SOC 1002 Midterm
Social Dynamics
(Auguste) the laws that govern social change
Social Statics
(Auguste) the way society is held together
Double Consciousness
(Du Bois) an awareness of themselves as both Americans and Black, never free of racial stigma
Mechanical Solidarity
(Durkheim) people speak the same language, share the same customs and beliefs, and do similar for tasks making their bonds based on similarity
Social Facts
(Durkheim) qualities of groups that are external to individual members yet constrain their thinking and behavior
Social Solidarity
(Durkheim) the bonds that unite the members of a social group - these bonds are based on similarity
Class Conflict
(Marx) competition between social classes over the distribution of wealth, power, and other values resources in society
Bourgeoisie
(Marx) the ownership class
Means of Production
(Marx) the sites and technology that produce the goods (and sometimes services) we need and use, would come to be concentrated in fewer and fewer hands
Proletariat
(Marx) working people
Middle Range
(Merton) midway between the grand theories of Weber, Marx, and Durkheim and quantitative studies of specific problems
Formal Rationality
(Weber) a context in which people's pursuit of goals is increasingly shaped by rules, regulations, and larger social structures
Bureaucracies
(Weber) formal organizations characterized by written rules, hierarchical authority, and paid staff, intended to promote organizational efficiency
Verstehen
(Weber) the German word for interpretive understanding - this methodology (rarely used) sought to explain social relationships by having the sociologist/observer imagine how the subjects being studied might have perceived and interpreted the situation
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are rules to follow to think critically?
- Ask any question, no matter how difficult - admit when you are wrong or uncertain about your results - support your arguments with evidence
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are examples of Erving Goffman's concept of misrepresentation?
- Cindi tells her wife that she hasn't been smoking when, in fact, she has - Ralf tells his wife he hasn't cheated on her when he has been having an affair with another woman - Shawn tells her girlfriend that the means she is wearing look great on her, even though they do not
How does Erving Goffman's theory of dramaturgy compare to George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism with regard to the self?
- Goffman views the self as a product social interaction, while Mead views the self as a dynamic possession
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. When a pollster announces that a certain percentage of a population favors a particular political candidate, which of the following questions should you ask?
- How was the severe questionnaire prepared? - what was the size of the sample? - how representative is the sample of the population?
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements are true regarding ethnomethodology?
- Social interaction and communication are not possible unless most people have learned to assign similar meanings to the same interactions. - People's interpretation of social interaction depends on the context. - Ethnomethodology was created through Harold Garfinkel's work in the early 1960s.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are part of popular culture?
- Star Wars - The Walking Dead - Major League Baseball
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are characteristics of the adolescent subculture in U.S. society?
- adolescents have an argot that is frowned upon by adults and school officials - conformity to the norms and values of friends is especially compelling in adolescence - adolescents tend to express a more open attitude towards experimentation with drugs and violence than the general culture
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following does critical thinking involve?
- asking questions about how data we gathered - recognizing weak arguments - looking beyond commonsense understandings
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Qualitative research relies on which of the following research methods?
- interviews - focus groups - participant and nonparticipant observation
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are true of global culture?
- it threatens the vitality of indigenous cultures - it fosters mutual understanding - it is dominated by US tastes and trends
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are forms of mass media?
- movies - television - radio
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are provisions of the Nuremberg Code?
- no experiment should be conducted where there is advance reason to believe that disabling injury or death will occur - the voluntary consent of the human subject is essential
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are examples of total institutions?
- prisons - the military - live-in drug and alcohol treatment centers
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are aspects of conversation analysis?
- repairing conversational breakdowns - turn taking - using power in conversations
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following are components of the human mind?
- superego - ego - Id
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. George Herbert Mead proposed that the self is comprised of which of the following two parts?
- the "I" - the "me"
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to sociologists, which of the following contribute to rape culture in the United States?
- the media - a society that treats male sexual aggression as natural - the moralization of violence
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Despite the norms of the time that held that a woman's place was in the home, Ellen Shallow Richards became the first woman to be admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she graduated in 1873. Though Richards's family was not of lavish means, she benefited from their belief in the value of education. Which of the following elements of Richards's biography reflect the concept of structure?
