Impacts of the Peace Terms in Utrecht in 1713

- Foreshadowed French and Spanish doom - Salutary neglect followed - Got limited trading rights in Spanish America (smuggling)

New Haven

- Founded by Puritans - Merged with Connecticut - Charles II gave charter for this to happen because it sheltered two judges that killed his father

Mutual benefits from ally with France

- France - wanted to stab Britain in the back - France might gain back its power - America - needed assistance and ally with France

Convention of 1800

- France agreed to end 22-year-old treaty - America agreed to pay damage claims

Issues with France at the time

- France promised reluctant Gibraltar to Spain - Pioneers settling on Spanish trans-Allegheny - France wanted the US to be east of Allegheny Mountains so they could control them more easily

Rhode Island

- Freedom of every religion - Aided by Natives - No taxes to support state church - No oaths regarding religious belief - No compulsatory attendance at worship - Sheltered abused Quakers - Received charter from Parliament in 1644

Causes of Bacon's Rebellion

- Freemen unable to marry women or find land after term - Disliked friendly policy towards Natives - Nathaniel Bacon led them

Admiral de Grasse

- French (obviously) naval officer who offered to join the Americans in the assault of Cornwallis - GW accepted quickly

Peace Terms in Utrecht in 1713

- French and Spanish allies awfully beaten - Britain rewarded with French-populated Acadia

Events within the attempt to get the Ohio River Valley

- French putting up forts along River Valley - Virginia governor issued George Washington to the Ohio Country as a lieutenant colonel - Fort Duquesne - British fired and killed French leader - French returned with reinforcements and laid siege to Fort Necessity - Surrendered but marched away with full honors

Positives of making a new government

- Functioned under similar constitutions - Political inheritance from Britain - High order leaders

The Americans, in terms of British, were expected to:

- Furnish products needed in the mother country - Refrain from making for export certain products - Buy manufactured goods from Britain - Not indulge in economic self-sufficiency or self-government

Positives of the American army

- GW and Ben Frank were major leaders - French foreign aid - European officers volunteered - Marquis de Lafayette - Fought defensively - Self-sustaining colonies - Had the belief that they had moral advantage for a good cause

Farewell Address

- GW delivered it written out Four pieces of advice 1) Don't get involved in European affairs 2) Don't make "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs 3) Don't form political parties 4) Avoid sectionalism

Reactions and results to the Whiskey Rebellion

- GW summoned 13,000 militiamen - GW government gained a new respect for strength and authority - Brutal force to crush a small rebellion

GW vs General Howe

- GW transferred his troops to Philadelphia - Lost 2 battles - Brandywine Creek and Germantown - General Howe stayed in Philadelphia and left Burgoyne alone - GW retreated to Valley Forge - Stern drillmasters whipped them into place

Events surrounding American attempts to gain Canada

- General Richard Montgomery (for the colonists) pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal - General Benedict Arnold met him in Quebec - Last day of 1775 - Quebec assault killed Montgomery and wounded Arnold in one leg

Difficulties in America of the British armies

- Generals were mediocre, and soldiers were brutally treated and Hessians commit atrocities - Provisions often scarce - Redcoats had to conquer America because the pre-1763 status quo restoration would be a victory for America - British army commands - 3,000 miles away - America's geographic expanse was large - Colonies had no core center - 150 patriots killed, 60,000 babies born

William Penn

- Got grant of fertile land from king b/c of death to father - Called area Pennsylvania - Advertised area and attracted everybody

Pioneers going West to get land

- Got land from government (directly or indirectly) - Looked at national capital for "guidance" -> weakened local power - Uniform land policy made possible

Lord Cornbury

- Governor of NY and NJ in 1702 - Drunk, bigot, unfit for governor - Appointed by king

Congregational Church

- Grown from Puritan church - Formally established in all New England colonies except RI - MA originally taxed all residents to support church

How did animals have an impact on the environment?

- Had a large appetite - Stomped on earth, which led to flooding - Changed local climates

Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley

- Had to go to England to succeed and complete their training - *Two separate people*

States that *didn't* have land West of mountains - characteristics

- Had to tax more heavily - Took longer to pay off tax - Main reason states refused to sign the AOC

Explain the idea of the Bank of the United States

- Hamilton took the model of the English bank - Private institution with government being the primary stockholder - Federal Treasury would keep its money - Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation - Could print money when needed

London Governmental administration in the colonies

- Handling of salary by colonial assembly led to prolonged conflicting - Townshend Acts of 1767 did nothing because of the already bad attitude

Squanto

- Helped Plymouth colonists grown corn, improve hunting and gathering in early years - Wampanoag people signed treaty with Plymouth - Had first Thanksgiving

Indian allies of Britain (list them and characteristics)

- Hoped to protect their land - Known as "hair buyers" because they got American scalps - Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Onondagas

Taverns

- Included amusements of bowling, pool, bars, and gambling - All social classes could mingle - Crystallized public opinion

Impacts of the Great Awakening

- Increased church competition - Encouraged missionary work - Led to founding of New Light centers - First spontaneous movement of American people - Broke down sectional boundaries

Reasons for transition to African slavery

- Indentured servants are seen as unreliable labor source - Rising wages in England led to deficit of indentured servants

Issues with recruiting Native workers for beaver hunting

- Indians killed by diseases - Alcohol - Killing beavers violated Natives' religious beliefs - Contact with natives wreaked tradition

Result of the defeat of General Braddock and his army

- Indians were inflamed by victory - Went to go destroy colonists from PN to NC - Scalping Indians was common; $50 for women and $130 for warrior - George Washington attempted to defend with his 300 men army

John Rolfe

- Introduces tobacco - Perfected methods of raising and curing it - Married Pocahontas - died because of the massacre

British weaknesses over Americans

- Ireland was an issue - France wanting to stab Britain in the back - London government was inept - No William Pitt — just George III and Lord North

Kentucky Resolution

- Jefferson feared Federalists were wiping out Jeffersonians and other rights - Made a series of resolutions approved by KY legislature Introduced Nullification

XYZ Affair

- John Adams sent three men to meet Charles Maurice de Tallyrand - Named X, Y, and Z - French asked for $250k to talk to them - Americans found it intolerable

Passing of Lee's resolution results

- John Adams wrote that July 2nd will be forever celebrated with fireworks - Inspirational appeal needed to enlist other British colonies in the Americas, to invite assistance from foreign, nations, and rally resistance at home, leading to the declaration

Massachusetts Bay Colony

- John Winthrop takes charter to establish MA Bay Colony - "City upon a hill." American Exceptionalism idea - Religious freedom reserved for only Puritans - Church membership required to participate in politics - Town hall meetings in direct democracy - Mixed economy of commerce and agriculture

Diseases and their impact on society

- Killed elders, which meant no oral tradition - Had to reinvent themselves without connections - Killed many

Issues with the end of the French Revolution

- King beheaded in 1793 - Church attacked - Reign of terror began

New town-founding process

- Land distributed by proprietors after charter was issued from colonial authority - Moved to designated place with family and laid out the plan of the town - Each family got wood lot for fuel, a tract for growing crops, and another for pasturing animals

Motives for each class in New France

- Landowning French peasants had little economic motive to move - Protestant Huguenots denied refuge in Canada - Preferred Caribbean island colonies for sugar and rum

New Amsterdam

- Later to be called New York City - No religious toleration, free speech, or democratic practices - Local body (which didn't have much power) developed

Benjamin Franklin's impact on *education*

- Launched University of Pennsylvania - First American college free from denominational control

Black slaves

- Least fortunate - no equality - fear of black rebellion plagued colonists

Skippers

- Leave New England port with a cargo of rum - Sail to West Africa - Sold rum for slaves - Brought slaves to West Indies - Would get molasses for slaves - Carry back molasses to New England to make rum - Repeat

Regulator Movement

- Led by Paxton Boys - North Carolina - Small, nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs

Ottawa Chief Pontiac

- Led several tribes with the help of French fur traders - Tried to drive British out of Ohio Country - Besieged Detroit and eventually overran all but 3 posts west of the Appalachians

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

- Liberty, property, and no stamps - Enforced nonimportation agreements against violators - Tar and feathered "offenders" - Ransacked houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, and hanged "models" of stamp agents on liberty poles

Townshend Acts

- Light import on duty on glass, white lead, paper print, and tea - Indirect customs duty payable at American ports

Positives of mercantilist system in America

- London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship ports - VA tobacco farmers enjoyed small monopoly in British market - Had free protection from the world's mightiest army

Concessions of the Treaty

- Loyalists not to be persecuted - Congress should *recommend* to state legislature that Loyalist property should be returned from confiscation - States wouldn't put laws preventing collecting debt money

Why did some Americans oppose independence?

