SDSU Anthropology 101 InQuizitive Chapter 11

Click the sites where Homo erectus has been found dating to 1.8 mya.

-lleret Olorgesailie -sangiran -dmanisi

Homo habilis was first found at _____ and had a somewhat _____ brain than the australopithecines.

-Olduvai -larger

The Middle Awash region in Ethiopia is one of the most fossil-rich areas in the world. Thanks to this large and diverse fossil record, anthropologists have been able to reconstruct the past environment. The image shows an artist's rendering of the landscape 1 million years ago. Identify the characteristics of the Daka landscape in the Middle Awash region.

-savannah and permanent rivers with wetlands -wooded areas

The change in body size between Homo habilis and Homo erectus

involved a dramatic and sudden increased

We do not know which hominin is the direct ancestor of Homo habilis, but anthropologist _____ suggests that similarities in the face, jaws, and teeth indicate that ______ is a good candidate.

- Tim White -Australopithecus garhi

Although he did not directly study fossils, ______ first postulated that humans evolved from African apes, while his contemporary, biologist ______, first suggested that humans evolved from Asian apes.

-Charles Darwin -Ernst Haeckel

In the early 20th century, _____ discovered a skull cap, teeth, and a complete femur in Java. These were later identified as the remains of the hominin _____.

-Eugene Dubois -Homo erectus

Indicate which of the following statements about Homo erectus are correct and which are incorrect by dragging them to the appropriate boxes.

-Homo erectus appears in Asia and Africa at about the same time. -Homo erectus was completely committed to terrestrial locomotion.

Which of the following correctly describes tool use by Homo erectus? Indicate your answer by dragging each statement to the appropriate box.

-Homo erectus butchered and ate large mammals. -Homo erectus used stone tools for hunting. -Acheulian tools were used for animal butchery.

Indicate which of the following statements about Homo erectus are correct and which are incorrect by dragging them to the appropriate boxes.

-Homo erectus overlapped in time with Australopithecus. -Homo erectus had large browridges.

This artist drawing demonstrates early hominins using tools. While australopithecines may have used primitive tools, an increase in intelligence led to widescale tool use by the genus Homo. Which of the following statements correctly describes early hominin tool use?

-Homo habilis relied more on tools than did other early hominins. -Homo habilis seems to be more often associated with stone tools than are other early hominins. -A larger brain in Homo habilis indicates that tool use may have been more important to their survival than in australopithecines.

Why is the date 1.8 mya so important in hominin evolutionary history?

-It was the time Homo erectus appeared in both Africa and Asia. -It was the time Homo erectus appeared in Asia.

Important changes in the landscape of East Africa and South Africa may have been associated with the rise of Homo habilis and the eventual extinction of the australopithecines. Which of the following statements describe this transition?

-Underground plant parts (edible roots, etc.) became more important, which increased selection for the use of tools. -Habitat changes correlated with changes in cranial and tooth morphology in Homo habilis as compared to australopithecines. -There was a significant increase in C-4 (warm season) grasses at around 2.5 mya.

Human evolution is not always straightforward and the path to discovery is often riddled with surprises and unexplained finds. Fossils found on the island of Flores in Indonesia are just one example of an unexpected hominin discovery. Identify what the fossils found on Flores indicate.

-a small body size -another species of hominin

The hominin species ______ is recognized as the first species of the genus Homo, with the earliest fossil evidence dating from around ______.

-homo habilis -2.5 to 1.0 mya

Which of the following changes occurred between Homo habilis and Homo erectus due to their use of fire?

-larger body -smaller teeth, relatively smaller face and jaws

Homo naledi is a new species of the genus Homo that is similar to Homo erectus, yet contains unique enough characteristics to warrant a separate species. This hominin was first discovered at the South African site Rising Star Cave in 2013. Identify the challenges faced by archaeologists working in Rising Star Cave.

-the fossils cannot be dated -difficult working conditions -only certain archaeologists permitted

Place the following hominins in order with respect to when they first appeared in evolutionary history. There was overlap between these species, but the overall beginning dates allow us to place them in order.

1. Australopithecines 2. homo habilis 3. homo erectus 4. homo sapiens

There is a large amount of variation in the hominin species Homo erectus. Order the following Homo erectus geographical variants by cranial capacity, from smallest to largest.

1. Dmanisi individuals 2. Nariokotome boy 3. Java man

Place in chronological order the developments in human culture associated with Richard Wrangham's cooking hypothesis.

1. development and use of Acheulian tools 2. control of fire 3. cooking 4. increased brain and body size

On the flow chart below, place the developments in human culture and physical features in the historical order in which they occurred.

1. tool use 2. organized social structure 3. increased access to protein (hunting) 4. increase in Homo Erectus's height

Drag the developments in human evolution to their correct locations on the timeline. Note the relationship between the rise of certain species and the evidence of their behavior.

1.0: first use of fire 1.5: ancient footprints confirming the Homo erectus had a gait like a modern human 1.8: appearance of Homo erects in Asia and Africa 3.0-2.5: transition from Australopithecus to Homo

Place each characteristic in the correct area on the Venn diagram, whether it corresponds to Australopithecus, Homo, or both.

Australopithecus: -specialized diet Homo habilis: -large brain -more generalized diet Both -short legs and long arms

Drag the significant African Homo erectus finds to the locations where they were found.

Bodo: a cranium that has evidence of cut marks made by stone tools, a p-ossible sign of ritual activity Lleret: a partial skull whose gracile nature demonstrates the large degree of variation in the species Nariokotome: a juvenile male and one of the most complete early hominin skeletons ever discovered

Drag the significant Asian Homo erectus finds to the locations where they were found.

Dmanisi: five small skulls and assorted other bones that exhibit gracile features Gongwangling:a skull dating to 1.2 mya with well-developed browridges and thick cranial bones Zhoukoudian: a collection of bone fragments from 40-50 individuals

Which of the following statements about the Homo erectus fossil that Eugene Dubois found are true?

It was also known as Pithecanthropus erectus.

Click the island in the Dutch East Indies where the first Homo erectus fossil was found.

Java

The image below is a close-up of the Bodo skull found in Africa. Why is the discovery of this skull significant?

The cut mark on the skull demonstrates defleshing of the face

Drag the defining cranial characteristics to the appropriate location on each skull.

homo habilis -large teeth homo erectus: -large brain -large browridges

Match the behaviors to the appropriate species.

homo habilis: -walked like an australopithecine -developed Oldowan tools homo erectus: -cooked their food -developed Acheulian tools

Drag the appropriate hominin species to the tool complex associated with it.

homo habilis: Oldowan Complex Australopithecus anamensis: neither tool complex homo erectus: Acheulian complex

Match the characteristics to the correct genus

homo: -smaller teeth -Oldowan tool use australopithecus: -smaller brain -larger, protruding face

Below is an image of one of the skulls from Dmanisi, Georgia, where several Homo erectus fossils have been found with surprising features. Place the correct characteristics that distinguish the Dmanisi hominins from other Homo erectus finds on the skull below.

small brain, small face

Scientists think Homo erectus scavenged at least some of its food. Choose the evidence that supports this hypothesis.

the presence of stone tool cut marks lying over carnivore tooth marks