SOC 101 final

feminist

"Gender structures social relationships between people unequally." This is a statement that exemplifies the ________ perspective on gender.

equality of opportunity

A capitalist society with a continuing history of inequality in wealth, income, and power can still have

hegemonic masculinity

A condition in which men are dominant and privileged in ways that are invisible is called

bell curve thesis

A researcher wants to study the relationship between childhood poverty and subsequent educational attainment. She designs a study that includes identical twins as well as non-twin siblings in poor and middle class neighborhoods because identical twins share the same genes. Her study design suggests that she is testing the

they are working through different frameworks, so they reach different conclusions

A sociologist and an environmental scientist are both interested in global climate change. The sociologist prioritizes human choices that influence climate, while the environmental scientist finds biological factors that influence climate. When the sociologist and environmental scientist dialogue, they may find that their apparent disagreements are actually due to the fact that

social discomfort and fear of difference

According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

parents' net worth and parents' education

According to the research on status attainment, the best predictors of a person's educational and other socioeconomic outcomes are

social solidarity

According to Émile Durkheim, one of the key functions of religion was that it fosters

social interaction; collective realities

According to Émile Durkheim, religion is created by ________, and religious expressions represent ________.

medication replaced counseling

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

biological determinism

Alain's daughter wears dresses, plays with dolls, and likes to pretend she is a princess. Alain does not think society has influenced her preferences or games at all. He views his daughter as evidence that human behavior is determined by genes and hormones. Which term best describes Alain's views?

the paradox of authority

Although the state's authority is derived from the implicit threat of physical force, when the state resorts to physical coercion to enforce its will, its legitimate authority diminishes drastically. This is an example of

Women find occupations that involve caring more suitable to their nature.

An essentialist would argue which of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring?

Surplus

As your textbook notes, the paradox of stratification is that inequality is the result of

charismatic

At the local soccer club, Michael is always the center of attention and is very comfortable being a leader. According to Weber's theory, Michael probably has ________ authority.

a gendered identity

Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what?

may not be stable

By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender

tends to blame the poor

Cho is working on poverty reduction in a Philadelphia public housing development. In his research report, he uses Mario Luis Small's idea of "culture as frames" instead of Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" because the "culture of poverty" thesis

the decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery

College student Jerry says disease, natural disasters, and even war serve a greater purpose. His friends say his views are offensive, and Jerry replies, "But I'm a Malthusian!" Along with Thomas Malthus, Jerry believes that the benefit of problems that wipe out large number of humans is that

A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.

Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system?

The influence of socioeconomic status on health occurs through diet and exercise, so if these are provided to low socioeconomic status individuals like Byron, it can improve health.

Felicia earns a high income from her job as a financial consultant. She is able to afford healthy organic fresh food, a gym membership, and relaxing trips during her paid vacation time. Josh also earns a high income as a personal chef. Although he knows about nutrition and can afford healthy food, he opts to eat more processed foods and exercises only occasionally. Byron has a modest income, but manages to eat healthy foods and exercise because he works for a health food store that gives generous employee discounts and has an exercise room that employees can use before or after their shifts. In health assessments, Felicia fares the best of the three, followed by Byron and then Josh. What can we conclude from this scenario?

poverty in the midst of growing wealth

From her research, Susan Mayer concluded that it was not poverty that mattered, but rather

the changing mix of available jobs and the changing requirements for existing jobs

Identify the factors that are responsible for recent increases in income inequality, as reflected in an ever-larger ratio between CEO pay and worker pay.

consumption

If a person with a high-paying and prestigious job wants to be sure others are aware of this status, this person might choose to wear very expensive clothing or to drive a high-end car. These behaviors are examples of

how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure

In 1961, Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure

persuading subordinates that their claims to power are valid

In general, rulers demonstrate their authority by

the exclusion of those who don't fit into one category or the other

In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?

interrupt the other sex more often

In the classroom, compared to girls, boys

meritocratic

Jim gets a job in a group home for disabled adults. The executive director tells Jim that if he works hard and earns favorable reviews, he could work his way up to a position of greater responsibility and income. Such a system is referred to as

iron cage

Max Weber described bureaucracies as the ________ of modern life.

secularism

Maya believes that our educational system should emphasize rationality and the scientific perspective. She volunteers with a local organization that works to ensure that public schools uphold the church and state separation. What ideology and movement does Maya MOST likely support?

illness; death

Morbidity means ________; mortality means ________.

increased

Relative to earlier decades, direct-to-consumer advertisement of drugs has ________ in the last several years.

justify unequal and unfair differences between groups in society

Religion can serve some negative social functions. One of these negative functions may be that it can

symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community

Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from the

the glass ceiling

Sharika completed her MBA from a prestigious university and got an entry-level position with a financial firm. Although she worked diligently and produced everything that was asked of her, she was not able to advance in the firm as much as male colleagues with similar credentials and job performance. It is likely that Sharika encountered

more women would enter this line of work

Sheila entered the field of book editing, which had been largely male-dominated. She was optimistic that she had made an inroad to a mostly male profession, but it soon became a more commercial rather than an academic field. This was associated with less autonomy on the job, less prestige, and less job security. As this change in the editing field occurred, we would expect that

invisible because they are regarded as the norm.

Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be

they imposed external regulations on the medical profession and thereby eroded the authority of doctors.

Since the 1990s, new laws affecting medical treatment requirements, such as the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, have been significant to the institution of medicine because

are interested in how scientific facts are socially constructed

Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so typically because they

stigmatization in society

Sociologists worry that the Human Genome Project could position people positively or negatively based on their genetic codes and thus lead to greater

getting promoted because of who you are, not on the basis of merit.

The Matthew effect is essentially like

powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world

The connection between social movements and religion demonstrates the

high skilled and low skilled

The effect of globalization has been bifurcate labor into

heteronormativity

The idea that heterosexuality is the default or the normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate is called

medicalization

The process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such is called

the identification of a condition or activity as symptomatic of an illness varies by culture

What does it mean to say that illness is socially constructed?

Proletariat

What group sells its labor to the bourgeoisie to receive wages?

not looked down on or morally judged if he or she does not work

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role? A person in the sick role is

Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history.

What is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given?

women are more likely to seek medical care

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

Among major U.S. institutions, the church is the most segregated by race.

What is the significance of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s statement regarding religion and racial segregation in the United States?

scientific anomalies have amassed to a level that challenges the validity of an existing paradigm.

When a scientific paradigm shifts, this indicates that

Stratification

When groups are arranged hierarchically with different levels of power, social prestige, status, or economic resources, this is called

To Weber, religion was central to the development of capitalism; to Marx, capitalism would crumble is people stopped following religion

Which of the statements below best describes the theories of Max Weber and Karl Marx?

social

While the notion of sex has typically referred to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to ________ characteristics.

there is no clear genetic line that subdivides the human species

Your textbook notes that biology researchers have shifted away from using the term "race" to using the term "continental ancestry" for a few reasons, including the fact that

legal-rational

________ authority is based on standard, regular procedures, and it is the type of authority supposedly most pervasive in modern society.

an example of horizontal social mobility is a(n)

secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status.

the justifiable right to exercise power

the justifiable right to exercise power