Semester 1 Exam- APCSP
Character values are represented by an equivalent integer value according to the character's _________ code
ASCII
2 parts of the main function of a C++ program
Declaration Section Executable Statement Section
Input
the info the program needs to execute
Design
the phase of software development method where the solution is developed
efficiency
each step is necessary with out extra or ineffective steps
What happens to the value of the variable on the left side of the equal sign in an assignment statement?
previous value is erased and new value stored
set of instructions and commands used to tell a computer what to do
program
C++ identifiers that are created by the programmer to be used as the names of variables, constants, and functions
programmer-supplied identifiers
What's the numbering system used within the computer to store data and perform its operations?
Binary
What type of memory holds programs you write for execution?
RAM
Arithmetic commands that produce integers
abs
list of steps used to describe the sequence of how something is done, forming the basis of a computer program
algorithm
effectiveness
an algorithm should always produce correct results
Error can occur when you add an extremely large value to an extremely small value
Cancellation Error
*What is cybersecurity?*
Cybersecurity is the protection of computers and networks from theft or damage to the hardware, software, and to the information on them as well as protection from disruption or misdirection of the internet services. Secure passwords-changed frequently- not the same on multiple accounts- not opening questionable emails- using security software---personal monitoring software- track access to sensitive data-encryption-firewalls- secure wireless connections---businesses
Ex of an auxiliary memory device
Flash Drive
A ____________ is a graphical way of representing an algorithm with special symbols that display the logical constructs of the algorithm, such as input of output, processing steps, and decisions
Flowchart
Three categories of programming languages
High Level Assembly Machine
Type of programming language that resembles the English language
High-Level
List the four basic functions of a computer system
Input, Output, Process, and Store Info.
IDE
Integrated Development Environment
Type of programming language that is the computer's "native" language
Machine
part of a C++ program used to indicate the beginning of the main function of the program?
Main function heading
___________ code is created by the compiler, with the extension of _____
Object .obj
part of a C++ program used to identify which libraries need to be linked to the program?
Preprocessor directives
__________________ is the process of representing an algorithm using a combination of English language statements and programming language constructs
Pseudocode
What type of memory is temporary and erases when the computer's power goes off?
RAM
What are the two types of main memory?
RAM ROM
What type of memory is permanently stored inside the computer?
ROM
What does RAM stand for?
Random Access Memory
What does ROM stand for?
Read Only Memory
Error occurs when you assign a value to a variable that is too large for the variable to hold
Real Overflow
Error occurs when the value 0.1 is actually stored in memory as .09999999876
Representational Error
___________ code is created by the programmer in the editor; in C++, this usually has the extension of ______
Source .cpp
A ____________ is a graphical way of representing an algorithm that shows the process of subdividing a problem
Structure Chart
computability
each step must be doable
well-ordered
each step of an algorithm is in the correct order
finiteness
each step of an algorithm is terminated in a tolerable amount of time
definiteness
each step of an algorithm must be defined clearly with out any confusion or ambiguity
C++ identifiers must start with ______ and can only contain _____
letters or underscore; letters, underscores, and/or numbers
C++ identifiers (cout) that have a special meaning but are found in external files from the compiler and can be redefined to a new meaning
library identifiers
data analysis
making sense of data, finding patterns, and drawing conclusions
What happens to the value of any variables on the right side of the equal sign in an assignment statement?
nothing
parallelization
organize resources to carry out tasks at the same time in order to reach a common goal
abstraction
reducing complexity to define main idea
simulation
representing a situation or problem with model of a process, or running experiments with a model
Identifiers that have special meaning in C++ and can't be used for other purposes
reserved words
*Two types of careers in cybersecurity*
security analyst-detects and prevents cyber threats to companies and organizations security engineer- builds and maintains IT security solutions for an organization
algorithms and procedures
series of ordered steps taken to solve a problem or achieve some end
name of the function that allows a programmer to set the field width of a string, integer, or real number
setw ( )
Name the 6 stages of the software life-cycle in order
1. Analysis 2. Design 3. Coding 4. Testing & Verification 5. Maintenance 6. Obsolescence
5 main sections of a C++ program
1. Preprocessor directives 2. Constant and type definition section 3. Main Function Heading 4. Declaration Section 5. Executable Statement Section
Decimal to Binary: 45
101101
floating point (10^2)
10E+002
fixed point (10E+002)
10^2
Decimal to Binary: 99
1100011
In machine language, all data and commands are stored as a pattern of _____
1s and 0s
Binary to Decimal: 11011011
219
Binary to Decimal: 101011
43
4 main components that are part of the Visual C++ IDE
Editor Compiler Linker Libraries
___________ code is created by the linker, with the extension of _____
Executable .exe
*Describe what happens in RAM when a variable is declared in a program*
When a variable is declared, a memory location is set aside in RAM to holed the particular type of data. The declaration specifies the amount of RAM to set aside and the type of information that it can hold.
the three levels of precedence for arithmetic order of operations in C++
( ) % * / + -
data representation
displaying and organizing data in appropriate graphs, charts, words, or images
*What's a compiler?*
A compiler is a program that translates a high-level language program into machine language The programmer creates the source code in an editor. The compiler then attempts to translate the source code into machine language. If there are syntax errors, the compiler can't finish the translation then the programmer needs to fix the syntax errors in the source code and recompile it. If the compiler is successful in translating the code it creates the object code which is a direct machine language translation of the source code. The Linker then joins the object code with other files that are needed for the program to work creating the executable code (the final program in machine language).
*What's a data packet? How's it used to pass data through the internet?*
A data packet is the way information is sent through the internet from one computer or server to another. Information is grouped together into a single unit to be transferred along the internet. In addition to the actual data, packets will include the length of the packet, source of data, and destination of the data, tags to help reconstruct the data by the destination, and code to help check to make sure the information is free from error.
*Describe the features that make a programming language a high-level language*
A high-level language has syntax similar to the English language, is portable (able to execute on a variety of computers without modification), must be translated into machine language, and has a specific language syntax.
Name the three main parts of the CPU
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit Clock
What kind of computer language is represented by the following: LOAD X ADD Y STORE Z
Assembly Language
What are the two types of memory in a computer system?
Auxiliary Main
Name the part of the computer known as its "brains"
CPU- central processing unit
Ex of High-Level computer languages
C++, Java, HTML, Python, Visual Basic
data collection
The process of gathering appropriate information
_________________ is the process of designing an algorithm of breaking a problem into smaller problems, and then breaking those steps into smaller steps
Top-Down Design
What's the term referring to one circuit within the computer?
bit
What characters are considered "white space"?
blank space, tab, and enter key
problem decomposition
breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable parts
Each keyboard character is represented by a _____
byte
What's the name of the program that translates a high-level language into machine language?
compiler
What's the name of the operation when two strings are added together?
concatenation
name of the function that allows a programmer to set the number of decimal places displayed when outputting a real number
cout.precision ( )
automation
having computers or machines do repetitive or tedious tasks
name of the library file that supports the manipulation of the formatting of the output
iomanip
name of the library file that allows you to input data from the keyboard and output data to the screen
iostream
What's the complete program called in the Visual C++ IDE?
solution
Arithmetic commands that produce doubles
sqrt fabs pow ceil floor
List of rules for a computer language are known as its ______
syntax
output
the info the program needs to give you
A portable language is one that can be ______
used on different types of computers with little modification
What has to be present on the left side of the equal sign in an assignment statement?
variable