SOCIOLOGY
THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN FAMILY
1. STRUCTURAL- FUNCTIONAL THEORY 2. SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY AND FEMINIST THEORY 3. SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION AND SOCIAL-EXCHANGE THEORY
HETERONORMATIVITY
1. The belief that heterosexuality is the natural, normal and ideal form of attraction and relationship building 2. Heterosexuality relies on the idea that there are just two binary definers. These genders are seen to be opposite and complementary to one another 3. This gender binary is also a sex binary. It relies on the idea that they will be cisegnder
WHY CARE ABOUT SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE?
1. builds social cohesion, solidarity in times of crisis 2. pluralistic spaces attract diversity of experiences and backgrounds (age, sexuality, race, gender, ability)
BENEFITS OF NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSES
1. relationships with neighbours: newcomers to canada feel supported 2. friendship formation: more variety of programs engaged in, more likely to make friends through participation 3. social capacity: more variety of programs engaged in, greater increase in social skills such as communication
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIOLOGICAL THINKING
1. seeing the general in the particular 2. seeing society in our everyday lives 3. seeing the strange in the familiar 4. seeing marginality and crisis
NORTH AMERICA'S HISTORY OF ASIAN EXCLUSION
1885: head tax for Chinese immigrants, Chinese immigration Act 1983: new chinese immigration act banned all further Chinese immigration from entering Canada all together 1947: chinese immigration act repealed 1967: restrictions based on race and national origin removed
BABY BOOMER
1946-1964
GEN X
1965-1979
XENNIALS
1975-1985
MILLENIALS
1980-1994
GEN Z
1995-2012
BLACK KILLINGS IN CANADA
2000-2017 black people 9% killed by police, indigenous more than 15% In toronto 20% killed In manitoba 58% In winnipeg 64%
2017 AND 2018 % LIVE BELOW POVERTY LINE CANADA
2018 8.7% 2017 9.5% For children, 2018 8.2%, reducing since 2012 when 15%
RACISM AND COVID DEATHS
42% of covid deaths are black people (double their share of the population, 3x higher than white people) Indigenous communities are the second hardest hit Black neighbourhoods in toronto hit hardest
CANADA'S POVERTY RATE
9-12%
FICTITIOUS COMMODITIES
= dangers of commodification Ex. labour, land, money - Never created to be bought and sold/traded on market - Social welfare systems and now current emergency social welfare measures are what allow fiction that labour is a true commodity accessible
INDIVIIDUAL RACISM
An individuals' racist assumptions, beliefs or behaviours and is "a form of racial discrimination that stems from conscious (overt, polite) and unconscious personal prejudice" - Connected to the broader socio-economic histories and processes - emerge from a society's fundamental beliefs - Often supported and reinforced by systemic racism
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION AND SOCIAL-EXCHANGE THEORY
Analyse the family at the micro-level looking at how individual's experiences shapes family life
5 COUNTRIES ANALYSIS
Burkina Faso (young, poor country, lower life expectancy, higher fertility levels), China (where it began), Brazil, Italy (smaller country than China, large older population), Canada - highest CDR in italy, lowest in Burkina Faso - brazil, china, BF CDR less than Canada - with Canada's CDR but same population sizes would expect more death rates in every country except Italy
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
C. Wright Mill's term for the ability to see private troubles as public issues - can understand root causes of personal challenges by looking at world - intricate connection between personal narrative and historical narrative people live out a biography within a historical sequence e.x your job loss in context of covid-19 global recession
COVID SES PREDICTIONS
Expert predictions anticipate a considerable higher burden of disease and economic impact on disadvantaged populations and countries in global south
FACTORS IMPACTING POPULATION SIZE
FERTILITY MORTALITY MIGRATTION
WHY DO WE SEE SES DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH?
FUNADMENTAL CAUSE THEORY
BINARIES OF OLD AGE
Homogeneity (65+) vs. heterogeneity (2+ generations) Process of disease vs. process of aging Life expectancy vs. healthy life expectancy One acute problem vs. multiple chronic conditions Older people source of problem vs. source of solution Population aging as apocalypse vs. societal achievement Wrath of boomers vs. societal opportunity Poor pension planning vs. unprecedented wealth in equity Epidemic of dementia vs. healthier than ever (70 is the new 60)
WHY DO WE SEE RACE/ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES?
