SCI 1102 FINAL EXAM
A child named Emma in Uganda has a large abdomen and reddish hair that used to be black, suggesting that Emma probably ________.
suffers from kwashiorkor
Most developed countries have _____ populations while most developing nations have _____ populations.
"older", "younger"
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the global population using the midpoint of the medium-variant projection is projected to be approximately _____ in 2050 and _____ in 2100.
10 billion, 11 billion
Approximately how many years would it take a population growing at 10% to double in size?
10 years
Roughly how long ago did full-time agriculture develop?
10,000
Which area on the map is experiencing the highest population growth rate?
C
According to the textbook, which of the following should lead to an increase in fertility?
Decreasing affluence
In the UN population projection for 2100, the 95% prediction interval for the number of global births is about ______ than the 95% prediction interval for the number of global dea
7 times larger
The current size of the human population is closest to
8 billion
Population projections for Europe and North America in 2100 have larger 95% prediction intervals for births than projections for Sub-Saharan Africa.
False
Reference the provided image of three (A, B, and C) population pyramids. Which is most representative of a population that is expected to show meaningful decreases in population in the near future?
Pyramid C
In the Future of Food videos, which of the following was not mentioned as a benefit of vertical farms versus conventional farms?
Reduced energy costs from the use of reflected sunlight into growing spaces
Desertification is of particular concern in _____ environments.
arid
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used in agricultural settings
as a biocontrol mechanism for caterpillars and other insects.
Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________.
birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration
Light of the wavelengths of which two colors are the most important in photosynthesis for plant growth?
blue and red
In the Future of Food videos, it was shown that the air in the profiled vertical farm is enriched with _____ to promote plant growth.
carbon dioxide gas
According to your textbook, increasing affluence tends to _____ a nation's total fertility rate and _____ the individual environmental impact of each citizen of that nation.
decrease, increase
What did Nobel prize winning scientist Normal Borlaug do to win his award?
developed strains of wheat that produced high yields in tropical areas
The Growing Higher article describes how "seed" potatoes would benefit from being grown in a vertical farm to protect them from
diseases & pests of potatoes
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, in 2010-2020 which of the regions listed below was comprised of nations that predominantly had a positive rate of natural increase and a positive rate for net international migration?
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, in 2019 _____ had the highest proportion of its population aged 65 or older compared to other world regions.
Europe & North America
Using the findings of the UN report describing changes in crop yields between 2019 and 2050, identify the region below that would likely see an increase in crop yields in 2050 from yields in 2019
Europe & Russia
According to your textbook, all nations will eventually complete the profiled demographic transition, it is simply a question of WHEN each nation will complete all the stages in the transition.
False
The vertical farm profiled in the Growing Higher article obtains its irrigation water from
collected rainwater
Plowing steep land perpendicularly across the hillside (as opposed to vertically) to prevent the formation of rills and gullies from water flowing down the hill best describes
contour plowing
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the average rate of annual change in population for the 47 least-developed nations is projected to _____ between 2019 and 2050.
decrease
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the percentage of the population of world regions that is below age 25 is expected to _____ from 2019 to 2100.
decrease
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the number of live births per woman across all regions _____ from 1950 to 2109, and is projected to _____ from 2019 to 2100.
decreased, further decrease
The _____ describes when a population's group of working-age individuals is growing faster than other age groups, and this abundance of workers can yield future opportunities for economic growth.
demographic dividend
Per capita meat consumption has ________ since 1950.
doubled
According to the text, one downside of no-till agriculture is that it often requires
elevated use of chemical herbicides to control weeds
According to the textbook, the overall diversity of the human diet is higher today than it was 3,000 years ago.
false
Overnutrition is more pronounced today in developing nations than in developed nations.
false
The ability to secure nutritious, affordable food on a daily basis best describes
food security
In the Future of Food videos, the compost used to create rich soil on remediated abandoned lot urban farms is shown to be derived from
food waste from grocery stores and restaurants
Most of Earth's fresh water is
frozen as snow and ice in ice caps and glaciers.
Which of the following is defined as transferring genes between species and other laboratory manipulations of an organism's genetic material?
genetic engineering
The human activity that uses the greatest quantity of water worldwide is
growing food and fiber in agriculture.
The amount of fertilizer applied to agricultural lands today is _____ the amount applied 50 years ago due to recent advances in agricultural approaches.
higher than
Meat consumption per person worldwide has _____ in the past five decades.
increased
The production of seafood with aquaculture worldwide has _____ in the past five decades.
increased
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the life expectancy of all regions _____ from 1950 to 2109, and is projected to _____ from 2019 to 2100.
increased, further increase
As a population projection extends further into the future, the size of the projection value's 95% confidence interval typically ______.
increases
A nation currently in the _____ stage of the demographic transition model would have the highest level of uncertainty for projections of population growth among the stages listed below.
industrial stage
As noted in the Future of Food videos, a major difference between Beyond Meat's product and most other meat-substitute products is that Beyond Meat's product
is "raw", like real meat, and so requires cooking.
