Soc Psyc 227 Exam 2

Having been given acting lessons to either 1) try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family, or 2) put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family, participants in acting condition ________ were more likely to see themselves as having ________.

2; more consistent traits

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator.

Wendy, Greta, Tom, and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight. Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?

Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet.

Which form of conditioning causes many children and young teens to hold political, religious, and social views that are very similar to those of their parents?

Instrumental conditioning

Paul is a black college student who wants to join a fraternity. The fraternity is made up of all white men. When Paul's application is denied, he asks why, and the head of the fraternity implies, but doesn't say, that it is because Paul is black. Which of the following best describes what has happened to Paul?

Paul has been discriminated against.

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior?

Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film.

Marion hopes to come to a deeper sense of self-understanding. Which of the following, according to research, should Marion do to gain self-insight?

She should try to view herself as others do.

An advertising company has been hired by the Centers for Disease Control to produce TV commercials to increase awareness of breast cancer in males. Advertising executives are considering three different commercials. The first features actual patients who describe the pain they experienced from the disease. The second focuses on medical doctors discussing early detection strategies and treatment options. The third shows grieving family members surrounding a grave. Which is likely to be more effective at changing men's behavior?

The second, focusing on specific information that will reduce fear

"Whistle-blowers" generally blow the whistle on corporate misbehavior because of what three attributes?

Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience.

self-evaluation maintenance model

This perspective suggests that to maintain a positive view of ourselves, we distance ourselves from others who perform better than we do on valued dimensions and move closer to others who perform worse than us. This view suggests that doing so will protect our self-esteem.

Kim is an American but spent much of her childhood in Japan. She is fluent in both English and Japanese. We might reasonably expect her response to the question "Who am I?" to differ depending on the language (Japanese or English) of the question because

a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people.

People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in

a potentially variable but coherent self-definition.

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

People who are convicted of violence and theft-related crimes view themselves as being higher than the average community member in terms of morality, kindness, generosity, trustworthiness, and honesty. What is the cause of this?

above average effect

personal-versus-social identity continuum

at the personal level, the self is thought of as a unique individual, whereas at the social identity level, the self is seen as a member of a group

self promoting

attempting to present ourselves to others as having positive attributes

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n)

attitude

According to __________, events trigger our attitudes and, simultaneously, the appropriate norms for how people should or typically do behave in a given situation.

attitude to behavior process

The suggestion that attitudes can be automatically activated and influence behavior by shaping interpretation of the situation, which in turn dictates behavior, is suggested by the

attitude-to-behavior process model

Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity. He may well ________ publicly, believing active member decision makers will hear of his views. He is, in private, ________ to express those same views.

badmouth other fraternities; unlikely

Thomas has concluded that, on average, he is academically superior to the peers around him. As a result of this comparison, over the next 6 months, his self-esteem will

be reliably higher

According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's

capacity to process information and level of motivation

Upon learning that soda sales are in decline, a soda manufacturer, ABC Fizz, decides upon a new advertising tactic. Using demographic data, ABC Fizz discovers that 30-34-year-olds show a strong affiliation with Apple products. In the new advertising campaign, the company repeatedly pairs images of its soda with 30-34-year-olds using Apple products. Before long, they find that sales of their soda increase within this demographic. This is an example of ________ conditioning.

classical

intergroup conflict

conflict that occurs between two or more groups

Intragroup

conflict within a group

Together, the attitude and the previously stored information about what's appropriate or expected in a given situation shape our _________ the event.

definition of

LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the

difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes

A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because

distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech

Students entering college who had social networks with more ________ attitudes toward affirmative action exhibited ________ change over the following 2 months.

diverse, more

Which of the following can contribute to a person showing attitudinal change when confronted with a counterattitudinal message?

ego depletion

implicit self-esteem

feelings about the self of which we are not consciously aware

Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she

finds it gratifying to see improvement over time

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the

focus is on a conscious decision-making process.

Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if

he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude.

A CEO of a Midwestern chemical company gave a press briefing and espoused some fairly restrictive regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions and water pollution. His excellent credibility was probably due to the fact that

he is CEO of a chemical company.

Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because

he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy

Individuals who have high self-esteem and could be described as showing instability may exhibit

hostility and defensive responses when their self-esteem is threatened

self-construal

how we characterize ourselves, which can vary depending on what identity is salient at any given moment

Patty is a politician running for public office. At a town hall meeting, she claims that she has always fought for and will continue to fight for the LGBT community. At this, a person who does not support Patty stands up and claims that Patty only began to support marriage equality after the majority of U.S. states had legalized same-sex marriage. This person is trying to generate feelings of

hypocrisy

Ursula has decided that she will quit smoking by January 1 of next year. She creates a weekly calendar. On each week of the calendar, she notes down how many cigarettes she can smoke, gradually reducing the amount over the course of the year, so that by January 1 she will be able to give up the habit for good. Ursula has created a(n)

implementation plan

If one reflects on achievements, self-esteem ________. If one reflects on failures, self-esteem ________.

increases; decreases

In the march toward racial equality, whites may perceive black progress as a ________, while blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then whites should see ________ progress for blacks than (as) blacks see.

loss; gain; losses; gains; more

We hold values similar to, and identify with,

members of our reference group(s)

Juan is one of three Brazilian students currently attending a college in Indiana. His roommate, Eric, is one of several thousand Hoosiers attending the same college. As a result, Juan is ________ to be aware of his racial status than Eric is of his at any given time.

more likely regardless of proportional gender presence

Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ when our group identity is salient.

move closer to the ingroup

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and

our attitudes toward a particular behavior

social identity theory

perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups

Erin works at a think tank in Washington, DC. She is a progressive liberal and, as most of her colleagues are around her age and come from similar backgrounds, she makes the assumption that her colleagues are too, even though a large percentage of them do not identify as such. Erin has fallen susceptible to

pluralistic ignorance

Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex. However, most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage. As a result, in a recent group discussion in her health class, Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex and avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic. Simone's actions are most likely due to

pluralistic ignorance.

According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?

rational process

possible selves

representations of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming

Tricia's friend informs her of a real estate opportunity. The market has been tumultuous lately, but if it performs well, Tricia could gain a significant amount of money from the real estate purchase. However, if the market performs badly, Tricia could lose a significant amount of money. Tricia decides not to pursue the opportunity because of

risk adversions

Marlon is a liberal. When he wants to watch the news on television, he only watches MSNBC. On the Internet, he only views popular liberal sites such as The Nation, Salon, and Slate. When he's using Facebook, if any of his friends posts links with conservative viewpoints, he hides these from his feed. Marlon is resisting persuasion through the use of

selective avoidance

Irene considers herself to be an environmentalist, and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint. One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings, to by a new, powerful gasoline-powered mower. Irene is shocked, but when she uses the mower, she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in

self affirmation

Ellen, an undergraduate, attends an end-of-semester party. The party is full of graduate and postdoctoral students discussing research they are doing and theories they are studying. In order to make a good impression in conversation, Ellen brings up awards she has won in the past, her high grade point average, and which Ivy League schools she wants to apply to for graduate school. Ellen is engaging in

self promotion

Jasmine hears that her favorite poet is giving a reading on campus. She attends and has the chance to meet the poet after the reading. When Jasmine finally speaks to the poet, she gushes about how she wants to be a poet but knows she will never have anywhere near the talent of the poet. This is an example of

self-deprecation.

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as

self-efficacy

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________ theory.

social comparison

Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to

sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem.

Terrence, a black man, just moved to a new town. The town is predominantly white. Terrence realizes that he needs to get a job, so he visits a few of the town's manufacturing companies. With each application, Terrence is asked to note his race. With each application he completes and submits, Terrence experiences

stereotype threat

A film studio pairs with a brewery and exclusively includes scenes of people drinking this beer or the beer standing in the background of scenes throughout many of its summer blockbusters. Sales of the brewery's line of beers skyrocket. The increased sales were likely due to ________ conditioning.

subliminal

introspection

the act of looking into one's own thoughts and feelings

downward social comparison

the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are

upward social comparison

the process of comparing ourselves with those who are better off

self-verification perspective

the processes we use to lead others to agree with our own self-views

above average effect

the tendency for people to rate themselves as above the average on most positive social attributes

Dr. Hammouda surveyed the graduating class of a small private university. One of his findings was that over 50 percent of the graduating class expected to receive a salary of at least $100,000 a year within 5 years of graduation. Dr. Hammouda knows that the actual percentage of recent graduates attaining that level of salary is much lower than 50 percent. The students are displaying

unrealistic optimism

Salience

when someone or some object stands out from its background or is the focus of attention

Ingratiation

when we try to make others like us by conveying that we like them; praising others to flatter them

discrimination

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Which of the following is an example of an intragroup comparison?