- Loyalty to the Empire - Many Americans wanted to be in a transatlantic community with Mother Britain - Colonial unity was weak - Open rebellion was dangerous (Irish were hanged)

Thomas Hutchinson

- MA governor - Stamp Act protesters destroyed his home in 1765 - Agreed tea tax was unjust be believed that colonists have no right to flaunt the law - Ordered tea ships not to clear Boston harbor until cargoes unloaded

Benjamin Franklin's impact on *knowledge*

- Made Poor Richard's Almanack - Edited it from 1732-1758 - 2nd bestseller under Bible - Called "The first civilized American." - Kite-flying stunt proves electricity - Made bifocal spectacles and Franklin stove

Armed Neutrality

- Made by Catherine the Great - Maritime neutrals of Europe demanded more rights - Lined up almost all remaining neutrals in passive hostility to Britain - Later called the Armed Nullity

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

- Made in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts - 13 states were individual judges of whether or not authority was abused - Tried to preserve union - Crystalize opposition to Federalists

Charles Willson Peale

- Made portraits of George Washington - Ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry

Ben Franklin's role in the Albany Congress

- Made propaganda that said "Join, or die." - Albany delegates accepted it - Individual colonies spurned it because of the "lack of independence." - London regime thought there was too much independence

Marquis de Lafayette

- Major general at age 19 - Secured further aid from France

Explain why the Revolution was a minority movement

- Many colonists were apathetic/neutral (like Byrds) - Opposing forces contended against each other - Depended on the allegiance and support of civilian population - Loyalists were inept but Patriot militia was successful - British could only control where they had a large military presence

Results of Shays' Rebellion

- Massachusetts passed debtor relief laws - Caused fear among elites - Created a mobocracy - civic virtue became insignificant *-Showed that America needed a strong central government that was not provided by the AOC*

Samuel Adams

- Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion - Had a deep faith in the common people - Organized local *Committees of Correspondence* in MA - Made first one in Boston and 80 towns followed

Issues with indentured servants that impacted themselves

- Masters became more strict as their term came to an end - Often had to go back to the previous master and work on low wages - Became an unreliable source

Annapolis Convention

- Met because of controlling commerce - Virginia called for a meeting in Annapolis - 5 state reps - Alexander Hamilton called for a convention in Philadelphia the following year - Congress called a convention to *revise* A.O.C.

First Continental Congress in 1774

- Met in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances - 12/13 (not GA) sent 50 men, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry - Frictions melted away by social activity after working hours - 7 weeks - Drew up papers like Declaration of Rights

Lord De La Warr

- Military regime, military actions against Natives - Raided villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, torched cornfields

Issues with Britain in ≈ 1782

- Minorca in Mediterranean fell - Rock of Gibraltar falling - Lord North's ministry fell - Whig ministry replaced Tory regime of Lord N.

Joseph Brant

- Mohawk Leader - Convert to Anglicanism - Believed victorious Britain would stop American expansion westward - Destroyed backcountry PN and NY until checked by Americans in 1779

Results of the Battle of Quebec

- Montreal fell in 1760 - British gained control - Treaty of Paris in 1763 - French allowed to retain small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two islets in the Gulf of St Lawrence for fishing - French gave Spanish trans-Mississippi Louisiana - Spanish gave Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba

Rebels in New England

- Most numerous because self-government, and mercantilism was weak - Presbyterianism and Congregationalism

Characteristics of New England families

- Mothers had many kids - Strong social characteristics - Children received habits of obedience and guidance from their parents and grandparents - Family stability reflected in low premarital pregnancy rates

Republican motherhood

- Mothers taught their children civic virtue early on - People realized women were important and extended education to them

Scots-Irish beginnings and background history

- Moved to Northern Ireland over many decades - Tension between Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians - English government placed restrictions on production of linens and woolens - Early 1700s - left Ireland and came to America, mostly PN - Illegally squatted on unoccupied lands

Issues with colonies surrounding New Netherland

- Native massacres - New England hostile (MA voted against wiping out New Netherland) - Swedes placed New Sweden on Delaware river

Things leading growth of stable and distinctive slave culture

- Native-born African Americans - Language

Slave/servant problems in the Chesapeake Bay

- Natives died too quickly upon white man contact - Africans were too expensive - Whites were dying - Solution was indentured servants

List of things in the Declaration

- Natural rights of humankind violated and were justified in cutting away - Taxes without consent - Establishing military dictatorship - Maintaining standing armies in peace times - Cutting off trade - Burning towns - Hiring mercenaries - Hostilities against Natives

"War" between France and America

- Navy Department made - Three-ship Navy expanded - Marine Corps reestablished - 10,000 men army

Two ways amendments could be added to the Constitution

- New Constitutional Convention requested by 2/3 of the states - 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress

Types of government in the colonies

- New England - Town meetings - South - County government - Middle colonies - modification of the previous two

Reasons that republicanism would work (examples of events)

- New England town halls and annual elections - Committees of Correspondence - No hereditary aristocracies and farm equality

Women's "rights"

- New Jersey allowed women to vote for a short time - Some disguised as men and served in the army - Generally didn't have many rights

Issues with making a new government

- No more Tories, which meant no more conservatives to balance and help with government - Patriots didn't have a common cause anymore - Hard to start a new government from scratch

Reaction of the American Colonists to the Quebec Act

- No representative assemblies or juries seemed to be a dangerous precedent in America - Alarmed land speculators - Aroused anti-Catholics by extension of Catholicism south into a region regarded as Protestant

Old Lights vs New Lights

- Old Lights were skeptical of the emotionalism - New Lights defended the awakening - Congregationalism and Presbyterianism split - Many went to baptist church

Jeffersonian beliefs

- Only educated whites should vote- - Believed slaves were essential - without them, poor whites would have to provide labor - Strong appeal to middle class and underprivileged

New Hampshire in the ratification of the Constitution

- Originally anti fed - Feds arranged an adjournment and won waverers

Massachusetts in the ratification of the Constitution

- Originally majority antifederalist - Feds assured Bill of Rights to Constitution - Ratification - 187 to 168

How did English get the West Indies from the Spanish?

- Overextended military on Spanish side - Dutch rebel colonies

New Netherland

- Owned by Dutch West India Company - Wanted Manhattan island

1783 - march to Pennsylvania

- Pennsylvania soldiers marched to Independence Hall - Members had to ask state for protection - Fled to Princeton

Government bonds

- People didn't trust the Treasury with his plan, so the value of them depreciated by 10 to 15¢ each - Some had many and bought more when Congress passed the plan

Legislatures

- People enjoyed direct representation - Voted tax amounts by colonial government needs - Self-taxation through representation

Second Continental Congress

- Philadelphia - May 10, 1775 - All 13 colonies - Conservative even despite shooting in MA - Not independence - continue fighting for hope of King and Parliament redressing issues - Congress drafted documents spurned by British and King - Raised money to make an army and navy

Things that prevented the tea from coming to America

- Philadelphia and New York - Told to go back - Annapolis - Marylanders burned cargo and vessel - Charleston, SC officials took it as a payment

Characteristics of America at the time (late 1780s to 1790s)

- Population doubling every 25 years - Still 90% rural - 5% lived West of Mountains - KY, TN, and OH resistive and not loyal because the Spanish and British agents offered them independence

Trade imbalance

- Population in Britain was low - America would seek other foreign markets - Started supplying France with tobacco - Molasses Act tried to end trade with French West Indies, but they bribed and smuggled their way around it - West Indies purchases of North American timber supplied money

Republic

- Power flowed from people themselves, not a corrupt monarch - All good officials should derive authority from public consent - Derived from Greece and Rome - Appealed to British politicians critical of excess power in hands of King - Interested colonists

New Light centers

- Princeton - Brown - Rutgers - Dartmouth

Tension between patriot and loyalist militia in the Carolinas

- Prisoners butchered in cold blood after they threw down arms - Multiple battles

Privateers

- Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping - "Sailors of Fortune" - about 27,000

Jonathan Edwards

- Proclaimed folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed dependence on God's grace - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" was one of his most popular sermons - Believed that hell was "paved with the skulls of unbaptized children"

Types of governments

- Proprietors - MD, PN, and DE - 8 were royal - Self-governing - CT and RI

Maryland

- Proprietorship: Lord Baltimore gave land by King (land for money and religious reasons) - Permitted freedom of worship - Act of Toleration in 1649 - Tobacco and indentured servants

Plymouth Colony

- Protestant Reformation sparked dramatic changes in Europe and led to the rise of Puritanism - Puritans to purify the church - Pilgrims sought to establish Land at Plymouth - Mayflower Compact - Squanto helped in early years

Sugar Act and Stamp Act effect on courts:

- Provided for trying offenders in admiralty court (no juries) - Guilty until proven innocent

Roger Williams

- Questioned Puritan leadership - Called for complete separation of church and state - Criticized treatment of Native Americas - Banished from colony and found Providence, RI

Issues with tobacco as more was produced

- Ran out of land; more farmers went west (Native contact) - Failing prices planting more

New England Colonies characteristics

- Religious motives for colonization--Fleeing Anglican persecution - Male and female settlers along with their families - Tight-knit, communal society - Mixed economy

Sugar cane impacts in the Caribbean

- Required expensive process, so only rich could do it - More labor - More land clearing - Imported 250,000 African slaves from 1640-1690

Tariff law

- Revenues would pay for debt, and profits depended on foreign trade - 8% of value of imports - Also designed to put protection around smaller industries (not in Hamilton's original plan — he wanted it to be for larger manufacturers)

James I

- Revoked charter and made Virginia a royal colony - Detested tobacco - Destroyed House of Burgesses

Economic and social atmosphere at the time

- Rich profiteers present more so than before - The previously rich were left destitute - General disrespect for the majesty of the law

Development of transportation

- Rivers most popular - Taverns sprung up along main courses of travel into cities - Postal system established by mid 1700s

Issues with transportation and traveling

- Roads (dirt) not developed until 1700 - Tree-strewn roads - Rickety bridges - Carriage overturns - Runaway horses

Dominion of New England

- Royal authority - Combined all the New England colonies into one jurisdiction - Enforced Navigation laws -Led by Andros

Lord Dunmore

- Royal governor of Virginia - Promised freedom for any slave in VA that would join British army - VA and MD tightened slave patrols

Thomas Jefferson's rebuttal for Hamilton's bank idea

- Said they had no power to make it — believed it was the states' rights - "Strict Constitution"