Leaching ________.
removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil
Which of the following crops is not well suited for growing in indoor, vertical farms?
rice
The buildup of elevated levels of salts in surface soils in repeatedly-irrigated soils is called
salinization
Based on the information in the figure, you might decide to make changes in your diet to diminish your ecological footprint by ________.
shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products
The Growing Higher article states that the profiled vertical farm grows produce at a _____ cost per kilogram as a conventional greenhouse system supplemented with lighting and heating.
similar
________ comprises just over half of all of the world's GM crops.
soybeans
The planting of alternating rows of different crops to maximize ground cover to prevent erosion best describes
strip farming/intercropping
The term demographic transition refers to ________.
the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops
In the Future of Food video on urban farming, Ken Dunn (the founder of City Farm) emphasized that the primary goal of their urban farms is to benefit
the local community in which the farms are located
A life-cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions by the United Nations cited in the Future of Food video series states that globally livestock produce more greenhouse gas emissions than transportation.
true
According to the textbook, the Green Revolution has had positive effects for the environment by increasing yields per acre in developing regions, thereby enabling food production to increase without destroying wildlife habitat for new farmland.
true
Aquaculture is conducted for freshwater fish and shellfish species, and for marine (saltwater) fish and shellfish species.
true
Which of the following is not a major mechanism of soil erosion?
volcanism
Adding excessive amounts of water to soils and causing plant root death from oxygen deprivation best describes
waterlogging
In the Future of Food videos, insect-specialist Steve Sullivan was interviewed and suggested that bugs would best become part of the human diet if
we incorporate insect ingredients into other foods
As noted in the Future of Food videos, insects efficiently process feed into human food, and are roughly _____ times more efficient than cows in producing a pound of protein
6
As shown in your textbook and other materials, what world region is predicted to increase the most, by a percentage of current population, by the year 2050?
Africa
In the Future of Food videos, it was noted that the amount of land needed to supply the world with crops and livestock was similar to the amount of land in
Africa and South America combined
In which soil horizon do materials leached from upper horizons tend to accumulate?
B horizon
According to your textbook, which nation is projected to have the largest human population in 2050?
India
As shown in your textbook's "Science Behind the Stories" profile on human consumption of Earth's resources, which of the listed nations shows the highest proportion of its net primary productivity being utilized by humans?
India
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the two nations that are projected to add the most people to the global population by 2050 are
India & Nigeria
Which of the following is not one of the factors used in the formula for calculating a society's impact on the environment?
Industrialization
The typical age structure diagram for a developing nation
Is wider at the base than at the top
Erosion from which of the listed states was highest during the Dust Bowl period of the 20th century?
Kansas
An individual who obtains sufficient calories on a daily basis but whose diet lacks essential proteins for an extended period may suffer from the condition known as
Kwashiorkor
In the Future of Food videos, it was shown that the idea for a "vertical farm" originated in a college course when students investigated urban food production in which city?
NYC
In the I = P*A*T formula for calculating a society's impact on the environment, which factor(s) is (are) typically higher in developing nations than in developed nations.
P
Why did the Indonesian government support IPM for agriculture in 1986?
Pesticides were costing money, causing pollution, and decreasing yields.
Using the findings of the UN report describing changes in crop yields between 2019 and 2050, identify the region below that would likely see a decrease in crop yields in 2050 from yields in 2019.
South Asia (India and neighboring nations)
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, in 2019 _____ had the highest rate of mortality for children under five years of age compared to other world regions.
Sub-Saharan Africa
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, in 2019 _____ had the highest value for potential support ratio compared to other world regions.
Sub-Saharan Africa
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the adolescent birth rate from 2005-2020 was highest in which world region?
Sub-Saharan Africa
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the poorest nations of the world - in which populations in 2019 are projected to double by 2050 - are predominantly located in
Sub-Saharan Africa
For which of the following regions is population momentum projected to contribute the least to population growth from 2019 to 2050?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Of the regions listed below which, according to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, is expected to benefit the most from the potential economic benefits of a demographic dividend from 2019 to 2050?
Sub-Saharan Africa
This individual contended that human population growth would invariably outstrip food production, leading to famine and other social problems.
Thomas Malthus
In which stage of the demographic transition do death rates experience the most rapid decrease?
Transitional stage
Population projections typically have smaller 95% confidence intervals than forecasts of global economic growth across time periods.
True
As shown in your textbook and other materials, what is the third largest nation (by population) today?
US
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, rank the regions below according to their projected population in 2019, from largest to smallest.
_2__Sub-Saharan Africa __1__Eastern and South-Eastern Asia __3__Latin America and the Caribbean
The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________.
less than replacement rate
In the Future of Food videos, it was noted how cultural views changed about _____ in North America, making a once-reviled creature a delicacy.
lobsters
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the majority of nations that experienced populations decreases of one percent or more from 2010 to 2019 had a _____ rate of natural increase and a _____ rate of net international migration.
negative, negative
Which of the following chemical elements is needed in sizable quantities by plants and is found in significant quantities in commercial fertilizers?
nitrogen
Uncertainty around the size of the future population of the world is driven mostly by uncertainty about projections of which demographic statistic?
number of births
Adding supplemental nitrogen and phosphorus to promote plant growth in agriculture best describes
nutrient fertilization
According to the 2019 World Population Prospects report from the United Nations, the fastest-growing segment of the global population through 2100 are people aged
over 65
As noted in the Future of Food video series, Beyond Meat creates a meat substitute using primarily protein from which plant?
peas
The acronym "IPM" describes an alternative approach to ____ used in sustainable agriculture.
pest control
If a population continues to grow - even while its mortality rate remains constant and its fertility rate quickly decreases to replacement-level fertility- this population growth is said to be attributed to
population momentum
The O horizon is ________.
primarily composed of organic materials
As noted in the Future of Food videos, insects are an efficient source of _____ for the human diet.
protein
In the Future of Food videos, the light in the vertical farms appears what color due to the use of two differently-colored bulbs in the growing lights?
purple