SECTIONAL II part 1

bilirubin, biliverdin

Cholesterol Degradation Bile contains _____ (yellow pigment) and _____ (green pigment)

cholic acid, bile salts

Cholesterol Degradation Cholesterol is eliminated from the body by conversion to _____ (a bile acid) and then to _____ (by adding glycine or taurine) the liver

acetyl CoA, HMG CoA

Cholesterol Synthesis Cholesterol synthesis begins with the conversion of _____ to _____

mevalonate, HMG CoA reductase

Cholesterol Synthesis HMG Coa is converted to _____ by the enzyme _____

squalene

Cholesterol Synthesis Mevalonate is converted to _____

cholesterol

Cholesterol Synthesis Squalene is converted to _____

HMG CoA, mevalonate

Cholesterol Synthesis The rate limiting step/product of cholesterol synthesis is the conversion of _____ to _____

Acetyl Coa, HMG CoA, mevalonate, squalene, cholesterol

Cholesterol Synthesis _____ --> _____ --> _____ --> _____ --> _____

Cholesterol

Cholesterol Synthesis _____ inhibits HMG CoA reductase from converting HMG CoA to mevalonate

exogenous, intestinal, peripheral

Chylomicrons contain _____ lipids (lipids from diet) and deliver them from _____ cells to _____ tissues

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Eicosanoids Eicosanoids are a class of compounds made up of _____, _____, and _____

arachidonic acid, linoleic acid

Eicosanoids Eicosanoids are derived from _____ which is derived from _____

inflammatory, hypersensitivity

Eicosanoids Eicosanoids are extremely potent and elicit responses such as _____ response (physiologic) and _____ (pathologic)

Lipoxygenases

Eicosanoids Leukotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid by _____

COX enzymes

Eicosanoids Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are synthesized from arachidonic acid by _____

leukotrienes

Eicosanoids The synthesis of _____ cannot be inhibited by NSAIDs

COX enzymes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes

Eicosanoids _____ can be inhibited by NSAIDs and prevent synthesis of _____ and _____

long chain

Fatty Acid Breakdown Carnitine shuttle is only for _____ fatty acids. Fatty acids shorter than 12 carbons can cross without

carnitine

Fatty Acid Breakdown CoA is removed in the intermembrane space and _____ is attached to the fatty acid

acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone

Fatty Acid Breakdown Examples of ketone bodies: _____, _____, _____

ketone bodies

Fatty Acid Breakdown Excessive acetyl CoA leads to formation of _____

carnitine shuttle, carnitine, acetyl CoA

Fatty Acid Breakdown Fatty acid + carnitine enter mitochondrial matrix through the _____ and then _____ is removed and _____ is added again to make it active

mitochondrial matrix

Fatty Acid Breakdown Fatty acid breakdown (via b-oxidation) occurs in the _____

fatty acyl CoA

Fatty Acid Breakdown Fatty acids must be in active form (_____) in order to enter mitochondria into the intermembrane space

acidosis

Fatty Acid Breakdown High levels of ketone bodies can cause _____

ketonemia

Fatty Acid Breakdown High levels of ketone bodies in the blood is called _____

ketonuria

Fatty Acid Breakdown High levels of ketone bodies in the urine is called _____

propionyl CoA, succinyl CoA, TCA cycle

Fatty Acid Breakdown In odd-numbered fatty acid chains, the end product is _____ which gets metabolized to _____ and enters the _____

liver, fasting, low carb

Fatty Acid Breakdown Ketone bodies are produced by the _____ during _____ or _____ diet

b-oxidation

Fatty Acid Breakdown The major pathway for catabolism of fatty acids is a pathway called _____

carboxyl end, acetyl CoA

Fatty Acid Breakdown Two-carbon fragments are successively removed from the _____ of the fatty acyl CoA, producing _____

palmitate

Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl ACP and malonyl CoA undergo other reactions then eventually combine to form _____ (16C)

malonyl CoA, carboxylase

Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl CoA gets added a COO- to form _____ by the enzyme _____ (part of FAS)

oxaloacetate, citrate

Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix combines with _____ to form _____ which can pass through the inner membrane

acetyl ACP, transacylase

Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl CoA links to fatty acid synthase to form _____ using the enzyme _____ (part of FAS)

cytosol

Fatty Acid Synthesis De novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the _____

desaturases

Fatty Acid Synthesis Double bonds can be added to fatty acids by _____

acetyl CoA

Fatty Acid Synthesis In the cytosol, citrate is reconverted to _____ and oxaloacetate