- the norms of her time - her family background
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements about seniors in the United States are true?
- they are more likely than any other age group to vote - they are generally positively portrayed in the media
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are manifest functions of war?
- to claim a territory - to defend a territory - to vanquish an enemy
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are examples of quantitative variables?
- unemployment rates - drug use frequency
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are examples of nonmaterial culture?
- values - language - institutions - norms
Put the following norms in order from weakest to most powerful
1. Folkways 2. Mores 3. Taboos
6 Rules of Critical Thinking
1. be willing to ask any question, no matter how difficult 2. Think logically, and be clear 3. Back up your arguments with evidence 4. Think about the assumptions and biases - including your own - that underlie all students 5. Avoid anecdotal evidence 6. be willing to admit when you are wrong or uncertain about your results
Sociologists have found that when the rates of male unemployment in a community rise, the rates of marriage in the community fall. This is an example of which of the following?
A Negative Correlation
Bias
A characteristic of results that systematically misrepresent the true nature of what is being studied.
multiculturalism
A commitment to respecting cultural differences rather than trying to submerge them into a larger, dominant culture.
variable
A concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values.
Cultural inconsistency
A contradiction between the goals of ideal culture and the practices of real culture.
spurious relationship
A correlation between two or more variables that is the result of something else that is not being measured, rather than a causal link between the variables themselves.
Operational defintion
A definition of a concept that allows the concept to be observed and measured.
interview
A detailed conversation designed to obtain in-depth information about a person and his or her activities.
sample
A portion of the larger population selected to represent the whole.
psychoanalysis
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of the conscious and unconscious mind.
Behaviorism
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior.
negative correlation
A relation between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.
Casual Relationship
A relationship between two variables in which one variable is the cause of the other.
positive correlation
A relationship showing that as one variable rises or falls, the other does as well.
Fieldwork
A research method that relies on in-depth and often extended study of a group or community.
survey
A research method that uses a questionnaire or interviews administered to a group of people in person or by telephone or e-mail to determine their characteristics, opinions, and behaviors.
social desirability bias
A response bias based on the tendency of respondents to answer a question in a way they perceive will be be favorably received.
rape culture
A social culture that provides an environment conducive to rape.
ethnomethodology
A sociological method used to study the body of commonsense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary members of a society make sense of their social circumstances and interaction.
Which of the following relationships involves an overlooked variable?
A spurious relationship
language
A system of symbolic verbal, nonverbal, and written representations rooted within a particular culture.
global culture
A type of culture—some would say U.S. culture—that has spread across the world in the form of Hollywood films, fast-food restaurants, and popular music heard in virtually every country.
scientific method
A way of learning about the world that combines logically constructed theory and systematic observation to provide explanations of how things work.
Ethnocentrism
A worldview whereby one Judes other cultures by the standards of ones own own culture and regards one's own way of life as normal
Cultural relativism
A worldview whereby the practices of a society are understood sociologically in terms of that society's norms and values and not the norms and values of another society.
I
According to George Herbert Mead, the part of the self that is the impulse to act; it is creative, innovative, unthinking, and largely unpredictable.
me
According to George Herbert Mead, the part of the self through which we see ourselves as others see us.
significant others
According to George Herbert Mead, the specific people who are important in children's lives and whose views have the greatest impact on the children's self-evaluations.
superego
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that consists of the values and norms of society, insofar as they are internalized, or taken in, by the individual.
ego
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that is the "self," the core of what is regarded as a person's unique personality.
id
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that is the repository of basic biological drives and needs.
Anticipatory Socialization
Adoption of the behaviors or standards of a group one emulates or hopes to join.
Which of the following age groups is the fastest-growing segment of the online dating market, according to research?
Adults older than 60
W.E.B. Du Bois
African American sociologist developed ideas that were considered too radical to find broad acceptance in the sociological community
In order to think critically, avoid ________ evidence.
Anecdotal
What is the process of adopting the behaviors or standards of a group one hopes to join?