John Smith

- Saved colony by setting up strict policy of "He who shall not work shall not eat" - Kidnapped by Powhatan as a symbol of their power - Reason? Pocahontas "saved" Smith by interposing her head between his and the war clubs of his captors

Impacts of Puritans in America

- Scattered across the whole US - Town democracy - High idealism in national character

Jeremiad

- Scolded parishioners for their declining and weaker faith - Decline in conversions

Reason for British focusing on NYC

- Seaport - Central - King could count on loyalist cooperation

Three department heads at the time

- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson - Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of War Henry Knox

South Carolina Legislatures

- Sensed dangers of resentful slaves - Tried to halt importation of slaves into colonies - Britain vetoed all attempts

General Braddock

- Sent to Virginia with British regulars - Got supplies from reluctant colonies and went with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne - Encountered small French and Indian army and was defeated - Was impressed by the "behind-the-tree" warfare method

Georgia

- Served as a buffer colony against Spanish and French threat - Penal colony for debtors - Originally banned slavery but would later become a plantation-based slavery society - James Oglethorpe - protects against Spanish - Savannah - melting pot community

George Washington (GW)

- Served without pay - Elected by 2nd Cont. Congress - Evading main BR army except around key cities to keep main army intact strategy worked - Lost more battles than he won - Lived at Mount Vernon - Came from a wealthy family (FFV)

Republicanism

- Set in the American minds -People are sovereign (in charge), not the King, so they need to possess public virtue - A just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good - Stability of society and the authority of government depended on citizenry - Opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions like aristocracy and monarchy

States that had land West of mountains - characteristics

- Seven did - Didn't have to tax heavily - Pay off debt faster - Land-rich

Treaty of Paris

- Signed 1783, effective 1784 - British formally recognized independence of the US - Granted boundaries to Mississippi on the West, Great Lakes in the North, and Spanish Florida in the South - Yankees retain share of fishing in Newfoundland

Phillis Wheatly

- Slave girl brought to Boston at 8 years old - Published a book at 20 when transported to England - Revealed influence of Alexander Pope - No education - First published African-American poet

North Carolina

- Small tobacco farms - Less reliance on slavery

Issues with some states in the mid 1780s

- Some states refused to pay anything - Boundary issues caused minor battles, and there was no judicial branch - Making paper money - some states sanctioned making it

South vs North education

- South couldn't establish system because of the dispersal of blacks and whites - North established primary, secondary, and college

Three-Fifths Compromise

- South wanted slaves to be voters - North didn't and would logically require more representation - Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person

Pinckney's Treaty

- Spain granted navigation of rivers - Warehouse rights at New Orleans - West Florida - Feared Anglo-American alliance

Results of nonimportation on the colonies (events that occurred)

- Spontaneously united American people - People not involved signed petitions to uphold terms of consumer boycotts - Gave American colonists opportunity to participate in colonial protests - Women gathered to make spinning bees to replace British textiles

North Carolina and its beginnings and inhabitants

- Squatters came from Virginia without legal right to the soil - No need for slaves because they raised their own tobacco, -Exported Naval stores to England (shingles, masts, turpentine, tar) - Developed strong resistance to authority - Became a royal colony

Assumption

- State debts regarded as national debt because of the Revolution - Would chain states more to the "federal chariot" - Would shift attachment of wealthy creditors from states to federal government

African-Americans in the war against British

- States didn't initially allow them to volunteer - about 5,000 enlisted by war's end - Most came from New England because most of them were free

Results of Assumption

- States with heavy debt, like MA, appreciated it - States without tax, like VA, wanted some compensation

General Nathaniel Greene

- Strategy of delay - standing and then retreating - Exhausted his enemy, Charles Cornwallis - Lost battles but won campaigns - Called the "Fighting Quaker" because he cleared most of GA and SC of British troops

British Royal Navy post Rev. attacks on American shipping--controversy

- Struck the American ships giving supplies to French West Indies - Patriotic Americans wanted to fight George III - Federalists wanted peace — Hamilton's economic plan depended on trade with Britain

Responses to Hamilton from the public

- Support from North because of commercial and financial centers - Opposition came from the South and West with agriculture

Stamp Act of 1765

- Supposed to raise revenues to support new military force - Required use of stamped paper to certify payments of tax - On 50 items and commercial/legal items - Caused by *George Grenville* But the British paid higher taxes than these

Paper money in the colonies

- Swiftly depreciated - Parliament prohibited colonial legislatures from printing paper currency and from passing indulgent bankruptcy laws that might harm the British

Reactions of the Boston Tea Party

- Sympathetic colonists applauded and referred to tea as a badge of slavery - Conservatives complained that destruction of private property violated the law and threatened anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum - Hutchinson left to Britain to never come back

Quebec Act

- Taken in America as British reaction in Boston - Guaranteed French Catholic religion - Permitted to retain many of their old customs and institutions - No representative assembly or jury - Boundaries extended all the way to the Ohio River Valley

Results in France — the quarrel between America and France

- Talleyrand realized another war would add another enemy - New American minister sent should be treated with respect

Excise tax

- Tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey - 7¢ a gallon - Whiskey was used as currency because it flowed freely in the backcountry

William Pitt

- The "Great Commoner" — commoners often kissed his horse - 1757 - was a leader in London government - "Organizer of Victory" - Focused less on West Indies and more on Quebec-Montreal area - Chose young and energetic leaders rather than older ones

Two-house legislative body

- The upper house was appointed by the king in royal colonies and the proprietors in proprietary colonies - The lower house was appointed by landowners

Common Sense

- Thomas Paine - Explained nature of government - Anticipated Declaration of Independence because of no consent of governed - King referred to as "Royal Brute of Great Britain" - 120,000 copies sold in the first few months - Why have a small island regulate a big country? - Foundation for American independence and foreign policy

Life in the New England Towns

- Tight-knit communities - Puritans close together - New towns legally chartered by colonial authorities

Slave life in the *Chesapeake Region*

- Tobacco was less demanding - Size and proximity allowed more contact with friends and relatives - 1720 - female population in Chesapeake bay rose to make family life possible - Procreation of fertility and new imports for population

Results of Model Treaty on America

- Too self-denying restrictions - Led to idealism into American attitudes towards international affairs

British in America

- Trading posts with fur trade by redcoats - The main purpose - keep Natives allied on attack on the USA

British capturing Arnold

- Tried to get his army but couldn't until they had control of the lake - Road couldn't carry their supplies

Jesuits

- Tried to save Natives for God and from fur trappers - Served as explorers and geographers - Were tortured by Natives

King's Mountain and Cowpens

- Turning point in the war between patriots and loyalists in Carolinas - American riflemen wiped out British detachments at King's Mountain and a smaller force at Cowpens

Ticonderoga and Crown Point

- Upper New York - Tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured soldiers - Large Gunpowder store and numerous "heavy" artillery pieces secured

Intercolonial Committees

- VA made House of Burgesses — led the way in 1773 - Evolved directly into *congress*

Relations with natives in the colonies

- Very hostile relationship developed between colonists and Powhatan tribe - Higher tension when moving west - Caused Anglo-Powhatan Wars - Powhatan Confederacy defeated

George Whitefield

- Very talented orator and interested people to listen - Sent out his message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence - Many were "saved" during his sermons

Chesapeake colonies

- Virginia and Maryland - 1st permanent English colony: Jamestown - Set up under a joint-stock company *Virginia Company* - John Smith established discipline and saved colony - John Rolfe introduced tobacco

Goals of the Constitutional Convention

- Wanted a firm, dignified, and respected government - Wanted to preserve the union - Forestall anarchy - Ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprisings by the mobocracy

Characteristics of Patriots not wanting republicanism

- Wanted social hierarchy but not hereditary aristocracy - Saw lower class of society wanting to be put with them

Issues with colonists when refusing to provide resources for conflict

- Wanted the rights and privileges of an Englishmen without the responsibilities and not actually being an Englishman - Only enthusiastic when reimbursed by Pitt

Economic plan of Alexander Hamilton

- Wanted to shape policies of the government to favor wealthy groups - Would lend government monetary and political support - Prosperity would trickle down (BEFAT)

Declaration of Independence - Patriot perspective

- Wanted united front - Loyalty to the colonies first - Regarded opponents as traitors - Hanged, imprisoned, and mistreated loyalists - Loyalists fled to Britain (80,000) - Several hundred thousand mild loyalists permitted to stay

Little Turtle

- War Chief of Miamis - Defeated armies led by Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair - Gave notice to the Miami Confederacy that there were divided borders

Robert de La Salle

- Went down the Mississippi River to check Spanish penetration into the Gulf of Mexico region - Named Louisiana after Louis XIV - Returned with four ships three years later to the region - Failed to find Mississippi Delta and was murdered by his men after landing in Spanish Texas

Britain's strategy for rolling up the colonies

- Went to the South first because of the numerous Loyalists - GA taken 1778-1779 - Charleston in 1780 - 5,000 men and 400 cannons were captured

Yankee seamen

- Were traders - Provided Caribbean with food and timber products - Hauled riches to various countries

Shays' Rebellion

- West Massachusetts in 1786 - Backcountry farmers were losing property because of foreclosure and tax delinquencies - Captain Daniel Shays - leader - Wanted paper money, lighter taxes, and suspend property takeovers - Massachusetts made a small army in order to defend against them

Massachusetts process for making a new state Constitution

- When made - given to the people for ratification - Once adopted, only another specially called constitutional convention could change things - Future process