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY CULTURAL RACISM EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF PRODUCTION
Make a profit from selling commodities in a competitive free marketing = surplus value
ANTI-VICE CRUSADERS SEX WORK
Moral and oscial reform council, women's chirstian temperance union, christian associations (YMCA,YWCA), churches - public women were bleived to threaten white, patriarchal, christian, and colonial values that sought to contain women's sexuality (marriage, motherhood, domesticity, and nuclear families)
NEOLIBERALISM
(1968-2008) 20th century resurgence of 19th century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism and free market capitalism - with a severely restricted role for government - associated with privatization, globalization, deregulation, free trade, austerity, and reductions in gov spending in order to increase the role of the private sector in the economy and society
COVID IMPACTS ON OPIOID CRISIS RISKS
(a) Impacts on drug trade Closed borders and interrupted supply chains have changed drug markets o Drugs crops (coca, poppies) have dropped in value decreasing production (and increasing prices) o Drug supplies are unpredictable and unreliable, changing the potency and purity of the drug supply o The BC Coroner's office report extreme concentrations of fentanyl in post-mortem toxicology reports (b) Service closures Front line services have been forced to reduce or suspend services o Impacts on food security, social/health service access, access to harm reduction o Removes source of stability and increases stress, potentially leading to increased/higher drug use (c) Public health measures Considerable challenges for marginalized PWUD to engage in physical distancing o Access to information, PPE, sanitation/hand washing facilities o Homelessness makes physical distancing extremely challenging (they don't have a home??) o If you do socially distance, more likely to use alone, so might decline available supervised services and more like to die of OD
VANCOUVER BROTHELS
- 100+ brothels in chinatown, gastown were operated by women and some men known as keepers 1880s-1930s - Brothels were embedded in unequal relations of gender, class ,race and space - Some women combined it with other jobs like waitressing - Some women worked in brothels, some worked alone or in groups of 2-3, - Early 1900s, 'cribs' that employed chinese canadian women (lowest end of sex work sector) - Bernie stewart white, opened first brothel in vancouver 1830 - Marie gomex 1902 vancouver, brothel catered to spanisH sailors
COVID AND LTC
- 4/5 covid deaths linked to seniors homes - 85% of covid deaths in LTC in Canada - policy to quarantine those positive and to limit # sites employees can work at - had to call in military to deal with poor conditions - worst cases in Ontario and Quebec are in the for-profit sector - first cases in BC
CYBER SELF
- Aiken - version of the self a person present through a technological meditated platform
OLDER PEOPLE IN LTC STATISTICS
- Almost 5 million people 65+ in Canada - % of 65+ in care facilities is 7.1%: 4.5% in nursing homes and 2.6% in residences for seniors - Percentage of 85+ in care facilities: almost 30% - almost 70% of those over 65 will need LTC services at some point in time, 20% need these services for longer than 5 years
COVID + SES LONDON, ON
- Based on 3 preventative measures: handwashing, working from home, hospital access - Handwashing and working from home differ by SES - Wealthier people tend to have higher access to a hospital - Based on this model, wealthier people less risk of death
CLOSING BORDERS AS RACISM
- Boundaries drawn by racializing the coronavirus, virilizing asian bodies - it reinforces the idea that foreigners are an epidemiological threat that should be excluded - xenophobic sentiments - Refugees and unaccompanied minors have been abandoned - Sending refugees arriving on foot back to the US
WHAT DID CANADA DO?