Anticipatory socialization
Which of the following refers to particular ideas that people accept as true?
Beliefs
C. Wright Mills
Best known in the discipline for describing the sociological imagination, the imperative in sociology to seek the nexus between private troubles and public issues - identified himself as a "plain Marxist"
laws
Codified norms or rules of behavior.
Taking a sample from a part of the population that is easy to access
Convenience sampling
subcultures
Cultures that exist together with a dominant culture but differ in some important respects from that dominant culture.
Dan lost his job in the 2008 financial crisis and struggled to find another. His husband, Jon, got tired of carrying all of the financial responsibilities, and they fought regularly about money until they decided to get a divorce. Which statement describes the situation from a sociological perspective?
Dan's job loss was due at least in part to macroeconomic factors
In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss spent hours observing gang members from a distance. His research approach is an example of which of the following?
Detached observation
dramaturgical approach
Developed by Erving Goffman, the study of social interaction as if it were governed by the norms of theatrical performance.
stratified sampling
Dividing a population into a series of subgroups and taking random samples from within each group.
U.S. sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois defined which of the following concepts?
Double Consciousness
From a sociological perspective, ________ is granted more weight than ________.
Empirical evidence; common sense
Ophelia spends time in a drug rehabilitation facility for her heroin addiction by court order. While in the facility, she becomes clean, successfully completes the program, and is released. Despite her best efforts and intentions, within 6 months, she is back on heroin. According to Goffman's concepts of resocialization, what does Ophelia's relapse tell us?
Even when an institution is initially successful at resocialization, individuals who return to their original social environments often revert to earlier behavior.
egocentric
Experiencing the world as if it were centered entirely on oneself.
scientific theories
Explanations of how and why scientific observations are as they are.
folkways
Fairly weak norms that are passed down from the past, the violation of which is generally not considered serious within a particular culture.
A good research project must have results that unequivocally support the hypothesis.
False
According to journalist Thomas Friedman, the forces of globalization are inevitably homogenizing.
False
Because sociology emerged during the first modern flourishing of feminism, women were granted influential positions in the European universities where sociology originated.
False
Critical thinking requires us to be open-minded, accepting all arguments as equally valid.
False
Deductive reasoning starts with specific data and endeavors to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories.
False
From a sociological perspective, some people are more cultured than others.
False
Global inequality is decreasing both within and between countries around the globe.
False
In an experiment, the control group is exposed to the independent variable.
False
Karl Marx argued that cultural capital was vital to gain power in society.
False
Parents whose jobs require them to be subservient to authority and follow orders without raising questions typically counter their experience by socializing their children into norms of creativity and spontaneity.
False
Passion should not play a role in sociological research.
False
Social behaviorism is widely embraced today as a rigorous perspective on human behavior.
False
Structural functionalism and conflict theory are micro-level paradigms.
False
The information economy is increasingly creating post-industrial economies based on the production of knowledge.
False
Vague concepts must be made more abstract before they provide for useful research.
False
We can assume a theory is true if testing confirms it.
False
Émile Durkheim coined the term sociology to describe the scientific study of society.
False
According to Marshall McLuhan, mass media such as television creates a ______ in which people around the world who don't know or interact with each other can engage with the same event, such as a FIFA World Cup soccer match.
Global Village
The process by which people all over the planet become increasingly interconnected economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally
Globalization
Which of the following terms did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the imperialistic nature of globalization?
Grobalization
secondary groups
Groups that are large and impersonal and characterized by fleeting relationships.
reference groups
Groups that provide standards for judging our attitudes or behaviors.
Robert K. Merton
He is best known for his theory of deviance, his work on the sociology of science, and his iteration of this distinction between manifest and latent functions as a means for more fully understanding the relationships between the roles of sociological phenomena and institutions in communities and society
Music, theater, literature, and other cultural products that are held in high esteem are considered examples of ______.
High culture
The actor's effort to embody his or her behaviors in the officially accredited norms and values of a community or society
Idealization
Hypotheses
Ideas about the world, derived from theories, which can be disproved when tested against observations.
Concepts
Ideas that describe several things that have something in common.