Positive effects of Benedict Arnold protecting the US

- Winter ending - British had to go back to Canada - If he didn't stall, Fort Ticonderoga would be captured - If he started in 1777 instead of Montreal, he would have succeeded

John Adams' presidency

- Won presidential election 71-68 especially in New England - Jefferson became VP - No appeal to the masses - Couldn't fulfill GW's position as well

Impacts of slave culture

- Words introduced like voodoo, goober, and gumbo - Ringshout (dancing in circle with preacher in middle) led to jazz - Banjo and bongo drum - Became artisans - Menial tasks were taken care of

smallpox

- became a big epidemic - 1/5 had it - vaccinations were crude and not suggested - clergy and physicians opposed vaccinations, so powdered dried toad became a favored remedy

Ways to get rich fast

- commercial ventures - land speculation

Paupers and convicts

- less fortunate than indentured servants - many convicts were victims of circumstances of harsh English penal code

issues with the Anglican church

- ministers began to talk about political issues - Anglicans had to go to England to become ordained - sermons were boring - ethicality was not up to par

Physicians

- poorly trained and not highly esteemed - young doctors served as apprentices - bleeding was frequent and fatal - barbers summoned instead of physicians

Fishing

- ranked below agriculture - major industry in New England - Cod to Europe - Stimulated shipbuilding

law profession

- regarded as useless, and in CT put with drunkards and brothel keepers

Racism in the colonies

- some made illegal to teach slaves to read or write - not even Christianity would make them free - *originally economic reasons - now was racial discrimination*

Crops used

- tobacco in MD and VA - wheat/grain in Middle colonies

Three reasons for decline of Spain as a world power

-*Defeat of Armada* — (Protestant wind) -*Holland declares independence* - Spanish Netherlands Rebels -Economy compromised by gold/silver and constant wars

Iroquois

-*Iroquois Confederacy* - Created the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance

How did Natives *benefit* from the Columbian Exchange?

-Brought weapons for Natives as well as food and other goods Brought horses for Natives to transport — revolutionized farming for the Natives

How did Natives *suffer* from the Columbian Exchange?

-Brought white men to brutalize Natives ↳Battle of Acoma ↳Smallpox ↳Slave owners

Francisco Pizarro

-Brutalized Incas for an increase of riches -Contributed to the rise of capitalism and merchant banking -Also signed contract

Anasazi

-Build pueblo in Chaco Canyon -ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians

What led to a revival of European trade?

-Crusades* led revival by bringing taste of spices and goods from Asian -Renaissance nurtures spirit of adventure and new ideas -Guttenberg press spread navigation & technological news —Marco Polo* writes of his adventures -Sailing improvements

Aztec achievements

-Cultivated Maize -Built elaborate cities without wheels -Carried on far-flung commerce -Made accurate astronomical observations

Why did the English experience an increase in the national spirit? How did the search for new markets encourage English colonization?

-Defeat of Spanish Armada, religious, unity, and stability -Elizabeth I sent explorers on the seas and encouraged them -New markets mean new employment opportunities and more wealth -Joint-stock companies promoted

Religious conflicts in England beginning with Henry VIII — and how they led directly to New World settlements

-Henry VIII to divorce wife and broke away from Roman Catholic Church to make his own -Protestant Reformation - Catholics battled Protestants -Elizabeth I, who was a Protestant, came to the throne Spanish and English conflict

encomienda system

-Initially promised conversion of Natives to Christianity in exchange for "slavery." -Killed many that Africans had to be brought in (Columbian exchange)

Christopher Columbus

-Italian seafarer who received funding from Spanish monarchy and set out to find a cheaper route to Asia. -Accidentally stumbled upon the Bahamas -Brought animals to the New World -brought seedlings of sugarcane

England

-John Cabot to explore NE coast Roanoke Lost Colony -Joint-stock companies -Colonists landed in the Chesapeake Bay, so settled Jamestown x

Opening to the New World lifted Europe. Explain how Columbian Exchange affected Europe's economies

-Maize, beans, and squash to the Old World food nourishes people to repopulate America and start settlements-Settlements became producers of the Old and New world crops

Hernando Cortés

-Malinche -Burnt his ships -Manipulated Moctezuma into thinking he was a god -Aztecs attacked on June 30th, 1520 (Nochte Triste) -Tenochtitlán temples destroyed for Christian Cathedrals -Created Mestizo

Bartolome de las Casas (case study)

-Missionary -Denied confession to slave owners -Protector of the Indians

France

-Sent out Giovanni da Verranzo to look at Eastern Seaboard -Jacques Cartier explores St. Lawrence -Robert de la Salle to go down Mississippi river

Spain

-Slavery -King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Castille and Aragon united (Reconquista Inquisition) -Encomienda system -Pizarro crushed Incas for gold -Cortés crushed Aztecs -Bartolome de las Casas to put an end to torture -Treaty of Tordesillas

How did the demand for unskilled labor lead to a massive slave-trading industry in West Africa?

-Smallpox epidemic caused death of many Natives -Sugar plantations and mineral/crop demands -Rise of Transatlantic Slave Trade -Portuguese and Arabs began as major monopolies in slave trade 1) Africans already exposed to diseases 2) Africans didn't know the land 3) Pope banned Natives use as slaves

Basic principles of the Model Treaty

1) No political connection 2) No military connection 3) Only a commercial connection

Issues with Congress

1) No power to regulate commerce - different tariffs and navigation laws created by different states to attract money 2) No tax collection - *asked* them to contribute but usually only got 1/4 if lucky

Navigation Acts

1) Trade carried only in English/Colonial ships 2) Trade had to pass through English ports 3) Certain goods from colonies could be exported only to England **Smugglers" bypassed these**

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

1610-1646 - 1st ends in 1614 with marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe - Massacre of 1622 begins - 347 colonists killed (including John Rolfe) - Powhatan Confederacy defeated by 1646 (disease, disorganization, and disposability) - Peace Treaty of 1646

Pequot War

1637 New England colonists wipe out Pequot tribe using total warfare

New England Confederation

1643 - Military alliance intended to defend New England (except RI) colonies against potential threats - First step towards colonial unity

King Philip's / Metacom's War

1675-76 - Leader of Wampanoags defeated by colonists - End of significant Native resistance to NE colonies - Made pan-Indian alliance to strike English colonies

Bacon's Rebellion (characteristics)

1676 - Went on a Native killing spree - Chased Berkeley out of Jamestown - Set fire to Jamestown - Nathaniel Bacon died - Rebellion collapsed

King Williams War and Queen Anne's War

1689-1697 — 1702-1713 - Earliest struggle for power among Europeans - French and British trying to ally with Natives - No large detachments of troops commissioned — guerrilla warfare - Indian allies of French ravaged with torch and tomahawk to British colonial frontiers - Spain allied with France and probed South Carolina from Florida - British not able to affirm sallies against Quebec and Montreal - Turning point - got stronghold of Port Royal in Acadia

NYC Slave revolt

1712 - Death of 12 whites and 21 blacks - Some burned at stake over slow fire

The War of Jenkin's Ear

1739 - Spanish revenue authorities encountered Captain Jenkins and cut off his ear - Occurred in Caribbean sea and Georgia - James Oglethorpe fought Spanish to a standstill - War merged with War of Austrian Succession

Stono River Rebellion

1739 - Tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by local militia - 50 Southern Carolina blacks

Paxton Boys

1764 - Armed march to Philadelphia - Disliked friendly policy to Natives - Usually later joined American Revolution - 12 presidents were of Scot-Irish descent

Declaratory Act

1766 - Occurred at the same time of the repeal of the Stamp Act - Permitted Parliament to affirm its power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" - Claimed the leaders were unqualified

Tea Act

1773 - British East India Company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea - Ministry gave company monopoly over America to sell it - Americans thought it was a trick to be baited into more tax - British officials decided to enforce it

Troops coming in to capture the Hudson River Valley

1777 *All three were British* - General John Burgoyne went down Lake Champlain route from Canada - General Howe's troops in New York could go up Hudson River and meet John if needed - Colonel Barry St. Leger would come in from West by Lake Ontario and Mohawk Valley

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

1777-1778 - Went without bread and minimal woolens and/or clothing for the whole winter

George Rogers Clark

1778-1779 - Went down Ohio River and captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes

Inflation in the colonies

1780-1781 - Government almost bankrupt - 2.5¢ on $1 - Dispair, disunity, and rebellious attitudes infected army

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1784 - First treaty between US and Natives - Ceded most of their land to Americans

Bill of Rights

1791 - First 10 Amendments - American principles like natural rights, jury, no cruel and unusual punishments, etc.

Neutrality Proclamation

1793 - GW proclaimed the government's official neutrality - Warned citizens to be impartial to armed camps

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 - New army under General "Mad Anthony" Wayne - British refused to shelter Indians - Treaty of Grenville offered

House of Burgesses

1st form of representative government, made of wealthy land owners -- est in Virginia

The Great Migration (not after WWI!)

20,000 refugees to Massachusetts and 48,000 to West Indies

Loyalists for British cause characteristics

50,000 - Spies - Asked Indians to ally with BR - Often kept Patriot soldiers at home so they could protect their family from Loyalist reprisals

British fleet in July 1776

500 ships, 15,000 men - largest fleet until Civil War

Ratio of men to women in 1650

6:1

When was the Articles of Confederation ratified (before what event)?

8 months before the victory at Yorktown... coincidence?

How many states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to be accepted? Why

9/13 because the Framers foresaw that hesitant states wouldn't comply

The Federalist

A book with Adams, Madison, and Jay's influential propaganda writings promoting the ratification of the Constitution

After 1776, what terms did the British offer to all Americans? Why?