- CERB - Governemnt funding for food banks - Investments for covid resources - Staffing of longterm care - Gov contracts for PPE - Gov has emergency supplies - Suspend payments on mortgages, loans, etc
MORE RACISM DURING COVID-19
- COVID didn't make people racist, but created shifts in political, social and cultural environments to create a space of permission for racist thoughts to be acted on
READING: TEEN VOGUE
- Candance Mallet, former senior author at blavity, black teen media - Intended readers are Gen Z, younger people, millennials - This pandemic has brought to light that the culture of hierarchy in capitalism is screwed up - People's labour affects the economy, not just natural resources - advocates for state provision for welfare, health, education, affordable housing, as well as Medicare for all in post-virus life
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN CANADA
- Chinese levy/immigration tax 50, 100, 500 dollars to come to Canada in late 1800s, early 1900s - Chinese immigrants suspended 1923, repealed 1948, apologized 2006
WHO NEEDS LONG-TERM CARE
- Chronic illnesses, functional disabilities, need for long-term care - Can reduce or delay hospitalizations
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
- Class, gender, age, body size, shape, sexuality - upperclass used to be divided from lower class by clothing (workers would need moveable and rough clothes, now affluent people shop middle class, wear plain clothes, inequality hidden so goes unchallenged) - marginalized groups not as free to wear whatever they want - dress codes target against what black men wear and favour white men - POC treated unfairly when shopping (accused of theft, misconduct) - streetwear ignored by department stores because designed by black community (when it became popular they co-opted designs and sold as own) - underrepresentation of POC in fashion - african american men need to be more cautious of what they wear + people in white collar workplaces
Barbara Ehrenreich
- Conducted ethnography where she tried to work in this job and survive (critiqued in terms of ethics for a wealthy educated woman to do that) - Found her income did not give her enough money to put a down payment on an apartment so had to put a down payment on a motel room where she didn't have a fridge, didn't have time to cook food, didn't have transportation means to a grocery store (examples of the poverty trap)
ZOOM CALLS AND DRAMATURGY
- Different face to face interactions - Can turn off camera, can mute, can use avatars - Control over impression one gives management - New unintentional cues = room and location we are perceived to be in
LGBTQS+ INTERACTIONS WITH HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS UNDER COVID
- Difficulty accessing care and supplies - Partially due to individual fear of dicrimnation by providers - less likely to have health insurance - Support service for lgbtsq limited, or closed during lockdown including counselling, support groups, walk-in health services, HIV?AIDS testing
QUEER FAMILIES AND DIVISION OF LABOUR
- Division of labour more equal because they negotiate the work they want to do - More likely to have chosen family - social support - more resilient
DRAMATURGY
- Erving Goffman - assumes life is a dramatic performance - you are actor tot audience in social situations - display a series of masks to others, adapted too who we interact with - no true self
RACE AND ETHNICITY TRENDS IN HEALTH
- FIRST AND WORST: visible minorities experience earlier onset and greater severity of disease - NON-EQUIVALENCE: similar exposure known to impact disease produce different outcomes OR things that are protective against disease (ex. education) are not as protective for POC
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR DURING COVID
- Generational impact on consumption attitudes and behaviour - Less consumption on regular every day clothes + rise on hoarding - More online purchasing - Greater emphasis on collective good and environmental stewardship
USA SEX WORK COVID
- GoFundMe campaigns for sex workers
ROLE OF STATE PPE
- HK nothing - South Korea and Taiwan rationing masks/allocate masks - Singapore and Taiwan controlling prices of masks - In HK, Prices of masks sky rocketed + shortage - South Korea and Taiwan each citizen has 2-3 masks every week but higher prices
WHY DOES SES MATTER FOR HEALTH?
