sociology

Which event belongs on the front stage in the dramaturgical theory of society?

A marine drill sergeant berates a recruit for holding his rifle wrong.

Which of the following people could be considered a free rider?

A person attends a potluck without bringing a dish, reasoning that there is always plenty of food at such events.

Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system?

A person is in complete control over the class they are in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.

Which of the following describes a problem with which sociologists must deal when conducting research?

A sociologist is part of the very subject they are studying.

Which of the following statements is ethnocentric?

American food is the best food.

Which of the following is one of the reasonable explanations for the downward trend in the divorce rate, starting in about 1980, according to the text?

Americans are getting married later, when they are more mature.

Which of the following is an example of social capital?

An artist who vacations in a Colorado town has a few very close friends among the locals.

According to the text, what do we know about differences in socioeconomic status among siblings?

Birth order only matters in larger families, and middle siblings seem to fare worse than the oldest and the youngest child.

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11 Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the US government, what happened?

Both the deceased's future earnings and their estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were estimated to determine the family's amount of compensation.

According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?

CO 2 emissions

One of the major Latino groups in the United States has historically had a relatively easy path of immigration from its country of origin to the United States, because migrants were treated as welcome political refugees. This mostly open policy became more restrictive with the policies of the Trump administration. This Latino group is

Cubans.

Societies with organic solidarity are more likely to use rehabilitative social sanctions than are those with mechanical solidarity. The reason for this is that the societies with organic solidarity

Focus more on individuals and their specific circumstances.

What distinguishes a friendship group from a formal organization?

Friends typically don't have formal rules and governing structures.

Social psychologist Solomon Asch conducted experiments in which a participant was presented with two images of lines and asked about the length of each line. Other people in the room gave wrong answers, and the participant's response was recorded. What did Asch conclude?

Groups exert powerful influence on an individual.

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to single mothers and poverty?

Half of all mothers raising kids by themselves have relied on welfare in recent decades.

Nineteenth-century poet and cultural critic Matthew Arnold extended and altered Plato's views of culture. Which of these statements is true of Plato and NOT of Matthew Arnold?

He argued that culture was an ideal that could not be attained but could be approximated by an artisan or artist.

What is Jean Kilbourne's critique of an advertisement that shows a pair of women's legs with expensive high-heeled shoes on them popping out of a garbage can?

It promotes, even implicitly, violence against women.

What is the origin of the word Caucasian?

It refers to people who lived on the slopes of mountains in the country of Georgia.

Which of the following statements is true regarding aging and the economy?

Labor productivity tends to be highest in middle age, but some research shows that older workers are more productive.

The case of Anna, a young girl who spent the first five or so years of her life left alone in a dark attic, illustrates the role of socialization in human development. Based on this and other cases, what conclusion did the researchers who cared for Anna reach?

Long-term social isolation stunts cognitive development.

Compared to organic megafarms, why are small organic farms at a disadvantage?

Maintaining USDA certification is expensive.

According to Émile Durkheim's research, what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics and Jews?

Protestantism is based on the individual, which creates less social integration.

Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention that is socially constructed. Which of the following statements best highlights this position?

Racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time.

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, where deviance begins.

What is the role of social media in the #BlackLivesMatter movement?

Social media brings attention to police violence.

What is the difference between street crime and white-collar crime?

Street crime usually occurs in public; white-collar crime usually occurs in private.

People often work long hours even when their professional or financial situation would enable them to dial back. A key concept in this context is that of the opportunity cost of leisure. How is this concept best explained?

The more one is paid, the more one gives up by taking a break from earning money.

Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research?

The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what they say they do.

According to Marx, what is the key difference between socialism and communism?

There is a disappearance of class divisions between workers and capitalists.

Which of the following is true about individuals who divorce their first spouses?

They are likely to remarry, but the second marriage has about the same or an even higher rate of failure.

According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

They face social discomfort and fear of difference.

According to Janice Radway, what legitimate function do romance novels serve in the lives of women readers?

They provide alternative behavioral scripts.

What is the central idea of ethnomethodology?

Violate social norms and observe how people react.

It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?

When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.

An essentialist would argue which of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring?

Women find occupations that involve caring more suitable to their nature.

If your identity is a definition of who you are, then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?

Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong.

Hannah quit her job to stay at home when her first child, Jane, was born. Her husband, Adam, works in a demanding job and spends his free time serving as a local politician. Recently, Hannah overheard Jane telling one of her dolls that she had to stay home and take care of the babies because only daddies go to work. Sarah Fenstermaker Berk would say this example illustrates the way that the family is

a "gender factory."

Environmental activists who wish to ban all carbon emissions spur a countermovement by manufacturers whose factories must emit some pollutants to operate at a profit. When these two groups come together to formulate new environmental policies, it is an example of

a dialectic.

Galileo's discovery that the earth revolves around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of

a shifting ideology.

Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship?

a. As the number of people vaccinated against measles increases, the occurrence of measles decreases.

Culture jamming is based on the idea that

advertising is essentially propaganda.

Karl Marx and Max Weber both wrote about the effects of capitalism. Marx argued that capitalism created __________ while Weber thought capitalism was associated with __________.

alienation; an "iron cage" from which we cannot escape

A group that tries to convince people to adopt pets from shelters rather than buy them from pet stores or breeders is an example of a(n) __________ social movement.

alternative

If we apply the sociological imagination to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that

although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.

Social scientists have studied mechanization and automation for centuries. Exploring the limits and opportunities of technological inventions, results from the Turing test reveal that

although computers can outperform humans on certain tasks, human intelligence in all its dimensions cannot (so far) be replicated artificially.

What is one of the risks genetic modification may pose to the environment?

an ecological chain reaction

Which of the following people is most likely to experience what Durkheim referred to as anomie?

an inventor who has been able to stop going to a workplace and who doesn't need to go out much

Compared to other racial and ethnic groups, White people can easily find "flesh" colored bandages that match their skin tone. This is an example of

an invisible knapsack of privileges

What is the ultimate basis for a social institution's continued existence over time?

an ongoing narrative that links the past, the present, and the future

According to the book Suicide, rapid social change causes people to experience normlessness, an uncomfortable state that sometimes leads to suicide. This state of normlessness is called

anomie

Positivism, or "social physics," is best defined as the

approach to sociology that emphasizes the scientific method and studying objectively observable behavior.

Building on Stanley Milgram's study on social networks, researchers have found that

approximately half of the people in the world are connected to each other through no more than six steps.

Subcultures

are hard to definitively define because they are based on socially constructed values and practices.

Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so typically because they

are interested in how scientific facts are socially constructed.

Georg Simmel describes three basic forms of political relations a third party can assume when joining a dyad. Simmel discussed a third party who

benefits from conflict.

Before turning to scientific explanations for human physical differences, European colonizers in the mid-seventeenth century relied on __________ explanations to justify colonialism and slavery.

biblical

If a sociologist is trying to determine why poverty rates are higher in the inner city, they might look at the lack of jobs in the area. If a psychologist is looking at the same thing, they may look more at levels of depression in the residents of an inner city. This difference is often called

boundary work.

If your rank in the social hierarchy is determined by your position in the economic market, then you are living in a(n) __________ system.

class

Group behavior must violate social norms in order to be classified as "collective action" because

collective action seeks to highlight the reasons social norms should be changed.

Roger Brubaker's study analyzed notions of citizenship in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as

comparative research.

In a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?

competition

During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many Black Americans moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in

competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between White Americans and Black Americans.

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research project?

conducting a survey about how often people attend church

According to social theorist Randall Collins, getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the undue priority placed on formal education

credentialism.

When your best friend returns from a trip abroad, she tells you about how differently people in the host country use the toilet than back here at home. She explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that she learned not to make value judgments. This is known as

cultural relativism.

One major concern with centralized ownership of major media outlets is that

de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support.

Nancy Chodorow argued that one reason women are universally oppressed is that women do much more hands-on child care than men do. One limitation of this explanation is that

division of family labor by gender is not uniform across different racial-ethnic groups.

Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to

doing.

Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as

dramaturgical theory

Georg Simmel argued that the __________ is the most intimate type of social relation.

dyad

C. Wright Mills argues that there are three major institutions in the United States today that have the power to make decisions for the masses. What are they?

economy, politics, and the military

According to research in Dalton Conley's The Pecking Order (2004), we know that daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers typically

end up earning less than their brothers.

In the context of C. H. Cooley's theory of groups, which attribute belongs to a primary group?

ends in themselves

According to Karl Marx, the thing that ultimately separates human beings from other animals is that humans

envision things and then create them.

The average economic gap between White families and non-White families is only partly about income differences. This gap is also explained by an asset gap known as

equity inequality.

Jeff is the only man working as a registered nurse at Central Hospital. He has quickly risen up the ranks, despite having less experience than many of his female coworkers, and now holds a supervisory position that comes with greater authority and substantially higher pay. Jeff is benefiting from the glass

escalator.

