SOCI 4540_RACE & ETHNICITY
True or False? A major theme of Iceland's book, Race and Ethnicity in America, is that race and ethnicity are social constructions.
true
True or False? After reading Ch7, it is safe to say that social inequality based on ethnoracial origins and skin color is pervasive in much of the Americas and that this varies across the countries.
true
True or False? Because the U.S. Census permits individuals to choose more than one race now, a growing number of people have begun to claim some American Indian heritage.
true
True or False? Iceland believes that lighter-skinned Hispanics may fare better than darker-skinned ones in American society.
true
True or False? Iceland claims that it is difficult to discern the relative contribution of each factor that explains the current level of black-white inequality in American society. He says that the reality is that there are multiple causes for this gap and that these often interact with one another to produce disadvantages that accumulate over people's lives.
true
True or False? Iceland worries that darker-skinned Hispanics may face many of the same discriminatory obstacles that blacks do.
true
True or False? Iceland's overall conclusion about race relations in the U.S. is that color lines have generally softened over time.
true
True or False? In 1967 the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of Mildred Loving in the case Loving v. Virginia.
true
True or False? In terms of racial disparities, blacks have narrowed the gaps with whites when considering many important indicators, such as education, poverty, residential segregation, residential attainment, and life expectancy.
true
True or False? On the whole, Asians in the U.S. have high average levels of educational achievement and income.
true
True or False? Racial distinctions are real and meaningful to the extent that people are treated differently and experience different kinds of life experiences and outcomes, as exemplified by the historical record in the U.S.
true
True or False? Some census takers in 2010 who identified as American Indian, described themselves as Mexican American Indian.
true
True or False? Sometimes conversations about race devolve into defensive or aggressive behavior because people today aren't really listening to each other.
true
True or False? The American Dream holds that any American, with determination and hard work, can succeed in the U.S.
true
True or False? The change in the U.S. Census race question in 2000 that allowed people to choose any combination of groups "rather than add a multiracial response category" was a compromise.
true
True or False? The growth of racial and ethnic diversity in the U.S., along with changes in public attitudes, have challenged conventional ways of defining and measuring groups at different points in U.S. history.
true
True or False? The largest source of wealth in the U.S. is homeownership, and whites are more likely to own homes (and more expensive homes) than are blacks.
true
True or False? W.E.B. DuBois's idea of "double-consciousness" is situational.
true
True or False? While more African Americans have achieved a measure of upward social mobility than in the past, many others' living standards have not risen, and many are left behind due to the rising inequality in American society.
true
True or False? When tribal enrollment counts are taken, compared to the U.S. Census, the results are much higher.
false
According to Iceland, which of the following Asian groups experience fairly high poverty rates in the U.S.? a) Hmong and Cambodians b) Chinese and Filipino c) Indian and Hmong d) Japanese and Korean e) Vietnamese and Cambodians
a
Considering Figure 3 (page 34) and Figure 4 (page 35) in Iceland's book, which of the following is a major take-away point from the figures? a) Over time, educational attainment has risen for all groups in the U.S. b) Over time, educational attainment has declined for all groups in the U.S. c) Over time, educational attainment has stayed about the same for all groups in the U.S. d) Over time, educational attainment has increased and then decreased for all groups in the U.S.
a
Iceland points to a major challenge when studying American Indians. Which of the following best represents the challenge Iceland points to? a) American Indians are relatively small in number. b) American Indians have too many babies. c) American Indians refuse to cooperate with the federal government and the U.S. Census. d) American Indians are spread out across the country.
a
Iceland tells us that a running theme in this book is: a) How we define racial and ethnic groups, along with changing patterns of identification in the U.S. population affects our understanding of racial and ethnic inequality. b) If you ain't first, your last. c) You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make it drink. d) Law enforcement agencies are to blame.
a
In Iceland's discussion of The Role of Racism and Discrimination, how does he define Racism? a) The linking of groups with alleged biological abilities and behaviors to assert superiority of one racial group over another. b) Action related to a set of negative beliefs, feelings, and action-orientations regarding a certain group of people. c) The beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and other characteristics that are shared and accepted by a group of people. d) An attitudinal system of negative beliefs, feelings, and action-orientations regarding a certain group of people.
