social psych chapter 3 test

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

self-fulfilling prophecy

we often explain our own behavior in terms of the _________ while attributing others' behavior to their ____________

situation, dispositions

a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

availability heuristic

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

behavioral confirmation

persistence of one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one's belief s discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

belief perseverance

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't

counterfactual thinking

attributing behavior to the person's dispositions and traits

dispositional attribution

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

illusory correlation

which effect often used by filmmakers serves as an example of how priming impacts our perception?

kulechov effect

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

misattribution

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

overconfidence phenomenon

the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

representativeness heuristic

if people are made ___________, they attribute more responsibility to themselves

responsible

is our intuition conscious or unconscious?

unconscious

the theory of how people explain others' behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations

attribution theory

"implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to intuition

automatic processing

even when people know they are _______ someone else's behavior, they still underestimate ________ influences

causing, external

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

confirmation bias

the effect of prior beliefs on social perception is so great that even _____________ evidence may be seen as supporting one's beliefs

contradictory

"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious

controlled processing

the mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments

embodied cognition

overconfidence can be reduced by giving people prompt ________ on the accuracy of their judgments and by getting them to think of one good reason why their judgments might be _____

feedback, wrong

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior

fundamental attribution error

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

heuristic

"mental shortcuts"

heuristics

perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are

illusion of control

incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

misinformation effect

the belief perseverance phenomenon can be reduced by having people explain the....

opposite

our whole western worldview inclines us to assume that ______, not __________, cause events

people, situations

certain experiments show that people's preconceived notions bias the way they _________ and _________ information they are given.

perceive, interpret

when we watch another person act, the ______ occupies the center of our attention; when we act, the ___________ commands our attention

person, environment

a balanced social psychology appreciates both the ______ and the ______ of social thinking

powers, perils

activating particular associations in memory

priming

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average

regression toward the average

attributing behavior to the environment

situational attribution

people are ____ to deduce particular instances from a general truth but are _____ to infer general truth from a vivid instance

slow, quick

an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior

spontaneous trait inference