A measure offering all Americans home rule — everything they wanted other than independence Because of Saratoga

New Hampshire

Acquired by MA Bay Colony in 1641, separated & made royal in 1679

Maine

Acquired by Sir Ferdinando Gorges' heirs Fishermen and fur trades

North Carolina in the ratification of the Constitution

Adjourned convention without a vote

Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

Who could vote in the meeting houses to elect leaders, schoolmasters, discuss issues, etc.?

Adult males

Freemen

Adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations

Mayflower Compact

Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. 1620

leading industry in Workaday America

Agriculture with 90% of people working in that industry

Albany Congress

Albany, New York - 7/13 colonial representatives showed up - Purpose: to keep Iroquois loyal to British - Long-term: achieve greater colonial unity and defend against France

Most of the population lived east of the _____________.

Allegehnies

Result of the end of the war on Britain

Allowed London to rebuild its army, navy, etc. and eventually defeat Napoleon

Blue Laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

20,000 _________ went to _________ to besiege the outnumbered british under General Gage

American Minute Men - Boston

Colonial assumptions about Canada

American leaders believed that Canadians were reluctant to British, so it would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking of the colonies

Why didn't Americans want representation in Parliament?

American representatives would have been overwhelmingly outvoted

Hessians

American slang for the German troops under British command

Distrust in the colonies in regards to the 2nd Continental Congress

Americans in other sections, who were jealous, were already beginning to distrust the large New England army being collected around Boston

Two Colonial churches by 1775

Anglican and Congregational

Disestablished

Anglican church was reformed and was named Protestant Episcopal Church and disestablished as the official religion

The two denominations that enjoyed the status of established churches in various colonies were the

Anglicans and Congregationalists

Sedition Act

Anyone who hindered policies of government or defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy penalty and imprisonment

The geologically oldest mountains in North America are the

Appalachians

Lexington and Concord

April 19, 1775 - British commander sent troops there to seize colonial stores of gunpowder and to bag the rebel ringleaders - Minute Men couldn't disperse rapidly enough, so eight Americans died in Lexington and several were wounded - Redcoats pushed onto Concord where they were forced to retreat - British went back to Boston - Killed 70 - Americans won - Precedented the first major "battle" between the British and Americans

English Civil War (1642-1651)

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Paxton Boys (1764)

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.

Treaty of Grenville

August 1795 - Confederacy gave up Old Northwest - Received $20k with $9k annually by Americans - Right to hunt lands - Recognition of status

Which Native American tribe took the hearts of living victims to offer to gods as a crowning of a new chieftain?

Aztecs

African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when

Bacon's Rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force

Some of the coureurs de bois new settlements

Baton Rouge, Terre Haute, Des Moines, and Grant Teton

What type of hat was sought after?

Beaver

Most important product to French at the time

Beaver skins

Why was New England less ethnically mixed?

Because Europeans wouldn't want to come to a place with stony soil and angry preachers

Why did most North American tribes not achieve high levels of development?

Because of the lack of resource and minimally shared knowledge. Europeans and Asians collaborated to bring together knowledge as to advance both of their technology. The Natives only had a success or fail system and adapted by oral tradition. Also, they were vulnerable to disease and could easily die from it.

Why was nonimportation weakening in 1773

Because the legal BR tea was cheaper than smuggled tea from other countries

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

antinomianism

Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; Crime Anne Hutchinson was accused of and exiled for by John Winthrop in the MA Bay Colony.

Great *Plains* and Great Basin Natives

Blackfeet, Sioux, and Chippewa -Nomadic -Lots of flat land for fertile soil and grazing animals -Lived in tepees or grass houses -Hunter-gatherers for caribou or bison -Worked together to hunt and trade together -Irrigation and dam attempts

Gullah

Blended English with African languages like Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa (remember yih)

Pontiac's uprising

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. it was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Penal

Bring debtors to the New World and start over

The event that precipitated the first real shooting between the British army and American colonists was the

British attempt to seize colonial supplies and leaders at Lexington and Concord.

Royal veto

British government had the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonies if it went against the mercantilist system — used 469 times in relation to the 8,563 laws

The French and Indian War created conflict between the British and the American military because

British officers treated the American colonial militia with contempt

The decisive event in the French-British contest for North America was the

British victory in the Battle of Quebec

positives and negatives about winning the French and Indian War

British victory made Britain a master of domain in North America but financially challenged them to put troops on the frontier

Whiskey Rebellion

By the Whiskey Boys in SW PN 1794 - Countrymen challenged national government - High excise tax was a burden on economic necessity - Made whiskey poles - like liberty poles - Tarred and feathered revenue officers - brought collections to a halt

Constitution making in the states - what did Congress call for?

Called for colonies to rewrite their Constitutions - not everybody did it

Paine's ideas

Called for not only independence but also the creation of a new kind of political system called republicanism

Predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect."

Leisler's Rebellion

Caused by animosity between landholders and merchants

Royal order of Rhode Island

Charter gave kingly sanction to Rhode Island

The three Native tribes that remained were the...

Cherokees, Creeks, and Iroquois

One of the important factors that first stimulated European interest in trade and discovery was the...

Christian crusaders who brought back a taste for the skills and spices of Asia

Puritans achieved to make better __________ rather than ________

Christians ; citizens

Detroit

City of Straits

Boston Port Act

Closed harbor until damages were paid and order ensured

proprietary colonies

Colonies - Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware - under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors.

royal colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislature, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

The Elastic Clause

Congress shall have the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers

Battles after Yorktown

Continued because George III had 54,000 troops in North America

Champagne Charley Townshend

Control of British ministry and passed Townshend Acts

Maize

Corn that fed large populations and sustained life

Carolinas and the Tuscaroras

Crushed Tuscaroras - Sold into slavery - Go north and seek protection of Iroquois (6th nation to join confederacy)

Battle of Trenton

December 26, 1776 - GW recrossed Delaware River - Surprise captured 1,000 Hessians sleeping after Christmas celebrations - Washington at his peak because of this battle

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies.

Edict of Nantes

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 promoted a french migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Rhode Island in the ratification of the Constitution

Didn't even call a convention and rejected it popularly

Calvinism

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.

Fundamental Orders (1639)

Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch military leader that took down the newly-planted New Sweden on Delaware River

Arminius

Dutch theologian who preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate, and that ALL humans, not just the "elect," could be saved if they freely accepted God's grace

Jacobus Arminus

Dutch theologian who rejected predestination and preached that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was thus open to all, not just the elect.

Cahokia

East St. Louis Mound Builder people built intricate society housing 25,000 people

Civil Law

Elaborate lengthy legal codes

Spanish control in America

Eliminated in Florida but still held much of West North America

Great Britain

England in Scotland joined in 1707

Salutary Neglect

England took a hands-off approach with colonies as long as they were making money - Lasted 150 years until 1763

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.

Henry Hudson

English explorer for Netherlands who got land for Dutch after being told to go Northeast

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698; the supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges

Lord Sheffield

Englishman who declared that Britain shouldn't have to try to get America to trade with them; commerce would follow old channels naturally

Byrd family

Enjoyed a library of 4,000 volumes of books

Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded in 1630)

Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

Confiscation of estates

Estates of Loyalists confiscated and sold for financing the war

Allies of 7 Years War; name them

Europe: Britain and Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, and Russia

Regulator Movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

triangular trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.

Craftspeople/artisans

Extremely scarce e.g. Virginia carpenter murdered somebody but was freed because his working skills were needed

What events caused the Americans to realize that they needed to separate?

Falmouth and Norfolk

Effects of inflation

Families of soldiers hit hard, and hundreds of anxious husbands and fathers were abandoned

Alliance with America and France

February 6, 1778 - Not like Model Treaty - Offered full support until full independence and both agreed on common terms on the enemy - Made the Revolution a World War

Funding at par

Federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest (would sell bonds from federal to state to ensure credibility)

Montreal

Fell in 1760 and became controlled by British

Patroonships

Feudal estates that were needed to settle 50 people on them

FFVs

First Families of Virginia

Results of the Townshend Acts on tea

Found they could secure tea at a cheap price by *smuggling* — usually drank 2 brews a day

Antoine Cadillac

Founded Detroit to thwart English settlers pushing into Ohio River Valley

Who could vote in the Bay Colony?

Freemen

Huguenots

French Protestant dissenters, the Huguenots were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. After King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots fled elsewhere, including to British North America.

Huguenots

French protestants

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Crèvecoeur

French settler who saw in America in the 1770s a "strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country" and posed the classic question "what then is the America, this new man?"; noted the racial diversity of America in his time and acknowledged that they were all equally American

Louis XIV

French vainglorious king who ruled for 72 years and was interested in overseas colonies;

Plains of Abraham

French were defeated and had to give up Montreal and Quebec

Michel-Guillaume de Crèvecoeur

Frenchman that reported that America was a "strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country"

Nickname for Hessians and why

From German state of Hesse. Hessian flies - worried more about money than serving — many remained in America and became citizens

General William Howe

GW opponent focused on his own wife - satirists made fun of the incident

The British forces suffered crushing early defeats in the French and Indian War under the overall command of

General Braddock

"Whom can we trust now"

George Washington in regards to Arnold being a traitor

The only colony formally established in the American colonies by the royal government was

Georgia

Hessians and results

German mercenaries fighting for England in favor of George III and hired by him - Upset colonists by bringing mercenaries into a quarrel

The two largest non-English white ethnic groups in the colonies were the

Germans and the Scots-Irish

Thirty Years War

Golden Age of Sweden was during and after 1618-1648

Edict of Nantes

Granted limited toleration to French Protestants

Cause of the beginning of the French and Indian War

Group of British colonial speculators secured "rights" to 500,000 acres in Ohio River valley

Cause of the beginning of the Inauguration with War with France

Group of British colonial speculators secured "rights" to 500,000 acres in Ohio River valley

Origin of Salem Witch Trials

Group of adolescents in Salem, MA were "bewitched" by certain older women

Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa

Gullah

France provided America with...