a
In a study of four Latin American countries conducted by sociologists Edward Telles and Tianna Paschel, what did they find was the most important predictor of racial identification? a) Color of skin b) Eye shape c) Hair texture d) Nose shape
a
In what year did the U.S. Census start using the phrase, "Mark one or more races to indicate what this person considers himself/herself to be?" a) 2000 b) This phrase has not been implemented yet. c) 2010 d) 2020
a
What racial category does Iceland point to as having some American Indian ancestry? a) Blacks b) Asians c) Hispanics d) Whites
a
What reason does Iceland give for why it is difficult to make global comparisons of how immigrant and ethnic groups are faring? a) There is not enough data on this. b) There are few countries in the world with enough immigrants to be able to make comparisons that are statistically meaningful. c) Most countries do not cooperate with the UN in data collection efforts. d) No institution has been granted adequate funding to collect data on the grand scale it would entail to make global comparisons.
a
What was one of the ramifications of the 1965 Hart-Celler Act mentioned in Ch4? a) A surge of immigration from Asia. b) A surge of immigration from Malaysia c) A surge of immigration of the Hmong population d) A surge of immigration of Chinese women
a
When Iceland discusses assimilation theory, he is generally referring to which of the following? a) The gradual decline in distinctions between ethnic groups over time. b) The gradual decline in religious differences between ethnic groups over time. c) The gradual decline in educational attainment between ethnic groups over time. d) The gradual decline in cultural etiquette between ethnic groups over time.
a
Which of the following best depicts the six cities with the highest number of multiracial individuals in the U.S.? a) San Diego, Honolulu, New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston b) New Orleans, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Houston, New York, Chicago c) Boston, Chicago, New York, Miami, San Antonio, San Diego d) New York, Los Angeles, Miami, Boston, Chicago, Houston
a
Which of the following is just one result of the many unnecessary deaths of African Americans at the hands of law enforcement in this country? a) It represents the devaluation of black lives. b) It represents the devaluation of law enforcement. c) It represents the superiority of Asians. d) It represents the inferiority of whites.
a
Which racial category of Americans does Iceland say is doing well with higher education and in the economy? a) Asians b) All people of color c) American Indians d) African Americans e) Hispanics/Latinos f) None of the above
a
According to Iceland, what historic event caused Americans of Japanese origin to come under intense scrutiny? a) Passing of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution b) The attack on Pearl Harbor c) U.S. entry into WWII d) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
b
After what year did the U.S. Census finally cease using the term "mulatto" to collect data on race and ethnicity? a) 1890 b) 1920 c) 1910 d) 1950
b
Figure 7 (page 39) depicts racial and ethnic segregation from the period of 1970 to 2010 using the Dissimilarity Index. Which of the following describes what the Dissimilarity Index measures? a) The Dissimilarity Index measures the exposure (or lack thereof) to other groups. b) The Dissimilarity Index measures segregation. c) The Dissimilarity Index measures the same thing as the Isolation Index. d) The Dissimilarity Index isn't a real thing. The professor made this term up to trick us.
b
Iceland compares how the U.S. defines its racial categories with several other countries. Which of the following is NOT one of the countries he uses to make comparisons? a) Brazil b) France c) South Africa d) Countries in Latin America
b
Iceland provides several explanations for why American Indians have lower levels of socioeconomic attainment than many other groups in the U.S. Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations he provides? a) Continued discrimination in employment practices, low employment rates, and lack of job opportunities near reservations b) Lack of access to nutritious and high quality nutrition due to food deserts on or near reservations c) Discrimination and maltreatment of American Indian people by the White population and the federal government historically d) Low levels of human capital like low educational attainment e) The legacy of poverty has posed a long-term obstacle and is passed down through generations
b
Iceland suggests that European explorers first reached the America's in what year? a) 1776 b) 1492 c) 1902 d) 1502
b
In 1830, What act called for the relocation of all tribes living in the eastern U.S. to lands set aside for them west of the Mississippi River? a) Tribal Voluntary Relocation Act b) Indian Removal Act c) Indian Moving Westward Act d) American Indian Travel Act
b
In Ch2, why does Iceland introduce us to human and social capital theories; cultural theories; assimilation theory; and theories that emphasize the role of racism and discrimination? a) These theories explain how and why people are or are not prejudice in the first place. b) These theories provide a context for understanding the patterns and trends of inequality. c) These theories help us to define ethnocentrism and ethnomethodology. d) These theories are tied to anecdotal evidence and make our beliefs more real.