C10, consumed

Fatty Acid Synthesis Mammals cannot introduce double bonds beyond _____. Double bonds beyond this point must be _____ (essential fatty acids)

malonyl CoA, smooth ER

Fatty Acid Synthesis Palmitate can be further elongated by addition of 2 carbon units donated from _____ in the _____

Fatty acid synthase

Fatty Acid Synthesis _____ is the multifunctional enzyme responsible for synthesis of fatty acids

cholesterol, bad

LDL is rich in _____ and deposits it in peripheral tissues; _____ cholesterol

fatty acids, glycerol

Lipid Digestion After TAGs are broken down by lipoprotein lipase, _____ are taken up by muscle cells and adipocytes while _____ is taken to the liver to produce glycerol-3-phosphate

pancreatic lipase

Lipid Digestion Breakdown of TAGs is done by the pancreatic enzyme _____

cholesterol esterase

Lipid Digestion Breakdown of cholesterol esters is done by the pancreatic enzyme _____

phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase

Lipid Digestion Breakdown of phospholipids is done by the pancreatic enzymes _____ and _____

lymphatic

Lipid Digestion Chylomicrons pass through lacteals into the _____ system and then into the blood

duodenum, bile salts

Lipid Digestion Emulsification of dietary lipids occurs in the _____ and is carried out by _____

stomach, lipase

Lipid Digestion Lipid digestion begins in the _____, catalyzed by _____

TAGs, cholesteryl esters, chylomicron

Lipid Digestion Lipids are resynthesizes to _____ and _____ in the ER of enterocytes, then packaged into _____ particles

skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, lipoprotein lipase

Lipid Digestion TAGs contained in chylomicrons are broken down primarily in capillary beds of _____ and _____ by _____

cholecystokinin, pancreatic enzymes, bile

Lipid Digestion The hormone _____ decreases gastric motility to prolong digestion, and stimulates the pancreas to secrete _____ and the gallbladder to secrete _____

secretin, bicarbonate

Lipid Digestion The hormone _____ stimulates the pancreas to secrete _____ to neutralize stomach acid

brush border membrane

Lipid Digestion The primary site of lipid absorption is the _____ of the enterocytes

phosphatidic acid, serine, ethanol amine, choline

Phospholipids Glycerophospholipids are formed from _____ (glycerol + fatty acids) and an alcohol, either _____, _____, or _____

glycerol

Phospholipids Glycerophospholipids contain a _____ backbone

carbohydrate, lipid

Phospholipids Glycolipids are molecules that contain both _____ and _____ components

sugar, ceramide

Phospholipids Glycolipids do not contain phosphate, but instead have a polar head made of a _____ directly attached to the _____ (sphingosine + fatty acids) by a glycosidic bond

fatty acids

Phospholipids Phospholipase A1 and A2 cleave the _____ from the phosphoglyceride

phosphate

Phospholipids Phospholipase C cleaves the _____ group from the phosphoglyceride

alcohol

Phospholipids Phospholipase D cleaves the _____ group from the phosphoglyceride

phospholipases

Phospholipids Phospholipids can be broken down by enzymes called _____

ceramide, choline

Phospholipids Sphingomyelin is formed from a _____ (sphingosine + fatty acids) and the alcohol _____

sphingosine

Phospholipids Sphingophospholipids contain a _____ backbone

glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids

Phospholipids The two structures of phospholipids are _____ and _____

Sphingomyelin, myelin

Phospholipids _____ is the only significant sphingophospholipid in humans where it is an important constituent of the _____ of nerve fibers

fatty acyl CoA synthetase, glycerol phosphate

TAG Synthesis Fatty acids must be activated by _____ before they can be added to the _____ backbone during TAG synthesis

saturated, unsaturated, either

TAG Synthesis In TAGs, the 3 fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule are usually not the same. Carbon #1 is typically _____, carbon #2 is typically _____, and carbon #3 is _____

glycerol phosphate

TAG Synthesis The initial acceptor of fatty acids during TAG synthesis is _____

liver, TAGs and cholesterol, peripheral

VLDL are produced in the _____ and carry _____ to _____ tissues

TAGs, cholesterol, LDL

_____ are drawn off from VLDL by peripheral tissues, leaving a higher concentration of _____ in the lipoprotein particle which is now called _____

butyric acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 4:0

peripheral tissues, liver, good

HDL transports cholesterol from _____ to the _____; _____ cholesterol

propionic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 3:0

formic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 1 carbon

palmitic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 16:0

linoleic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 18:2 (9, 12)

linoleic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 18:2ω-6

a-linolenic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 18:3 (9, 12, 15)

a-linolenic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 18:3ω-3

arachidonic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 20:4 (5, 8, 11, 14)

acetic acid

Structures of Fatty Acids The structure of _____ is 2:0