Guns, money, equipment, 1/2 of the armed forces, and all naval strength

Peace Treaty of 1748

Handed Louisbourg back to French

One way that the British combatted Pontiac's Rebellion

Handed out blankets with smallpox

Unicameral

Having one branch of a type of government

Bicameral

Having two branches of a type of government

August 1775 Declaration of George III

He declared the colonies in open rebellion

Henry the Navigator

Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself

Battle of Québec

Historic British victory over French forces in the Plains of Abraham of Québec. The surrender of Québec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Why did the Whigs believe British freedom was being fought for in America?

If George III won, his rule might be tyrannical

Justification for expanding?

Improve land by clearing lands for urban usage

Result of the Proclamation of 1763

In 1765, about 1,000 wagons rolled through Salisbury, NC to the West

Benjamin Franklin's impact on *reading*

In Philadelphia, he established first privately supported circulating library

One way in which Indians and Africans were similar to whites in 18 century North America was they

Increasingly mingled and intermarried with people from beyond their original ethnic group or tribe

Lower social group than landless whites

Indentured servants still serving, whose numbers diminished as African slaves replaced them

The primary reason for the drastic decline in the Indian population after the encounter with the Europeans was the

Indians' lack of resistance to European diseases such as smallpox and malaria

Spice Islands

Indonesia

Cambridge

Intelectual center for England's Puritanism

Conversion

Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure the Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Coercive Acts

Intolerable Acts - Port Act - Massachusetts Governor Act - Restrictions on town meetings, power to royal ruler - Administration of Justice Act - no self-government in MA and sent rebels to Britain for trial - Enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty could be sent to Britain for trial - New Quartering Act gave local authorities the power to lodge British soldiers anywhere

East Natives

Iroquois mainly -Made Iroquois Confederacy to organize socially and politically (led by Hiawatha) -Matrilineal system -Typically lived in longhouses and wigwams -Three sister farming

Nonimportation agreement effects on jobs

It stimulated *manufacturing* because there was a higher need for things that were originally supplied by England - *agriculture* was still the *leading* industry

How was America useful to France by being neutral?

It supplied the French West Indies needed foodstuffs. If they were in war, Britain would have blockaded the Yankees off

Marco Polo

Italian adventurer who returned to Europe in 1295 and began telling tales of his sojourn in China. His book stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the East

Virginia Resolution

James Madison made a similar but less extreme resolution approved by VA legislature. Introduced Interposition, governor shields state from unconstitutional federal acts

Norfolk

January 1776 British set fire to Virginia town of Norfolk

Olive Branch Petition

July 1775 - Adopted by the Continental Congress - Professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities - Not accepted by all colonies

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 1775 - Was really Breed's Hill - Colonists seized the hill and menaced enemy in Boston - British launched an attack with 3,000 men instead of cutting off the retreat of the colonists by flanking them - 1,500 Americans killed but eventually ran out of gunpowder - Forced to abandon hill in disorder - British won, but it killed majority of the British army and was a confidence booster for America

Monmouth, New Jersey

June 1778 - Withdrawing redcoats attacked by Washington - Many collapsed from heatstroke - Indecisive battle - British went to New York - 1/3 of Hessians deserted - Washington remained in NY area

Two people in power at the time

King George III and Lord North

Virginia Plan

Known as large-state plan - Both houses of Congress should be based on population - Gave big states the advantage

The Great Compromise

Known as the Connecticut Compromise - House of Representatives - representative assembly based on the number of districts in a state (all tax bills must originate from here - population counted more heavily) - Senate - Two representatives from each state

New Jersey Plan

Known as the small-state plan - Equal representation of a one-branched Congress regardless of size and population - Feared larger states would override them

William Pitt's siege of Louisbourg

Laid siege to Louisbourg and got victory — first British victory

New Jersey

Land given to two proprietors by Duke of York

Lower social group than small farmers

Landless whites who were former indentured servants and never got their payment

Beginning Battles of the Revolution

Lexington and Concord

Repeal of the Townshend Acts

Lord North persuaded Parliament to repeal them, but a three-pence toll was kept on tea

Society of the Cincinatti

Lordly pretensions of the Continental Army officers who formed a hereditary order

Most important manufacturing activity

Lumber, which also supplied shipbuilders

Charles Maurice de Tallyrand

Man who was at the XYZ affair meeting the American delegates

Boston Massacre

March 5th, 1770 - 60 townspeople threw snowballs at 10 redcoats - Troops opened fire on them - wounded and killed 11 - Crispus Attucks died - one leader of the mob - 2 redcoats found guilty of manslaughter and others branded on the hand - John Adams served as a defense attorney for soldiers later on

Plantation colonies (list?)

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

Non-separatist puritans secured royal charter to form... Why?

Massachusetts bay Company Feared faith persecution and future of England

Metacom

Massasoit's son who made pan-Indian alliance for King Philip's War

Great Migration (1630-1642)

Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.

new lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Midwest Natives

Mississippian culture -Built mounds, biggest being Cahokia -Made larger settlements when maize was introduced -Had certain ways of life similar to 10 commandments -Trading routes because of Mississippi River

Why did Alexander Hamilton believe national debt was a blessing?

More creditors the government owed money to meant more people with a personal stake in enterprise

Name of the Middle Colonies

NY, NJ, DE, and PN

Fighting in 1776: British concentrated on _____ because ________ was _________

NYC - Boston - evacuated

Chief Tommany

Native from who Penn bought land from

New England praying towns

Natives gathered to be baptized

reason Americans allied with French

Need for supplies

Result of having a federation instead of a *con*federation

Needed to recast local government free to control all domestic affairs

The triangular trade involved the sale of rum, molasses, and slaves among the ports of

New England, Africa, and the West Indies

Zenger trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

First two North American English colonies:

Newfoundland and North Carolina

John Hancock

Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers"; he was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant in 1776 who was influential in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ringleader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles of Lexington and Concord. These battles began the American Revolution.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

"Not worth a Continental"

No metal money left and no taxation "allowed," so the Continental Congress made paper money and was worthless

Whig ideas about the British army and taxes

No need for the army because the French were gone

Before Columbus arrived, the only Europeans known to have visited North America, temporarily, were the

Norse

Dey of Algiers

North African pirates - Destroyed commerce and enslaved Yankees - Yankees came and forged British papers to pretend they were Britain

King George's War

North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers for several decades.

Nonimportation agreements on the Townshend Acts

Not effective because the acts weren't heavily taxed

Baron von Steuben

Notable Prussian officer who whipped the regulars into shape through stern drills and discipline

Battle of Saratoga

October 17, 1777 - American militia swarmed around Burgoyne and caught British army - Burgoyne surrendered - Decisive battle in colonial favor - Revived colonial cause and led to foreign aid from France

Falmouth (Portland), Maine

October 1775 British burned it down

old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Pontiac

Ottawa chief led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country

Quakers

Pacifists, no paid clergy, no taxes to Church of England, etc.

Loyal opposition

Party out of power balances wishes of their political party

German settlement in the colonies was especially heavy in

Pennsylvania

Incas location Mayans location Aztec location

Peru Central America Mexico

Top of social group (characteristics)

Plantation owners - monopolized political power - Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons were major names in the social class - Possessed Virginia real estate - Dominated House of Burgesses - Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of VA legislature came from families in VA before the 1690s (FFVs) - Usually labored over plantation issues and worked extremely hard

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal received territory in Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain received the discovery of Columbus

Difference between powers of war in the president and Congress

President could wage war, but Congress could declare war

Reason for morale in the Revolution being low

Profiteers put profit before patriotism

Southwest Natives

Pueblos/Anasazi -Made towns of adobe, stone, and other materials with numerous rooms -Matrilineal -Used irrigation to water crops -Rio Grande Valley -Battle of Acoma - Spanish encountered Natives, dismembered -Popé's rebellion - killed priests, settlers, and churches -*three sister farming*

Sugar Act of 1764

Raised tax revenue in colonies and increased duty on foreign sugar imported from West Indies and made by *George Grenville*

Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688)

Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Religious freedom in Virginia - Established by Thomas Jefferson

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Great Awakening

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality.

Quartering Act of 1765

Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

Benedict Arnold in the Hudson River

Retreated along St Lawrence River by Lake CHamplain

"Give me liberty or give me death"

Said by Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly

What did the Constitutional Convention do with the Articles of Confederation (AOC)?

Scraped it completely

Royal order of Connecticut

Sea-to-sea charter grant legalized squatter settlements

Queen Anne's War

Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida, Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain.

Most important action of Second Continental Congress

Select GW to head the hastily improved army besieging Boston

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Pequot War 1637

Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

Other name for French and Indian War

Seven Years War

Musters

Several days of drilling with some amusement in

Slave Trade Compromise

Slave trade can continue slave trade until the end of 1807 - Meant slaves increase more by procreation

Largest social group

Small farmers - Tilled modest plots - Owned maybe 1-2 slaves - Ragged existence

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

War of Jenkins's Ear

Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742.