b
The U.S. census collects data pertaining to race and ethnicity with how many questions? a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3
b
What is a major criticism of using cultural theories to explain black-white disparities? a) Cultural theories are too soft on crime. b) Cultural theories often blame the victim. c) There are too many cultural theories to make sense of black-white inequality. d) Cultural theories are hard to apply to racial inequality when considering different regions of the country.
b
Who said this? "You do not take a man, who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of the race, saying 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair." a) Donald J. Trump b) Lyndon Johnson c) Abraham Lincoln d) Barack Obama
b
With all the war, disease, and displacement, what year did the American Indian population reach its low point? a) 1492 b) 1900 c) 1776 d) 1990
b
Immigrants to the U.S. are often considered racially distinct and immigrant groups are not all treated equally by the native population. According to Iceland, which group in particular is often regarded with the most hostility? a) Asians b) Catholics c) Blacks d) Hispanics e) Jews f) Irish g) All of the above.
c
In Ch4 Iceland uses Asians and Hispanics to compare and contrast their immigrant experiences and their patterns of socioeconomic achievement. Which of the following statements about this chapter is true? a) Asians have fared far worse than Whites in the U.S. b) Hispanics have assimilated to a larger degree than Asians. c) Hispanics have fared quite poorly compared to most other groups in the U.S. d) Asians and Hispanics form gangs and war over territory in large U.S. cities.
c
In Ch7, Iceland refers to the OECD at several points. What does this stand for? a) Occupational Economic Coalition for Development b) Occupational Education Coalition Determination c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development d) Organization for Educational Cooperation and Development
c
In Figure 13 (page 54), Iceland shows the cumulative risk of imprisonment for men aged thirty to thirty-four by race and Hispanic origin for two cohorts of men - those born in 1945 to 1949 and those born in 1975 to 1979. What is the major take-away point from Figure 13? a) Black women are more likely to be incarcerated than are black men. b) White men are more likely to be incarcerated and stay incarcerated. c) When comparing the two cohorts, the data indicate a rise in the incarceration of black men. d) When comparing the two cohorts, the younger cohort lacks the skills and talent to gain employment once released from prison.
c
In Iceland's discussion of Cultural Theories, how does he define Cultural Capital? a) The beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and other characteristics that are shared and accepted by a group of people. b) The sum of resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network or more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition. c) Possessing the knowledge of high-status culture or as widely shared, legitimate culture made up of high status cultural signals (attitudes, preferences, behaviors, and goods) used in direct or indirect social exclusion. d) People's knowledge, skills, personality, and experiences that help them attain good jobs and move ahead in their careers.
c
Prior to the Supreme Court ruling of Loving v. Virginia, what law was in place that prevented inter-racial marriage in Virginia? a) No Racial Marriage Act of 1910 b) Keep Races Separate Act of 1920 c) Racial Integrity Act of 1924 d) White Purity Act of 1925
c
What important factor does Iceland say we have to take into account when discussing Hispanic well-being and their prospects for the future in the U.S.? a) Hispanics are overwhelming the Texas border b) Whites have incomes that are 10-times higher than that of Hispanics c) The immigrant adaptation process d) Lack of sufficient border patrols on the U.S./Mexico border
c
What year did the U.S. Census Bureau change the way it asked about racial identity so that respondents could choose more than one racial identity? a) 2020 b) 2002 c) 2000 d) 2010
c
According to Iceland, American workers were threatened by Chinese immigration for what reason? a) Chinese culture surpassed that of American culture. b) Chinese were more highly educated and therefore threatened the elite American work ethic. c) Chinese worked harder by comparison to the American worker, so Americans feared they would make them look bad. d) Chinese were viewed as economic competitors who would drive down wages.
d
Compared with other countries in the world that collect data on race and/or ethnicity, the U.S. stands out in a few important respects. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a) The U.S. is the only country to use ethnicity to single out people of one specific population (Hispanic). b) It is one of the relatively few countries that counts people by race. c) It is nearly unique in its treatment of race and ethnicity as different types of identity. d) The U.S. conflates its numbers related to immigration because at any given time there are immigrants being forcibly deported.
d
Figure 10 (page 42) depicts life expectancy at birth by race and Hispanic origin from the period of 1950 to 2013. What does this Figure tell us about life expectancy? a) Life expectancy of Hispanics is greater than that of whites. b) Life expectancy of whites is greater than that of blacks. c) Life expectancy of blacks has improved over time. d) All of the above.