- Health insurance, pharmaceutical coverage - Job with time flexibility to see health care practiciioners - Can participate in clinical trials - Pay for private medicine - Can pay for healthier food, organic etc - High SES housing usually by a beach or park, low SES usually by a highway or factory (associated highways with asthma)
WHO OWNS MEANS OF PRODUCTION
- Include tools, facilities, raw materials - privately owned and controlled, NOT state owned
KARL POLYANI
- Investigated the relationship among market, state and society - 20th century economic historian author of Great Transformation - Effort to describe WWI, fascism in europe and WWII
SINGLE PARENT HOUSEHOLDS AND COVID
- Job, food, housing insecurity (provides from 25 - 150 food hampers per month) - Single parents hit with the triple penalty under covid-19: prior to covid, 50% single parents in poverty, pandemic makes it worse
BC RESPONSE TO COVID-19 OD SYNDEMIC
- Made in BC "risk mitigation" (i.e. safe supply) guidelines that provide a legal supply of medical-grade psychoactive drugs (April 2019) -Increase in benefit payments (CERB + 300$ provincially) - Provincial rapid housing initiative - Covid hotels to physically separate infected individuals - Respite spaces in low income neighbourhoods - Coordinated service response (sanitation, food) - Pandemic-specific harm reduction guidelines (over zoom together)
HOW PUBLIC CAN FIGHT FOR PPE WORKERS RIGHTS
- Makes purchasing decision based on the information you find - Engage friends and family in discussion - Send a letter to your fav fashion brand asking them to honour orders already placed - Give money to non-for-profits that provide support to garment makers - Ask their care providers where their medical equipment comes from
DIVISION OF LABOUR
- Married women do on average 2x that husbands do whether they are employed or not (or earn more, actually if earn more tend to do even more) - University interviewed students seek equality in relationships, but few couples succeed in division of labour in heterosexual relationships because of old rigid gender expectations that externally define how things should operate within the family
VANCOUVER 1900 SEX WORKERS
- Mass, violent dispossession of Indigenineous people, sexual racist stereotyping targeting POC - Criminalizatiton of prostitution - context of intenstifying capitalism and whiet settler colonizatiotn - Stigmatization of non-monogamous and non-marital sexual intimacy - Authorities collected millions of dollars in fines and license fees from sex-related businesses
LIFE CHANCES
- Max weber - The probability of chances that individuals can access important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, healthcare - Same class typically has same life chances
BEING SINGLE
- More choice and freedom on if when and how we will create families, no set rules, get to decide for ourselves what our families will look like - still pressure because we live in a partnering society - Discrimination in housing, employment based, negative perceptions by close friends/family because not partnered
TRANS INTERACTIONS WITH HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS UNDER COVID
- More likely to report being in fair or poor health - More fear of receiving substandard medical treatment - Limited capacity of healthcare facilities means delayed access to gender affirming surgeries or inadequate FU post-surgery correlated wit greater likelihood of suicidial thoughts + attempts
WOMEN RETURNING TO WORK
- Not returning to work as quickly as men are - Women underutilized greater than men (working half than regular hours, looking for jobs, layed off) - Women also feeling pressured in terms of childcare and education = fewer women returning to their old jobs even if jobs is there
POSITIVES OF COVID AND FAMILY
- Often think of family as a haven from the outside world (support, love, financial support) - Studies show stressors from outside world come into the family and feel detached from family - Comments on how covid has given people more time so people feel closer, like they get to know each other again
READING: KARL POLANYI AND THE POWER OF IDEAS
- Opposed idea of Social naturalism: laws of market same as self-regulatory natures of nature Cynical about economists fallacy, self-regulating market was utopian - Markets are necessary but by treateing necessities of social existence as a commodity, threatened by market principles. Should be controlled by social and political institutions. Ex. education, healthcare, housing, social security - Free market cannot exist. Human economy is embedded everywhere in society, government inevitably involved even tho people dent it. Can be no self-regulating market - deregulation/reregulation set of rule that provided gov with protection for the financial sector to engage in predatory lending and a huge expansion in dangerous speculation - Double movement: destabilizing consequences of changing market lead to countervailing movements by other groups in society. - Reduce the role of politics in civic and social life.
BIRTH RATE CHANGES WITH COVID-19 IN CANADA
- People might not be meeting their future partners because of social distancing - Unions delayed (i.e. marriages) - contraception makes it unlikely that birth rates would increase as a result of quarantine - worries of finances and education - less access to fertility treatments
SES TRENDS IN HEALTH
- People with higher SES have better health outcomes across different diseases for most measures of SES (incomes, wealth education,) - Relationships between SES and health tend to be spatially distributed (neighbourhoods) - Places that have more inequality have worse outcomes for all levels of SES (relative differences in a geographic space) - Relationships between SES and health follows a gradient (incremental increases of SES and health i.e. positively correlated) therefore more unequal countries have worse health outcomes
SES AND HEALTH TRENDS IN CANADA
- There is a gradient of SES and health in Canada - Highest incomes = longer life expectancy - Inverse gradients when looking at negative outcomes: suicide deaths separated by sex and gender, more suicides seen with lower SES
19TH CENTRUY LIBERAL CAPITLIASM
- Thought slavery, child labour would collapse economy - Still think 8 hour work days will collapse economy
SEEING SOCIOLOGICALLY: MARGINALITY AND CRISES
- To understand where you are situated in society and in relation to others based on race, class, age, etc.