Dan, a firefighter, compares himself to Bill, his colleague

Next week, there will be a debate on campus. The topic of the debate will be, "Is Climate Change a Threat?" The debate will have three participants: Jim, a scientist from Harvard University; Caroline, a science writer from the Huffington Post; Ed, a conservative representative on the House Science Committee; and Janet, a science historian. Who will likely be more persuasive during the debate and why?

Jim, because his educational and professional background lend him credibility

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as individuals, the self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that

Katherine should dislike Amy more.

Recently, Annabelle got a short story published in an online literary magazine. She was very excited because this was her first publication. However, 2 weeks later, she read a masterful story by Toni Morrison, one of the most famous writers in America. Annabelle then didn't feel so great about her own story or the fact that it was accepted for publication. This is an example of ________ social comparison

Upward

When Matt was married to Kim, he sometimes wondered what it would feel like to get divorced. When, 10 years later, he actually did get divorced, he found out that what he thought he would feel was completely wrong. Matt's post-divorce feelings didn't match his

affective forecasting.

Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as

credible

Betty and Vera are best friends who are both being treated for depression. Betty has come to believe that Vera's case of depression is much worse than her own case. Consequently, Betty is making a(n) ________ comparison that will likely ________ her self-esteem, and cause her to feel ________.

downward, increase, closer to vera

Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that

for some behaviors, the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors, friends were more accurate.

Upon meeting his biology professor for the first time, James says that he has read all of the professor's books, that they were some of the best books he's ever read, and that they were a catalyst for his choosing to study biology. James is employing the tactic of

ingratiation.

When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making ________ comparisons.

intergroup

Joanna is part of a writer's group that meets each week. A friend of Joanna's recently asked her about the group, saying that she'd like to join, but she had also heard of another writer's group in town. Joanna knew the other group and said, "Don't join that one. Ours is focused on workshopping each other's work and providing constructive feedback. The other one just meets once a week to drink. They barely even talk about writing, let alone workshop anyone's work." This is an example of a(n)

intergroup comparison

When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness, we tend to

neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time.

Thom is a junior in college who is studying creative writing. He often daydreams about what he will be like when he is in his 30s. He usually imagines himself siting at a writing desk in the attic of a house surrounded by a dense forest and a lake. On the desk is his Nobel Prize for Literature award, and downstairs are his wife and two children. Thom has constructed a(n)

possible self

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a(n) ________ approach in presenting himself to others.

self-verification

Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by

strong, convincing arguments from a speaker delivering a message.

social comparison theory

theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

In the United States, gender differences in self-esteem are most pronounced among

white lower class people.

Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if

you dislike the person expressing the attitude and see the person as dissimilar to yourself.

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as teammates and sorority sisters, social identity theory suggests that

Katherine should like Amy more

ego depletion

The lowered capacity to exert subsequent self-control following earlier efforts to exert self-control. Performance decrements are typically observed when people's ego strength has been depleted by prior efforts at self-control.

In what health context might positive messages be much better than fear-inducing messages for effecting behavior change?

When the message's health concern is very serious or fatal

Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American, but conservative when compared to other college students. These are ________ comparisons.

intragroup

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation

is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate.

Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading?

We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions.

Thomas has always felt out of place in his family. He begins to wonder why he is the way he is. To better understand himself, he purchases a self-help book at his local bookstore. This book claims that Thomas will reach a deeper level of self-understanding if he spends time examining and analyzing his own past experiences and how those relate to his mental and emotional states. The book Thomas bought is advocating

introspection

Whenever Mike enters his family's den where the sports trophies that he has won are on the mantle, his self-esteem is temporarily boosted. This is best described as caused by the fact that

self-esteem is responsive to life events.

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self? Why or why not?

No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension