social psych chapter 3 test
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
self-fulfilling prophecy
we often explain our own behavior in terms of the _________ while attributing others' behavior to their ____________
situation, dispositions
a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
availability heuristic
a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
behavioral confirmation
persistence of one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one's belief s discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
belief perseverance
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't
counterfactual thinking
attributing behavior to the person's dispositions and traits
dispositional attribution
perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
illusory correlation
which effect often used by filmmakers serves as an example of how priming impacts our perception?
kulechov effect
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source
misattribution
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
overconfidence phenomenon
the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
representativeness heuristic
if people are made ___________, they attribute more responsibility to themselves
responsible
is our intuition conscious or unconscious?
unconscious
the theory of how people explain others' behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations
attribution theory
"implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to intuition
automatic processing
even when people know they are _______ someone else's behavior, they still underestimate ________ influences
causing, external
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
confirmation bias
the effect of prior beliefs on social perception is so great that even _____________ evidence may be seen as supporting one's beliefs
contradictory
"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious
controlled processing
the mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments
embodied cognition
overconfidence can be reduced by giving people prompt ________ on the accuracy of their judgments and by getting them to think of one good reason why their judgments might be _____
feedback, wrong
the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior
fundamental attribution error
a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
heuristic
"mental shortcuts"
heuristics
perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are
illusion of control
incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
misinformation effect
the belief perseverance phenomenon can be reduced by having people explain the....
opposite
our whole western worldview inclines us to assume that ______, not __________, cause events
people, situations
certain experiments show that people's preconceived notions bias the way they _________ and _________ information they are given.
perceive, interpret
when we watch another person act, the ______ occupies the center of our attention; when we act, the ___________ commands our attention
person, environment
a balanced social psychology appreciates both the ______ and the ______ of social thinking
powers, perils
activating particular associations in memory
priming
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average
regression toward the average
attributing behavior to the environment
situational attribution
people are ____ to deduce particular instances from a general truth but are _____ to infer general truth from a vivid instance
slow, quick
an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior
spontaneous trait inference