Which of the following is most difficult to do in social science research?

establish that something is the cause of something else

Harry is at the park with his kid, Xerxes, when he gets annoyed at another family nearby because they are cooking some kind of fragrant food with which he's unfamiliar and speaking in a language he doesn't understand. He thinks they'd be better off if they were eating his kind of food and speaking his language. Harry is engaging in

ethnocentrism.

Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. This method was called

ethnomethodology.

Using Émile Durkheim's definitions, many feminists would say that 1950s housewives, who lived with rigid gender role expectations, were more likely to commit the __________ type of suicide.

fatalistic

Émile Durkheim classified suicide into four types. The types were

fatalistic, egoistic, altruistic, and anomic.

Betty Friedan's framework explores the emotions of sadness and loss of purpose that housewives feel in spite of having an adequate family income, a husband, and children. This phenomenon is known as the

feminine mystique.

In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most often

focused on the criminal's individual circumstances

QUIZ 2 Encouraging young girls to wear dresses while encouraging young boys to engage in contact sports are examples of ways some parents socialize their children into what?

gender roles

The idea that race is a scientific concept, rather than a social concept, is not well supported with current data. This is because the __________ within a group considered to be one racial category is at least as great as it is between those in different racial categories.

genetic distance

Which of the following is a factor necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation, according to Jeffrey Sachs?

girls' education

In discussing financial changes that influenced the economic volatility of recent years, Adeel Qalbani describes how commercial banks are most often __________, while investment banks are __________.

heavily regulated; less regulated

A condition in which men are dominant and privileged in ways that are invisible is called

hegemonic masculinity.

Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and be on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Antonio Gramsci would call this

hegemony.

The agricultural revolution in Europe had an influence on the transition to capitalism. More specifically, the agricultural revolution

helped capitalism develop.

The idea that heterosexuality is the default or the normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate is called

heteronormativity.

One scientist hoped to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries with the genetic modification of rice by adding

high levels of vitamin A.

Which of the following is often a consequence for children when parents divorce, according to The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce by Judith Wallstein, et al. (2000)?

higher rates of depression

Martin describes himself as mestizo, meaning that

his ancestors include both Native Americans and Europeans.

In a pluralistic society, no particular ethnic group

holds majority status.

Karl Marx argued that social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber argued that

ideas influence society, not just economics.

Attitudinal data show that Americans' belief that it is possible for a person to start at the bottom of the economic ladder and work their way to the top has __________ in the last 20 years.

increased

f a study's findings are generalizable, this means the findings

indicate what is true of the whole population.

Paula notices that there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations, she generates a theory about the behaviors of men and women. This is an example of which kind of research approach?

inductive

According to the theory proposed by Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a concept of self by

interpreting how others think about us.

In the classroom, compared to girls, boys

interrupt the other gender more often.

Sociologists believe that socialization begins when a child

is born.

One of the reasons the #BlackLivesMatter (BLM) movement is seen as a new form of civil rights movement is because it

is loosely led by a group rather than a single charismatic individual.

Your textbook points out that sex is partly a social concept. This is based on the fact that, although information about chromosomes is used to sort people into male and female categories, and although chromosomes are biological realities, the chromosomal makeup across people in a population

is more of an average than a binary.

If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance, it means that

it is hard to lose that label.

Although sexual harassment in the workplace can vary from jokes to sexual barter to sexual assault, a key reason sexual harassment contributes to gender inequality is that

it is intended to make people feel uncomfortable and unwelcome.

Which founder of sociology is known, in part, for providing the theoretical foundation of Communism?

karl marx

A shift in the meaning of opioid use from a criminal act to a health issue is called

labeling.

Which of the following is a reason why some social movements fade away during the coalescence stage?

lack of funds and time commitment

The best predictors of children's educational and other life outcomes are their parents'

level of education and net worth.

For American corporations, what is one of the major benefits of offshoring parts of their operations?

lowered labor costs

In the United States, the focus on punishment rather than rehabilitation in criminal justice policy has led to an era of what sociologists call

mass incarceration

A friendship bracelet is an example of __________, while the expectation that friends should be concerned with one another's welfare is an example of __________.

material culture; nonmaterial culture

In a foraging society, most people are similar in their knowledge, skill, and everyday practices such as gathering and hunting. Émile Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a foraging society is

mechanical.

Two sisters are fighting over a toy. They run to their dad to argue about who should get it. The dad is being thrust into which of the roles identified by Georg Simmel?

mediator

Robert Merton's modern sociological theory focused on predicting how certain social institutions function. This subject matter lies between microsociology and macrosociology. This is known as

midrange theory.