BAME AND COVID
- UK single parent and black, asian and ethnic minority (BAME) disproportionately impacted compared to white two-parent households (household income has fallen) - Non-bame households fell from 541 to 503/week - Bame individuals 441 to 401/week - Non-single parent 511 to 475 - Single parent 326 to 243/week
HOW HAS COVID IMPACTED FAMILY
- Unequal domestic labour between partners - Domestic violence - Financial, housing, job, food insecurity - Mental health and well-being - Loss of support and connection amongst friends and family
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STATS DURING PANDEMIC
- Uses data of calls to hotlines as opposed to police incidents - In UK 20% increase in first week, in France 30% increase in first two weeks, in BC 400% increase in two months
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY
- View society as a machine with each part serving a specific function 1. Socialization (norms, values) 2. Regulation of sexual activity (marriage, reproduction Social placement: social identity passed down from parents (social class, religions, race, ethnicity), maintain social stratification Material and emotional security (emotional support, protection, financial assistance)
SEX WORK ONLINE
- Virtual strtiip show, virtual lap-dancing, mastturbation, sexy photos, sex acts witth partners, sexual stroy-telling
SES & COVID
- Who has access to testing - Who can take time off of work when feeling unwell - Who has underlying health concerns due to their SES (i.e. black mold in house causes asthma, living in food desert, etc.) - Who can afford to stock up on food and supplies?
SOLUTIONS FOR PARENTS DURING COVID
- affordable essential Childcare (essential service) - job protection to protect parents with less education - accommodate parents with children
CLOTHING AND COLLECTIVE SELF POST PANDEMIC
- after a big event, people change how they present themselves (ex. haircuts) - group dress changes (ex. flapper girls physical liberation after war I and flu of 1918) - signals dawning of new age per Friedman - After bubonic plague in wealthy renaissance of europe more conforming, decadent adornment, lower necklines - end to fashion show pre-collection travelling - "right seasoning" selling clothes during season they are worn in and have sales after gift giving seasons not before - pavlov reaction to our pandemic wardrobe (negative) - expect to buy fewer clothes but NOT spend less - might feel shame if do have disposable income - stores that create an experience will be more popular (experience > clothes) - versatile clothing
SOCIALIZATION OF AGE
- age as a hierarchy - old people fragile - ageing negative - at institutional, societal and individual levels
DEMOGRAPHICS IN RESEARCH
- allows research across different characteristics to address issues related to a group
NATION-STATES
- are not just territorial bodies, but symbolic bodies - Symbolic boundaries can be imposed in order to justify the fortification of geographical borders against racialized others
POLICE BRUTALITY IN THE MEDIA
- blames on individuals - Blaming on bad apples misses the point of systemic racism, rooted in police structures not the individual
WHY LOOK AT DEMOGRAPHICS?
- by looking at certain factors (i.e. age, gender) can identify patterns in society - help policy makers
HOW MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS CAN FIGHT FOR PPE WORKERS RIGHTS
- campaign for their organization to purchase ethically - stay informed about fair medical trade: the fair trade movement applied to the context of medical equipment. The goal is to modify the sourcing practices of large organizations that purchase medical equipment, aLinks to an external site. nd ensuring they take steps to assess the rights and labour conditions of the people making the products - write to industry leaders
MIGRATION CHANGES WITH COVID-19
- can be seen away from hubs for tourism - Slower growths in cities as more families consider moving to rural/suburban areas - Access to health services allows weaker and more marginalized groups to have treatment
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STATS CANADA
- canada 2018 over 99,000 victims of police reported intimate partner violence - Violent crimes are underreported (physical and sexual violence in relationships most underreported) - Only 22% of intimate partner violence is reported
SEX WORK IS A STRATIFIED INDUSTRY
- conducted many context and experienced differently based on race, class ,sex, age, immigration status - cis and trans overrepresented (also non-binary)
WHY SOCIOLOGICAL THINKING DURING COVID-19?