Differences in wealth, power, political voice, educational opportunities, and other valued resources
Inequality
total institution
Institutions that isolate individuals from the rest of society to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives.
Which of the following is a criticism of social interactionism?
It tends to miss the larger structural context of social processes
Which of the following is a symbolic system composed of verbal, nonverbal, and written representations that convey meaning?
Language
mass media
Media of public communication intended to reach and influence a mass audience.
Which concept recognizes the positive potential of cultural differences?
Multiculturalism
A(n) ________ of a concept describes it in such a way that it can be observed and measured.
Operational defintion
Which of the following research methods is ideal for verifying data obtained through interviews?
Participant observation and detached observation
Beliefs
Particular ideas that people accept as true.
The ability to mobilize resources and achieve goals despite the resistance of others
Power
taboos
Powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable within a particular culture.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following concepts are associated with sociologist Karl Marx?
Proletariat, Bourgeoisie, and Means of Production
Which of the following is typically the focus of a literature review?
Published and peer-reviewed research studies
statistical data
Quantitative information obtained from government agencies, businesses, research studies, and other entities that collect data for their own or others' use.
leading questions
Questions that tend to elicit particular responses.A relation between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.
Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the study
Random Sampling
Which of the following are specific techniques for systematically gathering data?
Research methods
Experiments
Research techniques for investigating cause and effect under controlled conditions.
qualitative research
Research that is characterized by data that cannot be quantified (or converted into numbers), focusing instead on generating in-depth knowledge of social life, institutions, and processes.
randomizes sampling
Sampling in which everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being chosen for the study.
primary groups
Small groups characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment.
Building a sample from a core group outward via recruitment
Snowball sampling
Which of the following refers to the way in which social class status is transmitted from generation to generation?
Social Class reproduction
Natalya studies how mandatory minimum drug sentences disproportionately punish low-income offenders. Her research reflects which of the following theoretical paradigms?
Social Conflict Theory
The social and cultural mixture of different groups in society and the societal recognition of difference as significant
Social Diversity
Which of the following refer to rigorous frameworks for the interpretation of social life that make particular assumptions and ask specific questions about the social world?
Sociological theories
research methods
Specific techniques for systematically gathering data.
Dividing a population into a series of subgroups and taking random samples from within each group
Stratified Sampling
mores
Strongly held norms, the violation of which seriously offends the standards of acceptable conduct of most people within a particular culture.
Pierre Bourdieu introduced the concept of habitus to show how people's agency must be understood in terms of ______.
Structure
The U.S. Census is an example of which of the following types of research?
Survey research
______ are representations of things that are not immediately present to our senses.
Symbols
doxic
Taken for granted as "natural" or "normal" in society.
When did the academic discipline of sociology emerge?
The 19th Century
What is the process of systematically gathering empirical data, creating theories, and rigorously testing theories?
The Scientific Method
Which of the following refers to the ability to perceive the connection between individual lives and the larger social forces that shape them?
The Sociological Imagination
Objectivity
The ability to represent the object of study accurately.
role-taking
The ability to take the roles of others in interaction.
nonmaterial culture
The abstract creations of human cultures, including language and social practices.
generalized other
The abstract sense of society's norms and values by which people evaluate themselves.
culture
The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group.
value neutrality
The characteristic of being free of personal beliefs and opinions that would influence the course of research.
looking-glass self
The concept developed by Charles Horton Cooley that our self-image results from how we interpret other people's views of us.
presentation of self
The creation of impressions in the minds of others to define and control social situations.
validity
The degree to which concepts and their measurements accurately represent what they claim to represent.
Correlation
The degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another.
popular culture
The entertainment, culinary, and athletic tastes shared by the masses.
Document Analysis
The examination of written materials or cultural products: previous studies, newspaper reports, court records, campaign posters, digital reports, films, pamphlets, and other forms of text or images produced by individuals, government agencies, or private organizations.
reliability
The extent to which researchers' findings are consistent with the findings of different studies of the same thing or with the findings of the same study over time.
Which of the following is widely considered the most important agent of socialization among primary groups?
