SOCI 111 Ch. 7 review quiz

(Q008) Which scenario is an example of the free-rider problem? Except for elite runners, people gain access to the New York Marathon through a lottery system. Everyone has the same chance of being picked, except that if you apply three years in a row and do not get in, you are automatically admitted the following year. Four campers go to gather wood for their respective families. Though they agreed to gather equal amounts of wood, one person hurts her ankle and is not able to gather as much wood. Nevertheless, before returning to their families, the four people divide the wood up evenly between them. Four friends wait in line overnight to get the best seats to see a popular band. As they are finally entering the arena, another friend of theirs strolls into the VIP section. They later learn that he was able to secure a VIP pass through his family's connections. A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members.

A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members.

(Q017) How did the economic boom that followed World War II contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class? The need for manufacturing jobs increased due to the economic boom, and both middle-class and working-class laborers were needed to fill the roles. Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities. Higher wages for working-class laborers meant that many women from working-class families who had worked during the war could quit their jobs and stay home to fulfill the era's ideal gender roles. More working-class individuals could take part in leisure activities, such as vacations, sports, and cultural events, that brought them into greater contact with people in the middle class and resulted in blurred class boundaries.

Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities.

(Q018) What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like? Middle-income individuals have experienced greater income growth than those at the highest and lowest ends of the bracket. Incomes at the highest end of the bracket have stagnated, whereas low-income and middle-income individuals have experienced slow but steady growth in their incomes. Incomes at all levels have increased at about the same rate. Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

(Q002) Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx? Jean-Jacques Rousseau Thomas Malthus Vilfredo Pareto John Millar

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(Q012) Why would three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations? Although their level of educational attainment would categorize them as upper class, their income potential puts them in the middle-class category. Each of them spends some time performing highly skilled tasks and some time performing clerical tasks. The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others. They are part of a high-prestige field, but within the field they are at the low end in terms of income.

The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others.

(Q004) Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep the world population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist? Adam Ferguson John Millar Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Thomas Malthus

Thomas Malthus

(Q010) In India, a system of stratification persists, partially because it was exploited by British colonialism to persistently divide the people. This division of society into four main groups (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra) is an example of a status hierarchy system. an estate system. a status-attainment model. a caste system.

a caste system.

(Q019) What is discussed in this chapter as the gateway to becoming middle class? a manual occupation a blue-collar job a college education marriage

a college education

(Q015) When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first-class passengers, and then makes its way down to the coach class. Imagine you are boarding an aircraft, and you are in coach class. As you search for a place to store your luggage, you notice that the people in first class are already being served free wine and snacks. This an example of a class system hierarchy. a status hierarchy. an embedded inequality. a white privilege.

a status hierarchy.

(Q003) Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that individuals preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that this opportunity would encourage individuals to work to build up society. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, this system helps preserve wealth for future generations. acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property. serves to improve human capital for more people. improves social capital.

acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property.

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. For many countries, the way out of poverty, disease, and economic stagnation is through development of natural resources. As a result, what issue might be least likely to be embraced by African nations? railroad development corruption control climate change disease control

climate change

(Q021) In the book, we are presented with a mobility table (Table 7.2). As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons. The rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that education may not be as necessary as previously thought to ensure individual mobility. the tendency for individuals to trade jobs eventually balances out and is not cause for concern. despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades. young people today need to be very concerned that opportunities for employment in prestigious occupations is declining significantly.

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.

(Q014) In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations by status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________. educational requirements; income level income level; perceived difficulty perceived difficulty; educational requirements income level; educational requirements

educational requirements; income level

(Q016) Consider outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address, in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." Eisenhower's position critiques the __________ system. status hierarchy elite-mass dichotomy political class

elite-mass dichotomy

(Q007) In 2014, the US Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotomayor argued that the law placed an undue burden on racial and ethnic minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotomayor arguing in favor of? ontological equality equality of condition equality of outcome equality of opportunity

equality of condition

(Q006) What standard of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s? equality of opportunity equality of condition ontological equality equality of outcome

equality of opportunity

(Q009) At the outset of US history, eligible voters were white property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have become popular. Many would argue that such laws restricting who can vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system? estate class caste elite-mass dichotomy

estate

(Q011) Suppose you have a good friend who has done well after college. His work in telecommunications helped him land him a job with a six-figure salary last year. He lives in a tiny apartment in the suburbs and keeps his money in a checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card, and he still has $50,000 in college loans. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have high wealth. income. net worth. investment income.

income.

(Q005) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's concept of the master-slave dialectic highlighted the fact that there is a(n) _______ between master and slave. mutual dependency mutual hatred contradictory class location achievement gap

mutual dependency

(Q001) Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that if we stripped away all elements of society that result from the institution of private property, only _____ would remain. stratification social equality equality of condition the middle class

social equality

(Q024) Suppose that the following information is known about Asa: He earns $126,000 in annual income, has a net worth of $324,000, has a master's degree, and works as a civil engineer. A sociologist could use this information to classify Asa in terms of his ____. social equality status-attainment caste socioeconomic status

socioeconomic status

(Q013) One of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what? meritocracy status hierarchy caste income

status hierarchy

(Q022) Johnnie's father worked his entire career in the automotive manufacturing industry in Michigan. When Johnnie entered the workforce, the auto industry was in decline, so he instead found a professional career in the booming information technology sector, an industry that did not exist when his father began his career. This is an example of structural mobility. horizontal mobility. exchange mobility. social reproduction.

structural mobility.

(Q023) Siying's mother and father both lacked any formal education and supported their family by working as shoe shiners in a New York City subway station. Siying got a scholarship to attend an Ivy League university, went to medical school, and is now a neurosurgeon at a hospital in Boston. This is an example of structural mobility. horizontal social mobility. vertical social mobility. socioeconomic status.

vertical social mobility.