Which of the following is something scientists predict will result from a continued rise in global temperatures?

migration from coastal communities

An adult would most likely need to be resocialized in which of the following situations?

moving to a new country to live

When your professor arrives to class and the students go from chatting in a bunch of small clusters to quietly paying attention to the professor at the front of the room, the situation has switched from being __________ to being __________.

multifocal; unifocal

According to the research on status attainment, the best predictors of a person's educational and other socioeconomic outcomes are parents'

net worth and parents' education.

Today, most women know that smoking during pregnancy puts their babies in danger. The cause of this "social change" was probably largely due to

new ideas

The widespread adoption of mask wearing in the United States and other non-Asian countries in the face of the coronavirus pandemic is an example of how __________ can bring about social change.

new ideas and identities

What, according to Nell Irvin Painter, is the foundation of White identity?

not thinking about being White

Men and women tend to work in different types of jobs, such that occupational fields tend to be either male dominated or female dominated. This pattern is called

occupational segregation.

The game Monopoly exemplifies equality of

opportunity.

The formal distribution of power and authority within an organization is known as the

organizational structure

According to sociologist Kevin Lewis, when it comes to online dating

people are more open to interracial interaction than we might expect, particularly when the other person initiates.

DNA testing is generally seen as a benefit to justice, because it allows for more precise identification of criminals. Sociologists see that forensic genetics also has a tendency to reproduce existing inequalities, because

people who have committed prior crimes, and those with relatives who have committed crimes, are more likely to be caught.

Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a

political economy of the media.

The Manhattan Project to develop atomic weapons for the United States is an example of science being driven by

politics.

Because rap music has a tradition of sampling rather than a reliance on sole authorship, it is an archetypal genre of music from the __________ era.

postmodern

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the source of all social ills was

private property

Karl Marx and Jean-Jacques Rousseau tended to agree on at least one thing. They both saw the primary source of social ills in society as

private property.

The main purpose of the welfare reforms of 1996 was to

promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility.

In social research, a hypothesis is best described as a(n)

proposed relationship between two or more variables

Comte de Buffon viewed people who were not White Europeans as

racist.

Although some criticize rap music for its violent lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their experiences. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking

reflection theory.

A qualitative researcher who assumes everything he observes would have happened exactly the same way if he wasn't there observing lacks

reflexivity.

A group of conservationists encourages its community to save water by using low-flushing toilets or faucets that release more pressure but less water. Which social movement would this represent?

reformative

When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, in which response to deviance is it engaging?

rehabilitative

According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who rejects both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?

retreatist

Diego has a paper due in his sociology class, a test in his astronomy class, and field notes due in his anthropology class this week. On top of this, he needs to meet with his adviser to plan his schedule for the next academic term. Diego feels stressed. He is experiencing

role strain.

In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to

scientific racism.

After a student drops out of high school, he becomes labeled a "dropout," and his subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label. Those subsequent actions are called

secondary deviance.

Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that

sex is a master status in our society.

Which of the following is a primary focus for symbolic interactionists?

shared meaning

When people in a society form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit

social cohesion.

In government, many social actors such as senators, legislative aides, and voters work together as a complex group of interdependent parts to influence society. Seen in this light, government is a

social institution.

Sets of dyads held together by ties between the individuals are known as

social networks.

According to the text, private prep schools are believed to

socialize their students into a world of power and privilege.

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

sociological imagination

In one town the police post large photos of convicted shoplifters at the entrances of the stores where they committed their crimes so they will be spotted more easily and prevented from stealing again. This is an example of

specific deterrence.

If the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is discovered to be false once another (third) variable is considered, that relationship between the independent and dependent variables is called

spurious.

Many Americans think that the divorce rate in the United States has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but in reality, the divorce rate has actually been

steadily rising since the nineteenth century.

When groups are arranged hierarchically with different levels of power, social prestige, status, or economic resources, this is called

stratification.

When sociologists study how race and ethnicity affect income, they are studying

stratification.

A talent agent capitalizes on the fact that actors need help finding roles and directors need help finding actors to fill their roles. This example highlights which of the following?

structural holes

Activism can occur online and it is cheaper and faster than other forms of social movements. Doug McAdam's research suggests that

successful movements are more likely to emerge within established communities with face-to-face connections.

As your textbook notes, the paradox of stratification is that inequality is the result of

surplus.