The family
The English-only movement that supports the passage of legislation to make English the only official language of the United States most closely reflects which of the following perspectives?
The functionalist perspective
values
The general standards in society that define ideal principles, like those governing notions of right and wrong.
habitus
The internalization of objective probabilities and subsequent expression of those probabilities as choice.
What is the term used to describe the idea that our self-image is the result of how we think other people view us?
The looking-glass self
high culture
The music, theater, literature, and other cultural products that are held in particularly high esteem in society.
The growing dominance of e-commerce giant Amazon at the expense of local retailers reflects which of the following predictions made by Karl Marx?
The ownership of the means of production would be concentrated in fewer and fewer hands
emic perspective
The perspective of the insider, the one belonging to the cultural group in question.
etic perspective
The perspective of the outside observer.
material culture
The physical objects that are created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape people's lives.
principle of falsification (or fallibility)
The principle, advanced by philosopher Karl Popper, that a scientific theory must lead to testable hypotheses that can be disproved if they are wrong.
socialization
The process by which people learn the culture of their society.
resocialization
The process of altering an individual's behavior through control of his or her environment, for example, within a total institution.
inductive reasoning
The process of generalizing to an entire category of phenomena from a particular set of observations.
Deductive Reasoning
The process of taking an existing theory and logically deducing that if the theory is accurate, we should discover other patterns of behavior consistent with it.
replication
The repetition of a previous study using a different sample or population to verify or refute the original findings.
conversation analysis
The study of how participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent conversation.
cognitive development
The theory, developed by Jean Piaget, that an individual's ability to make logical decisions increases as the person grows older.
hidden curriculum
The unspoken classroom socialization into the norms, values, and roles of a society that schools provide along with the "official" curriculum.
real culture
The values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society actually embrace and exhibit.
ideal culture
The values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace.
social class reproduction
The way in which class status is reproduced from generation to generation, with parents "passing on" a class position to their offspring.
social learning
The way people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments.
population
The whole group of people studied in sociological research.
In addition to reading, writing, math, and other academic subjects, schools are expected to teach values and norms like patriotism, competitiveness, morality, respect for authority, and basic social skills.
True
In general, large-scale random sample surveys are more reliable than smaller, nonrandom sample surveys.
True
In order to embrace a cultural relativist perspective, we need to adopt an emic perspective.
True
Many key ideas in feminist theory take a conflict-oriented approach.
True
Most theories of socialization focus on infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
True
Senior adults are seriously underrepresented in U.S. media programming and advertisements.
True
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that our view of the world is shaped by our language.
True
The sociological perspective challenges people to resist a tendency towards ethnocentrism.
True
Independent or experimental variables
Variables that cause changes in other variables.
dependent variables
Variables that change as a result of changes in other variables.
Qualitative variables
Variables that express qualities and do not have numerical values.
Cultural Capital
Wealth in the form of knowledge, ideas, verbal skills, and ways of thinking and acting.
Charlottee Perkins Gilman
Wrote the "Yellow Wallpaper" which follows the decline of a married woman shut away in a room by her husband, ostensibly for the sake of her healthy - she used this story to highlight the consequences of women's lack of autonomy in marriage
Anomie
a state of formlessness that occurs when people lose sight of the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives
Nikita was convicted of a crime and was sent to prison. According to Erving Goffman, a prison is an example of which of the following types of institutions?
a total institution
Norms
accepted social behaviors and beliefs
Max Weber
among his contributions are an analysis of how protestantism fostered the rise of capitalism - a German sociologist who's many contributions include an analysis of the emergence of modern bureaucracies
Positivism
an approach to research based on facts alone
Selma is a 63-year-old office manager who is getting close to retirement age. As a result, she pays more attention to how friends react to their own retirements. This is an example of which of the following?
anticipatory socialization
What do well-documented cases of social isolation tell us about the nature versus nurture debate?
biological rooted capacities require socialization to develop
Symbolic Interactionism
both the individual self and society as a whole are the products of social interactions based on language and other symbols
Macrolevel Paradigms
concerned with large-scale patterns and institutions
Microlevel Paradigm
concerned with small-group social relations and interactions
Which of the following investigates the way participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent dialogue?
