SOC Chapter 7
The very first building blocks of social life involve
face to face interaction
In many instances, college students will develop
more robust multiethnic and multiracial friendship networks.
Dyads consist of _____ members
2
Triads consist of _____ members
3
Which of the following statements about dyads are true?
A dyad can only continue to exist if both participants are committed to it. Dyads are the most intense type of social relationship.
Which of the following statements regarding bureaucracy are true?
Bureaucracies can be very impersonal. Authority within bureaucracies is fragmented.
Which sociologist was considered to be the first to think systematically about social structure in terms of social networks?
Georg Simmel
When we take our definitions of reality for granted, what are the consequences?
We view our society in simplistic terms and ignore all of its complexity. We accept the definitions as true and may not question them.
Most of our social support tends to come from ______ our network of strong ties.
a relatively small
Which of the following is a collection of people who interact regularly with one another and who are aware of their status as a group?
a social group
People who identify themselves as teachers are referring to their ______ status.
achieved
Which of the following is an example of impression management?
an inexperienced waitress confidently making recommendations to customers and calling them "honey"
Camilla's ______ status is that she is Mexican American.
ascribed
What type of status is assigned by society without regard to a person's unique talents or abilities?
ascribed
According to dramaturgy theory, a waiter who complains about customers while in the kitchen is using the kitchen as a ______ stage.
back
When checking out at a supermarket, customers follow ______ as they interact with the clerk.
basic assumptions
Roles and statuses shape social interaction by connecting individuals to
behavioral patterns social structures one another
A hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures used to manage organizations is known as a
bureaucracy
Workers who invest emotional energy into their work can experience ______ after a few years.
burnout
The merger of Time Warner and AOL failed, in part, because of cultural
conflict
Which of the following are examples of a secondary group?
coworkers volunteers
Having close ties to members of a social network is most critical during times of
crisis
Unlike a ______ of people, ______ often share common interests, values, norms, and expectations.
crowd; social groups category; social groups
Which of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies?
division of labor hierarchy of authority
Using the theater as a metaphor to explain social life is called
dramaturgy
Which of the following do larger organizations typically develop?
elaborate division of labor a formal process for making decisions
According to sociologist Arlie Hochschild, when people say such things as "you should be happy" or "you shouldn't feel guilty," they are reminding you of ______, social guidelines that dictate how you want to try to feel.
emotion rules
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild referred to the situations when certain interactions require people to project emotions they do not feel, such as projecting anger when one does not feel angry, as
emotion work
True or false: Networks made up of weak ties are not helpful.
false
True or false: Social standing within a society has no impact on intersubjectivity or shared knowledge.
false
True or false: The expectations associated with any role are not socially defined.
false
The large secondary groups that increasingly dominate contemporary society are known as ______ organizations and are formed to accomplish particular tasks.
formal
According to dramaturgy theory, the classroom serves as a teacher's ______ stage.
front
Without the common ground of shared language and shared meaning, social interaction can become
frustrating and confusing
Which of the following activities rely on shared knowledge?
greeting someone riding public transportation finding a joke funny
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons the social side of the "sick role" means that those with ailments
have less responsibility for caring for themselves. are exempt from other role expectations want to make an effort to recover
According to W. I. Thomas, because stereotypes create a sense of shared reality, they
have serious consequences
Most social networks are more ______ than the population as a whole.
homogenous
Social contact between people who are similar is called
homophily
Sid created a neighborhood community center that grew in size over the decades. Carlos, one of the children helped by the center as he grew up, was motivated to get a degree in social work. Carlos now runs the center, and it has grown to serve the entire county. This is an example of
how people are influenced by the society they create
According to the Thomas theorem, a person's behavior is influenced by
how that person defines reality
When people try to control the images others have of them through their performance, this is known as
impression management
Members of which of the following groups have, by definition, a collective sense of "us"?
in-group
The significance of social networks has ______ in modern life.
increased
Different amounts of power within organizations reinforce
inequality
Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann argued that people construct reality through
internalization objectivation externalization
According to W. I. Thomas, people must ______ the social situation before they act.
interpret
According to the Thomas theorem, the decision to give money to a panhandler depends on an individual's
interpretation of the situation
The common understanding between people about knowledge, reality, or an experience that members of a culture share is called
intersubjectivity
Betsy Leondar-Wright found that people in low-income neighborhoods were not active in their communities because they
lacked hope
Which of the following do people within a society always share?
language norms historical references
Communicators rely on shared ______ to express meaning.
language and knowledge
According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social institutions such as the government and schools are
maintained and reproduced through the actions of the participants
What "effect" did Solomon Asch describe in his discovery that people conform to group opinion even when they disagree?
majority effect
A status that overrides all the other statuses is called a(n) ______ status.
master
Which of the following statements regarding group size are true?
members of a larger group feel less emotional commitment to one another groups become more stable as they get larger
According to sociologist Arlie Hochschild's research, jobs that require workers to display specific emotions are
often in settings that involve frequent customer contact. most common in service jobs.
