SB 9

Insulin is a hormone composed of two different polypeptides, the and the chains, which can be produced separately in bacteria, then purified and mixed together to form functional human insulin.

Blank 1: A or alpha Blank 2: B, b, or beta

Scientists have removed the genes that cause the formation of a gall from DNA, allowing the DNA to be used as a vector to introduce cloned genes into plants.

Blank 1: T or Ti

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants, and encodes plant growth hormones which cause a crown gall tumor to grow.

Blank 1: T, transferred, or Ti Blank 2: DNA or plasmid

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. The introduction of from Bacillus thuringiensis makes plants resistant to and beetles.

Blank 1: genes Blank 2: caterpillars

A major advantage of CRISPR-Cas technology over site-directed mutagenesis is that it can be used directly on cells.

Blank 1: living, live, or alive

In gene mutagenesis by CRISPR-Cas, a DNA break can be repaired by end or by homologous

Blank 1: nonhomologous Blank 2: joining Blank 3: recombination Blank 4: repair

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. When the CRISPR-Cas system is used for gene mutagenesis, tracrRNA and crRNA are linked together in a molecule called the RNA.

Blank 1: single or s Blank 2: guide or g

When CRISPR-Cas is used for gene mutagenesis, what type of change does Cas9 make in the gene of interest?

Double-strand break

After Cas9 makes a double strand break, which characteristics are observed for repair of the break by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)?

Frameshift mutation may occur in the coding sequence of the gene. The break region may incur a small deletion.

What keeps the chains of insulin from being degraded in bacterial cells?

Fusion with β-galactosidase

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?

Materials produced by living organisms Living organism

Select the modifications of the Ti plasmid that had to be made to use it as a T-DNA vector.

Removal of genes that cause a gall Addition of restriction sites Addition of selectable marker genes

After Cas9 makes a double strand break, which characteristics are observed for repair of the break by homologous recombination repair (HRR)?

Researcher includes donor DNA that is homologous to the region where the break occurs. Can be used to make a specific point mutation

In the CRISPR-Cas system, what part of the sgRNA is designed to be complementary to the gene to be mutated?

Spacer region

Plant cells that have integrated transgenic T-DNA into their genome should be ______.

able to grow in the presence of carbenicillin and kanamycin

CRISPR-Cas technology has been used to mutate genes in ______.

adult mice human cell lines plant cells mouse embryos roundworms

A Bt plant contains genes from a ______.

bacterium

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called

biotechnology

The natural function of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacteria is to ______.

to provide defense against bacteriophages

Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______.

tumor growth