conversation analysis
Auguste Comte
credited with finding modern sociology, naming it, and establishing it as the scientific study of social relationships
When does the socialization process end?
death
Inequality
differences in wealth, power, political voice, educational opportunities, and other valued resources
The actor's effort to mobilize his or her behavior to draw attention to a particular characteristic of the role he or she is assuming
dramatic realization
The study of social interaction as if it were governed by the practices of theatrical performance
dramaturgical approach
The core of a person's unique personality
ego
Bobbi is three years old and acts as if she is the center of the universe. According to Jean Piaget, Bobbi is ______.
egocentric
Emile Durkheim
established the early subject matter of sociology, laid out rules for conducting research, and developed an important theory of social change - a German theorist who was primarily interested in social facts and social solidarity
The sociological perspective rejects ______, as no group can be said to be more human than another.
ethnocentrism
According to Max Weber, the rise of bureaucracies reflected the growing influence of ______.
formal rationality
Latent Functions
functions that are not recognized or expected
Karl Marx
his central idea was deceptively simply: almost all societies throughout history have been divided into economic classes, with one class prospering at the expense of others - a German theorist and revolutionary who studied class conflict
The origin of basic biological drives and needs
id
In American culture, norms forbidding cheating on one's spouse are an example of ______ culture, while the fact that some people actually cheat on their spouses is an example of ______ culture.
ideal; real
In the United States, ______ is part of our national identity; people tend to disregard social context.
individualism
Today we are in the middle of a technological revolution called the ______ revolution.
information
Why do prisons often fail at the resocialization of inmates?
inmates identify more with their fellow prisoners than with the administration's agenda
empirical data
knowledge gathered by researchers through scientific methods
Sociological theories
logical, rigorous frameworks for the interpretation of social life that make particular assumptions and ask particular questions about the social world
Which of the following is the common conclusion of media studies conducted over the past 20 years?
media violence has the potential to socialize people into greater acceptance of real-life violence
Manifest functions
obvious and intended functions of a phenomenon or institution
Structure
patterned social arrangements that have effects on agency and are, in turn, affected by agency
Robert Ezra Pak
pioneered the study of urban sociology and race relations
The creation of impressions in the minds of others in order to define and control social situations
presentation of self
Symbols
representations of things that are not immediately present to our senses - ex: words, gestures, emoticons, tattoos, etc
Social Conflict Paradigm
seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the conflict that is built into social relationships
Structural Functionalism
seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the roles performed by different social structures, phenomena, and institutions
Social Diversity
social and cultural mixture of different groups in society and the societal recognition of difference as significant
Who benefits and who loses from the existing social order?
social conflict
What is the process by which people learn the culture of their society?
socialization
Harriet Martineau
sought to identify basic laws that govern society - for a society to evolve, it must ensure social justice for women and other oppressed groups - An English sociologist who, like Auguste Comte, sought to identify basic ideas that govern society
What keeps society operating smoothly
structural functionalism
The internalization of the values and norms of society
superego
How do individuals experience themselves, one another, and society as a whole?
symbolic interactionism
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, which of the following is a function of religion?
teaching fundamental values and beliefs
Agency
the ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and the make social changes on a small or large scale
Critical Thinking
the ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence - in everyday life, we often accept things as true because they are familiar, feel right, or are consistent with our beliefs. But critical thinking recognizes weak arguments, rejecting statements not supported by empirical evidence, and questioning our assumptions
Sociological Imagination
the ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that shape them
Power
the ability to mobilize resources and achieve goals despite the resistance of others
Collective Conscience
the common beliefs and values that bind a society together
Globalizaztion
the process by which people all over the planet become increasingly interconnected economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally
The Birth of Sociology
the scientific revolution, the enlightenment, industrialization, and urbanization are in its roots
Which of the following are institutions that isolate people in order to achieve control over most aspects of their lives?
total institutions
Norms regarding social interaction vary considerably between cultures.
true
The first step of resocialization is to break down the sense of self.
true