Which of the following refers to the values of an organization and the way an organization works?
organizational culture
Factors that exist outside of the organization but potentially affect an organization, such as the strength of the economy and the stability of political rule, form the
organizational environment
More complex and more formal than most groups, ______ are formed to accomplish particular tasks.
organizations
In the United States, friendship networks are most typically characterized by ______ homophily.
racial
What do sociologists call a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
reference group
Lee is supervising her best friend at work and feels awkward about disciplining him. What is she experiencing?
role conflict
Which of the following helps people connect and conform to an expected behavioral pattern?
roles
Which of the following is least likely to perpetuate stereotypes?
scientific studies
The sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead believed that social interactions were crucial in the development of an individual's
sense of self `
Routine interactions rely on a common ground created by
shared elements of culture
Sam meets his new colleague for the first time in their shared office. He looks the colleague in the eyes, smiles, and extends his hand for a handshake. His behavior is influenced by which of the following?
shared knowledge
Sociologist Talcott Parsons argued that physical illness creates a(n) ______ for those who are ill and involves four particular expectations.
sick role
Which of the following refers to an element of language commonly used by subcultures?
slang
______ groups tend to be intense but unstable. ______ groups tend to be more stable but less intense.
small; large
What theory holds, "Society is a human product. Society is an objective reality. Man is a social product"?
social construction of reality
In sociological terms, studying social networks can reveal patterns of
social interaction
The collections of social ties that connect individuals to one another are known as
social networks
Which of the following statements about social networks in modern life are true?
social networks are more diverse and less constraining than before networking has provided more leeway in choosing who we want to be
Sociologists believe our perception of reality is
socially constructed
Having a common perspective and shared knowledge allow which of the following?
society to function smoothly individuals to understand how others see the world
The ranking of social positions according to their prestige is called a(n)
status hierarchy
The tendency in American society to value managers more highly than custodians is an example of
status hierarchy
A student who says she is a volunteer firefighter and also a mother is describing her
status set
Teacher, mother, and husband are all examples of
statuses
An exaggerated generalization about a group of people is called a
stereotype
The idea that all Asian children are studious is a(n)
stereotype
The Thomas theorem states that ______ interpretations of reality have ______ effects.
subjective; objective
Successful interaction requires each individual to ______ of the other to gain mutual understanding.
take the perspective
Which of the following typically occur when a dyad becomes a triad?
tension can arise the number of possible interactions increases members' attention is divided
Sociologists often classify groups according to which aspects of their interactions.
the intensity the nature
Attempts to maximize efficiency often yield
the opposite effect
Which of the following statements about social roles are true according to the dramaturgical approach?
the person occupying the role must interpret it the person occupying the role must actively "play" the role
According to Betsy Leondar-Wright, people from different backgrounds must overcome ______ to collaborate successfully.
their stereotypes
Randy and Tim grew up in the same town and went to the same schools but did not know one another. Randy met Tim at a computer store where Randy purchased a new computer. He asked Tim how to set up his new computer, and Tim began talking about wireless routers and servers and IP addresses, which confused Randy. Which of the following best explains what happened?
they failed to achieve intersubjectivity
Which of the following best describes why people use social networks?
to gain access to other parts of society
Max Weber noted that a characteristic of the industrial revolution was a shift from
traditional to rational actions
True or false: Individuals can exercise control over their achieved status.
true
True or false: Race/ethnicity and gender often function as master statuses, affecting an individual's potential to achieve a desired professional or social status.
true
True or false: Role strain occurs when the expectations associated with a single role compete with each other.
true
True or false: The approach to the study of social interaction that uses the metaphor of social life as theater is referred to as dramaturgy.
true
Which of the following statements about reference groups are true?
we consider our reference groups as we make plans just about any primary or secondary group can be a reference group
Sarah is looking for a job, and she mentioned her search to her neighbor and her hairdresser. This social network is made up of ______ that can be helpful.
weak ties
Symbols used during communication include
words handgestures images