d
How strong is the association between culture and racial inequality? a) It is 40% stronger than the association between incarceration and racial inequality. b) It is a very weak association, and we shouldn't be using cultural theories at all to explain racial and ethnic inequalities. c) The association is <35% as strong as the association between out-of-wedlock births and low education rates. d) We just don't know.
d
Iceland states that all of the following factors have contributed to the high rate of poverty among African Americans EXCEPT which one? a) Educational attainment still lags behind Whites and Asians. b) High rates of single parenthood. c) Social disorganization in low-income neighborhoods. d) More African Americans are on death row than any other racial category.
d
Over the past 100 years there have been alternating periods of progress, regression, and stagnation as many changes have occurred related to race relations, racial divisions, and racial inequality. Which is NOT one of the changes that Iceland discusses in Ch8? a) Economic and demographic changes, caused by such things as immigration b) Tremendous economic growth and rising living standards c) Patterns of internal migration d) Substantial decrease in income inequality since the 1970s e) Destruction of the legal foundations of racial discrimination
d
What do the data from the Census Bureau in Figure 1 (page 15) indicate? a) The percentage of African Americans in the population has steadily dropped since 1970. b) The percentage of Hispanics in the population has remained steady since 1970. c) The percentage of whites in the population has continued to rise since 1970. d) The percentage of whites in the population has continued to drop since 1970.
d
What does Figure 14 (page 57) show us about the percentage of births to unmarried women by race and Hispanic origin from 1970-2013? a) It shows us it is no longer immoral or stigmatized to cohabitate with a partner and have children out-of-wedlock. b) It shows us that Asians have the highest rate of non-marital childbearing. c) It shows us that Hispanic women have more babies out-of-wedlock than any other racial or ethnic group. d) It shows us that black women have the highest percentage of births to unmarried women than any other racial or ethnic group.
d
Which of the following is a critique of using affirmative action policies to correct inequality in society? a) Affirmative action reinforces ethnic-group divisions by recognizing them and sanctioning differential treatment b) Affirmative action potentially devalues the accomplishments of minority group members. c) Decisions about employment and admissions to educational institutions should be based on merit and achievement alone. d) All of the above
d
Which of the following is an example of how race can be very personal for individuals living in the U.S.? a) A person's race is sometimes reflected in personal ads looking for someone to date. b) Race is an important aspect of the decennial census. c) Using racial epithets signifies the sensitivity of race. d) All of the above.
d
According to Iceland, in what way have African Americans improved their absolute or relative position in American society? a) In educational achievement b) In life expectancy c) In occupational status d) In residential circumstances e) All of the above
e
What city became the main destination for Puerto Rican immigrants in the U.S.? a) Houston b) Chicago c) Miami d) L.A. e) New York City
e
What example does Iceland use to support his claim that most social scientists believe that Race is socially constructed? a) Different categories of people who were once identified as a race other than white, eventually became categorized as white. b) A white woman can have black children, but a black woman cannot have white children. c) An American person sees a certain person as black... who a Haitian or Brazilian person might see as white. d) Meaningful social distinctions between racial groups vary across time and place. e) All of the above
e
When Iceland refers to assimilation as a decline in distinctions between groups over time, what type of distinction is he referring to? a) Linguistic ones (language) b) Socioeconomic ones (for example income) c) Residential segregation ones d) Cultural ones e) The degree to which friendships and intermarriage occur across groups f) All of the above
f
True or False? California and New York are the two states with the greatest number of multiracial individuals.
false
True or False? Despite the growth of the Hispanics in this country, whites are more likely to be poor, unemployed, and incarcerated than any other racial category.
false
True or False? Due to the way Brazil defines its racial categories, there is no racial inequality in that country.
false
True or False? France has a long-standing policy of multiculturalism when it comes to incorporating foreign-born people into its population.
false
True or False? Gaming has been an important source of revenue and employment growth for all American Indian tribes.
false
True or False? People who believe that individual will is the most important cause of inequality are more likely to support race-based policies, such as affirmative action, to reduce inequality.
false
True or False? The Asian Hmong population are achieving higher than average educational achievement and income than are other Asians in the American population.
false
True or False? The Census Bureau never experiments with their questions to see how people will respond when completing the census form.
false
True or False? The percentage of people who report having a multiracial identity is very large.
false
True or False? Today, census takers are limited to self-identifying with only two racial or ethnic categories.
false