Yamasee

South Carolinians annihilated Yamasee Indians and sold into slavery or allowed them to wander

Allies of America

Spain, Holland, and France

conquistadors

Spanish conquerors that fanned out across the Caribbean and eventually onto the mainland of the American continents

Impacts of the Treaty of Paris on the Natives

Spanish removal from Florida and French Canada meant no more ability to play off the rival of European powers

Aim of the Committees of Correspondence

Spread resistance by exchanging letters and keep opposition to British

Stamp Act's Repeal in 1766

Stamp Act repealed — Colonists celebrate the victory attributed to their political protest and economic boycotts. NY residents made King George III statue

Battle of Long Island

Summer/Fall of 1776 - Washington escaped to Manhattan island b/c of wind/fog - Escaped northward and crossed Hudson River to NJ - Reached Delaware River with British close - Rebel remnants fled across the river after collecting all available boats to forestall pursuit - General William Howe didn't crush them because he was focused on his wife

London government's reaction after the Townshend Acts

Suspended New York legislature after passing the Townshend Acts for failure to comply with the Quartering Act

Molasses Act (1733)

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Why did anti-feds later adopt the Constitution?

The Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights

The French and Indian War eventually became part of the larger world conflict known as

The Seven Years' War

the trained mob

The common people of Samuel Adams

What event caused the reservation system to be born?

The ending of the second Anglo-Powhatan War with the peace treaty banning Natives from their land

British reply to Americans not wanting representation in Parliament

The power of government could be divided between "legislative" in London and "taxing" in the colonies

Why was funding at par made?

There was no public funding for Alex because of the lack of confidence from the public

Why did most states have to join the Union?

They couldn't get advantages of new land sales and couldn't "exist" without them

Why did France support the Treaty?

They didn't have to pay Spain promises they had made

What did Britain do to American markets other than cut it off?

They flooded it with lowered prices for goods that would cost more locally made

Reason the Bostonians were angry at the red-coated "ruffians"

They were angry over the death of an 11-year-old boy shot down during a protest against a merchant who defied colonial boycott of British goods

Result of the loyalist estates

They were cut up into smaller pieces -> spread economic democracy

Why didn't the Jeffersonians like Jay's Treaty

They would have to pay their debts

Purpose of the American Navy (mainly privateers) at this point

To destroy British merchant shipping and carry war around the British Isles

Duke of York

Took New Netherland and Peter didn't even fire a shot

regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.

coureurs de bois

Translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.

Issue when British invaded Canada

Tried to attack multiple posts at once instead of the two major ones, which would cause the rest to die off

Indian allies of America

Tuscaroras and Oneidas

Common Law

Unnecessary to be specific about every conceivable detail

salutary neglect (1688-1763)

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.

New York slave revolt (1712)

Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks.

Stono Rebellion

Uprising of more than fifty South Carolina blacks. They attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.

Most populous colonies

VA, MA, PN, NC, and MD

Patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

Who gave the charter for the pilgrims to settle in Plymouth?

Virginia Company

The capital was moved because...

Virginia in the assumption of debt wanted the DOC to be on Potomac River to gain commerce and prestige, so it was passed by Congress

Who could be apart of the church in the Bay Colony?

Visible saints or freemen

King William's War

War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies. The colonial theater of the larger War of the League of Augsburg in Europe.

New England Confederation (1643)

Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War.

Mercantilism

Wealth was power and a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. Goal was to plant colonies to get mineral wealth by finding it in mines/conquered cities, gaining valuable natural resources that could be traded for bullion and forcing colonies to buy all their manufactured goods from the mother country.

Incas

Were crushed by Pizarro to add riches to his boat

The British political party that was generally more sympathetic to the American cause was the

Whig party

Poor Richard's Almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Governor of Virginia in 1676

William Berkeley

"America was conquered in Germany" what did this mean, and who said it?

William Pitt because the French wasted so much of their energy defeating Frederick the Great that they seemed to be unable to focus on America and therefore not on Britain

Indentured servants

Worked for 4-7 years in exchange for passage to the colony

Braddock

a 60 year old officer experienced in European warfare who was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British regulars during the French and Indian War; set out in 1755 with 2,000 or so men to capture Fort Duquesne; moved slowly; British suffered appalling losses because of the inexperience of the colonial regulars

Bartolome de las Casas (definition)

a Spanish missionary that called the encomienda system a moral pestilence invented by Satan. He then wrote a book about it

Charter

a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges

plantation

a large piece of land (or water) where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers.

John Peter Zenger

a newspaper printer who assailed the corrupt royal governor and was charged with seditious libel; defended by a former indentured servant: Andrew Hamilton, who argued that he had printed the truth; Hamilton's eloquence swayed the opinions of the jurors who then voted Zenger "not guilty"

Perhaps the most enduring result of France's years of colonial rule in North America was

a permanent French-Canadian minority in Quebec in Canada

Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South...

a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop

Almshouse

a shelter for widows and/or orphans

Caravel

a ship built by the Portuguese that could sail more closely into the wind

Canadian shield

a zone ungirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of what became the North American landmass to have emerged above sea level

Copely

actually became a famous painter, but had to go to England to complete their training and find subjects willing to sit for portraits and pay money for them; considered a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; it signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans

Mayflower compact

agreement established a basic government based upon majority rule (basis of self-government)

Nonimportation

agreements among the American colonies to boycott English goods about the revealing of the Stamp and Townshend Acts

The primary source of livelihood for most colonial Americans was

agriculture

Encomienda

allowed the government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them

The expansion of New France occurred especially

along the paths of North America's interior lakes and rivers

Malinche

an Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl

Coureurs de bois

an independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior of North America — did not follow the "laws"

Hudson

appointed by Dutch; found the Hudson River in 1609 where New Netherlands was established

The mobilization of non-importation policies against the Stamp Act was politically important because it

aroused revolutionary fervor among many ordinary American men and women

Trumbull

aspiring painter of Connecticut; discouraged by his father's words "Connecticut is not Athens"; forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions

Gorges

attempted to colonize Maine (1623)

problem with amount of growing population

available soil supply and growing population did not equate, so land was subdivided repeatedly

The Half-Way Covenant provided

baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience

The French fur trade decimated

beaver populations while spreading the French empire

Hutchinson

believed in antinomianism

Slave codes made...

blacks and their children property for life to their masters

Franklin

born in Boston came to Philadelphia at 17 in 1720

Middle Colonies nickname

breadbasket

Separatists

broke away from the church because of fraternization of the damned and saints

Among the many important results of the Great Awakening was that it

broke down sectional boundaries and created a greater sense of common American identity

Williams

called for break from Church of England and questioned the Bay Colony charter (1635 exiled)

Captain Standish

captain on the Mayflower that set sail from Holland in 1620

Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally

captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants

Which of the following was not among the generally small-scale manufacturing enterprises in colonial America? a. Carriage manufacturing b. Liquor distilling c. Beaver hat making d. Iron making e. Spinning and weaving

carriage manufacturing

Royal order of Bay Colony

charter removed

Wolfe

chosen by William Pitt to lead expedition against Québec; sent a detachment up a poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence protecting Québec; French were defeated and the city surrendered

Cotton

clergy (educated at Cambridge) who defended government's duty to enforce religious rules

The most honored profession in colonial America was the

clergyman

The most intolerable of the Intolerable Acts that the British imposed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party were

closing the port of Boston and the Quartering Act lodging British soldiers in private homes.

Republicanism, without the monarchy, depended on the ___________________ and mattered more than __________ and interests

collective good of the people private rights

tar, pitch, rosin

colonial naval stores

Mercantilism

colonies purpose is to enrich mother country. Colonies provide bullion or raw materials which Mother country processes and resells to colonial markets for more bullion. Goal: Accumulation of bullion

When British officials decided to enforce the East India Company's tea monopoly and the three-pence tax on tea,

colonists were outraged because they saw it as a trick to undermine their principled resistance to the tax

The British Proclamation of 1763 angered

colonists who thought that it deprived them of the fruits of victory

Protestant Ethic

commitment to work and engagement in worldly pursuits

mariner's compass

compass eliminated some of the uncertainties of sea travel

The original cause of the French and Indian War was

competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River Valley

The original cause of the French and Indian War was

competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River valley

For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

contained far more men than women

An unfortunate group of involuntary immigrants who ranked even below indentured servants on the American social scale were

convicts and paupers

jayle birds

convicts that were not all criminals

The primary staples of Indian agriculture before the European arrival were...

corn, beans, and squash

Joint-stock company colony type

corporate colony

rigshout

dance of shuffling in a circle while answering preacher's shouts

French in America

demanded repayment of money loaned

Indentured servants

displaced farmers coming to the colonies to work for several years and "received" parcels of land and some money at the end (3/4 of the immigrants to the colonies were indentured servants)

Many of the early Puritan settlers of America were

displaced farmers from eastern and western England

The Indian peoples of the Americas were...

divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than two thousand different languages

headright system

employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony

William Pitt's assumption of control of British government and strategy

ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain's favor

In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England

enjoyed longer lives and more stable families

Wheatley

enslaved poet; female; brought to Boston at age 8 and never formally educated; taken to England at 20 years old where she published a book of verse and subsequently wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope; she is remarkable because she overcame her severely disadvantaged background to release poetry

Fundamental Orders

established a regime in Connecticut democratically controlled by regular people

The new Constitution provided for an __________ branch and Judiciary

executive

George Whitefield

exemplified the Great Awakening; preached a Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality, which today is more clearly manifested in Souther evangelism.

The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to

experience about ten pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause

The passage of the Quebec Act aroused intense American fears because it

extended Catholic jurisdiction and a non-jury judicial system into the English-speaking Ohio country.

Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by

extended families of wealthy planters

Issues with killing beavers

extreme ecological damage

New Haven

failed to be set up as a bustling seaport after sheltering two outlaws; became merged into Connecticut

One of the advantages the colonists enjoyed in the impending conflict with Britain was

fighting defensively on a large, agriculturally self-sufficient continent.

The passage of increasing British restrictions on trade encouraged colonial merchants to

find ways to smuggle and otherwise evade the law by trading with other countries

Among the most important American Indian products or discoveries to spread to the Old World were...

foodstuffs such as corn, beans, and tomatoes

The most important action the First Continental Congress took to protest the Intolerable Acts was

forming the Association to impose a complete boycott of all British goods.

In the Revolutionary War, African Americans

fought in both the American patriot and British loyalist military forces

Cadillac

founded Detroit "City of Straits"

Salle

founded Luisiana in the Mississippi Basin

The number of Indians in North America at the time Columbus arrived was approximately

four million

What type of people weren't able to marry or get land?

freemen

Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally

from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy

Economy of Plymouth

fur, fish, and lumber

Headright system

get land if you paid for someone's journey to the colony

Winthrop

governor of Bay Colony who helped colony prosper through fur trading and shipbuilding; only allowed Puritans church membership

William Bradford

governor of Plymouth

William Berkeley

governor of Viginia who monopolized the fur trade, held friendly policies toward the Indians that were resented by the colonists, and refused to retaliate against a series of brutal Indian attacks, which led to Bacon's Rebellion, which was later crushed by him

Bradford

governor of the Plymouth colony

Andros

governor who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents, and enforced Navigation Laws

Compared to the seventeenth century, American colonial society in 18th-century showed

greater gaps in wealth and status between rich and poor

Anti-feds criticized the Constitution because of the lack of...

guarantees of rights

British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763

heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion

Narragansett Indians

helped English settlers slaughter Indians in the Pequot War

Squanto

helped temporarily settle Wampanoag Indians with the Plymouth settlers with his knowledge of English

Lord Cornbury

horrible governor who ruled NY & NJ

The colonial militia's military success in the French and Indian War

increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats

Colonial American smuggling and trading with French enemy

increased British government's disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire

Lower classes were getting a flow of...

indentured servants

One of the ways in which mercantilism harmed the colonial economy was by

inhibiting the development of banking and paper currency in the colonies.

Renaissance

inspired adventure and discovery

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

inspired future slave codes when brought to North Carolina in 1670

Champlain

intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title "Father of New France"; led groups to Québec where the beginnings of a vast empire were established for the French; had friendly relations with the nearby Huron Indian tribes

Printing presses

introduced in 1450 and spread scientific knowledge

Penn's Valley Forge

iron factories that were numerous but smaller than England's

Colonial Americans were unhappy about the peace treaty of 1748 following the War of Jenkin's Ear because

it returned the Louisbourg fortress they had captured back to France

The Anglican Church suffered in colonial America because of

its poorly qualified clergy and close ties with British authority

Propreitorship

land given by the king to an individual or group

Hooker

led Boston Puritans into Hartford to form Connecticut in 1636 also created the Fundamental Orders

Competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley

led to Washington's expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity

Laud

made anti-Puritan persecutions which were sanctioned by Charles I

Calvinism

major theological credo of New England Puritans - Signs of conversion - sanctified lives after conversion

indentured servants

migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically four to seven years; their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement

Compared with the English colonies in North America, New France was

more autocratically governed (e.g. government sponsored mercantilism at its best)

tidewater

narrow eastern coastal plain region

Must of the impetus of Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory in the early 1500s came from Spain's recent

national unification and expulsion of the Muslim Moors *Ferdinand and Isabella Inquisition*

Besides offering rest, refreshment, and entertainment, colonial taverns served an important function as centers of

news and political opinion

Jeremiad

often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah

Bering isthmus

once was made of an ice bridge that immigrant ancestors of the Native Americans traveled on

Royal

paid for and ruled directly by the monarchy

mestizos

people of mixed Indian and European heritage

Virginia, Massachusetts, Penn, North Carolina, Maryland

popular colonies in order

Matrilineal

power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line

Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne

prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier

Benjamin Franklin's attempt to create inter-colonial unity at the Albany Congress resulted in

rejection of the congress' proposal for colonial home rule both by London and by the individual colonies

Federalist vs Democratic-Republican (Google Doc)

removed

The French and Indian War weakened interior Indian peoples like the Iroquois and Creeks by

removing their French and Spanish allies from Canada and Florida

Fredrick the Great

repelled forces in Pruissa

General Court

representative assembly of Plymouth

The summoning of the Albany Congress

represented the first major attempt at inter-colonial unity

Wolfe's victory over Montcalm at Quebec

resulted in decisive French defeat and British domination of North America

A crucial political development that paved the way for the European colonization of America was the

rise of the centralized national monarchies, such as those of Spain, Portugal, and France

Capitalism & the commercial revolution

rose because of the flood of gold and silver from Spain's New World Empire into Europe after 1500

New Amsterdam

run for Dutch Company in interest of stockholders and had no enthusiasm for religion or democracy

voyageurs

same thing as coureurs de bois

Congregational Church

self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church

pilgrims

separatists who wanted to break away from the Anglican church

slave codes

set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the rights and learning of slaves

Massasoit

signed treaty with Plymouth and celebrated Thanksgiving with the settlers in 1621

Plains of Abraham

site of the death of General Wolfe and Montcalm

Most white Americans and some blacks were

small farmers

Jonathan Edwards

started the Great Awakening in Northampton Massachusetts; preached the severe, pre-deterministic doctrines of Calvinism and became famous for his graphic depictions of Hell

Fort Duquesne

strategic French stronghold; renamed after a great British statesman

Pitt

the "Great Commoner"; drew his strength from the common people who admired him deeply; believed in his cause, country, and self with a passion; became a foremost leader in the London government in 1757; earned the title "Organizer of Victory"; decided to soft petal assaults on the French West Indies and focus on the Québec-Montréal area instead; picked young and energetic leaders rather than incompetent and cautious older generals; responsible for British victory against Louisbourg in 1758

Cortés and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán party because

the Aztec ruler Montezuma believed the Cortés was a god whose return had been predicted

Which of the following was not among the ancient Indian cultures established in North America before 1300 A.D.? a. the Incas b. The Pueblos c. The Anasazis d. The Cahokia e. the Mound Builders

the Incas

One of the advantages the British enjoyed in the impending conflict with the colonies was

the ability to enlist foreign soldiers, Loyalists, and Native Americans in their military forces.

Widening gap of social statuses was based on

the amount of slaves owned vs smaller farmers

antinomianism

the belief that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved don't need to bother to obey the law of either God or man

Black Legend

the belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while contributing nothing good

The British theory of mercantilism, by which the colonies were governed, held that

the colonial economy should be carefully controlled to serve the home country's needs.

The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to

the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting

Nahuatl

the language of the powerful Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of central Mexico

The primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the eighteenth century was

the natural fertility of the population

Middle Passage

the passage from Africa to the West - The death rate was 20% - survivors sold in auctions in major port cities

The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was

the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land

American colonists especially resented the Townshend Acts because

the revenues from the taxation would go to support British officials and judges in America

Primogeniture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, specifically during the 16th century of England

Even before the discovery of the Americas, Portugal became the first nation to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in

the sugar islands off the coast of Africa

Three sister farming

the three main crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize, and climbing beans

African diaspora

the vast scattering of African peoples throughout the New World

Among the factors that tended to promote British colonists' inter-colonial unity during the French and Indian War was

their common language and shared wartime experiences

English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by

their extensive introduction of livestock

If colonial grievances made by the Continental Congress were not redressed

they would meet again in May 1775

Headright system and who got the benefits

those who paid for the passage of a laborer got 50 acres of land *land owners got benefits*

At the time of the American Revolution, the population of Britain was approximately _____ _____ than the population of the thirteen American colonies.

three times larger

The most significant effect on the colonists of the French defeat in North America was

to reduce the colonies' reliance on Britain for protection and increase their sense of independence

Stuyvesant

took over New Sweden

The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the

town

Americans wanted ______ on British Parliament. Why?

trade restrictions - because they were restricting their trade vice versa, but Congress couldn't control commerce

middle passage

transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies; mortality rates were notoriously high

The fundamental flaw in the British strategy before William Pitt gained control of the London government was it

tried to attack numerous French wilderness forts simultaneously instead of concentrating on the key French fortresses

George Washington won the election _________

unanimously

A primary weapon used by colonial legislature in their conflicts with royal governors was

using their power of the purse to withhold the governor's salary

Savannah Indians

wanted to end peace alliance with Carolina and go to Maryland and Pennsylvania; all were killed by 1710

In New England, elementary education

was mandatory for any town with more than 50 families

The primary beneficiaries of the headright system were

well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants

The four world wars between 1688 and 1763

were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America

Household manufacturing

women's role of spinning and weaving was rather profitable

How did the colonial assembly combat corrupt governors?

would hold the salary until yielded to their wishes

Wigglesworth

wrote "Day of Doom" in 1662 about fate of the damned

John Calvin

wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536

Nathaniel Bacon

young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks

Southern vs. New England property rights

— *South* - men died young in South, leaving wife as a widow. The wife was allowed to retain separate title to her property and got her husband's property rights to herself when he died — *New England* - Puritan lawmakers feared that recognizing separate property rights acknowledged conflicting interests - women gave up property rights when married