__________ is generally the best method available to the social scientist interested in collecting original data to describe a population too large to observe directly.

survey research

Connor's White roommate, Ben, likes to tell everyone how his great-great-grandfather was from Italy and that's why he really loves Italian stuff like watching the Godfather movies and eating at the Olive Garden. Ben is displaying what Herbert Gans called

symbolic ethnicity

According to research, because low-income parents cannot give their children every toy and gadget they want, the parents engage in

symbolic indulgence.

Which of the following theories argues that people's feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?

symbolic interactionism

Acronyms and emoticons, such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO, demonstrate that

technology itself can generate ideas and concepts.

Parsons's sex role theory sees a gendered division of labor as functional for a stable society. In framing gender expectations in this way, Parsons and other structural functionalists

tend to justify the existing order of gender practices in social institutions.

During the 1960s and 1970s, academic studies of media shifted from focusing on __________ to also include __________.

texts; audiences

Which of the following is a belief that characterizes racism?

that humans are divided into distinct bloodlines and/or physical types

What factors are responsible for recent increases in income inequality, as reflected in an ever-larger ratio between CEO pay and worker pay?

the changing mix of available jobs and the changing requirements for existing jobs

Some gays and lesbians may be in favor of finding a so-called gay gene because many in the gay community believe that

the controversy will move from a moral choice to a biological characteristic, so discrimination may decrease.

The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with

the degree of intimacy or instrumentality that people experience in these groups.

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

Throughout history and around the world, people have struggled and fought over various resources such as land, water, minerals, and precious metals. According to Marx's concept of dialectic materialism, such conflicts are

the drivers of social change.

In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories, and they tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?

the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other

When Marla gets dressed, she looks at herself in a mirror and reflects on what other people will think about her choice to wear sweatpants to jury duty. She isn't thinking of a specific person's reaction but rather that of people in general. This ability to imagine how society perceives the self is known as

the generalized other.

Consider a community that was for many years a racially diverse working-class neighborhood. Over time, the key industry moved elsewhere and most of the White families moved from the community soon after. This community would now score quite high on

the index of dissimilarity.

What is the difference between microsociology and macrosociology?

the level of analysis

According to __________ science, scientists should leave personal values at the laboratory door.

the normative view of

Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgical theorists as

the opening.

The nuclear family ideal, with a working father and a stay-at-home mother and their children, became a more feasible arrangement for many during which time period?

the post-World War II economic boom

To Karl Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to these workers as

the proletariat.

New technology, including DNA testing, has led to the exoneration of several people who served many years in prison before being cleared. This led to the abolition of the death penalty in several states because

the revelations cast doubt on the criminal justice system.

During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work, which led to

the rise of wage labor.

Labeling theory focuses on

the social process through which people become deviants.

Sociologist Georg Simmel (1950) argues that "size matters" in a group primarily because the number of people in a group determines

the structure social relations will take.

During the 1800s, culture was defined by Matthew Arnold as "the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world." Sociologists today define culture as

the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them.

According to Auguste Comte, what were the three epistemological stages of human society?

the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the scientific stage

According to Émile Durkheim, the division of labor in a society helps to determine

the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained.

The study of culture tells us that

there are many ways to view the same symbol.

Weak ties are a valuable aspect of a social network because

they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas.

A sociologist and an environmental scientist are both interested in global climate change. The sociologist prioritizes human choices that influence climate, while the environmental scientist finds biological factors that influence climate. When the sociologist and environmental scientist dialogue, they may find that their apparent disagreements are actually due to the fact that

they are working through different frameworks, so they reach different conclusions.

Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality?

time order

In Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory, the backstage arena would include

times of solitude and personal reflection.

On the social-regulation axis of Durkheim's theory of suicide, what is the key difference between the anomic state and the fatalistic state?

too little structure in one's life versus too much structure

If a researcher fails to accurately measure a concept in her study, she has created a measure that lacks

validity.

A college degree is associated with a higher income on average, so it makes sense to look at educational attainment when thinking

was lower than men's in the 1970s but has been higher than men's since the 1980s.

The fatalities produced by Chicago's 1995 heat wave occurred mainly among the elderly, poor, and African American population because members of these populations

were socially isolated.

The difference between collective action and deviance is

whether you are acting alone or as part of a group.

If we consider the relative income levels of men and women on average, we can see that

women make about 80 percent of what men make

Elijah Anderson observed that many African Americans engage in code switching. This involves adjusting words, tone, and body language between settings that are predominately White, perhaps at __________, and settings that are predominantly Black, such as

work; home

One good thing about earning a salary, according to Simmel, is that

workers still get paid, even if the electricity goes out for the day and no work gets done.