- corrective actions can save lives - populations-level health outcomes ex. indigenous mental health, blacks disproportionately affected by covid - socio-cultural outcome ex. gendered unpaid work - global and local health inequalities - social and political change
AGE STRUCTURE AND PANDEMIC
- countries with similar size but different age structure see different rates of mortality - older age - intergenerational families (italy) - co-residence - commuting - more religious groups (korea) - mapping of age related spatial clustering can improve forecasting - young age structure may be a protective factor (africa)
RE-CLOSETING
- covid means forced to move back home but haven't come out to family - Psychologically harmful - Associated with depression, anxiety and suicidality - Can happen to elders who enter care homes where their identity are discriminated against
NEW ZEALAND SEX WORK CVOID
- decriminialisation model 2003 law - Weekly payout and benefits when job hunting if they want to leave the sex work industtry - $3500 sex workers eligible during COVID - many turning to volunteerism, education because don't need to worry about money - train police to be advocated and allies fo sex workers - new zealand prostitutes collective
CLOTHING INDUSTRY COVID
- delays in factories - production halted - drop in buying - some adapted production (covid slogans, health people on shirts) - shift to online
DEPRESSION RATE AND SUICIDE RATE FOR GAY PEOPLE
- depression 2x higher - death by suicide 2-10x higher
DESIRED OR DEMONIZED?
- desired - some respected and protected - paid well
HETERONORMATIVITY IN PERU EXAMPLE
- during covid, Government restricted citizen mobility based on gender in Peru i.e. On certain days of the week only men, others only women allowed to leave in house
SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR
- each particular person's experiences are shaped by the general categories and patterns they fall into - society shapes individuals into groups
SEX WORK IS WORK
- exchange of money for services provided by a consenting adult - PT or FT - independent contractors
FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE THEORY
- explains enduring association b/w SES and health - SES embodies flexible resources that are always protective
JOHN SNOW
- father of epidemiology - mapped cholera source of disease to a water pump
SEX WORK IS CRIMINALIZED
- federal anti-prostitution bill C-36 since 2014 - difficulty leaving industry and seeking help from police, hard to find work elsewhere with criminal record - decriminalization in NZ (+ 2 states in Australia, south wales and queensland) in 2003 = workers rights
DATING WITH COVID
- feeling of social distance when living alone and single - Don't have same way of informally connecting in person - Even if on dating app, nowhere to go next (lack of social infrastructure to develop a relationship)
GENDER TRENDS IN HEALTH
- females/women live longer than men and transgender individuals -Sex/gender differences in major causes of death: males more likely to die from cancer, respiratory and heart diseases and injuries and accidents, women more from Alzheimer's', influenzas, breast cancer and circulatory diseases - Females/women more likely to be diagnosed with mood disorders - Females/women utilize more health services
COVID MOST AFFECTED SECTORS
- food and accommodation - retail and wholesale - business services and administration - manufacturing - in Canada, female dominated service sector jobs first to disappear - domestic nanny jobs also vulnerable - women who kept jobs still more likely to be in high risk jobs
VANCOUVER CONNECTION AND ENGAGEMENT RESEARCH
- found people were living alone, felt isolated and found it hard to connect, weren't engaged in communities, didn't participate - first in 2012, FU survey in 2017 found similar findings
CORE
- global north - wealthy, industrialized countries - japan, australia, europe, us, canada
SHE-SESSION
- great depression was a man session (men more likely to reap consequences), covid is a she-session
LGBTQS2+ WORK AND COVID
- greater risk of negative financial risks - more likely to work in highly affected industries - risk of loss of earnings - more likely to lose job or reduced age - resources are emerging including housing options
POPULATION PYRAMID BURKINA FASO
- half the population under age 20
KLEINENBERG
- heat wave in Chicago 1995 - Protective factor: social/community relationships - Increased risk: social isolation, not able to recognize signs, solo living - Highest deaths and lowest deaths equally in low income, poor, violent, black (and latin american) neighbourhoods - The difference was social infrastructure - Empty lots, broken infrastructure (englewood) vs. well maintained parks and community organizations (auburn gresham) - Social infrastructure discouraged or encouraged interactions and mutual support - Economic development as a solution if everyone, not just wealthy, share in the gains - Civic solution: more voluntary associations that build community ex. Gardening club - Technocratic solution: enhance security + increase circulation of people and goods
HETERONORMATIVITY EXAMPLE
- heteronormativity present at institutional levels ex. gendered washrooms
CFR BRAZIL VS NIGERIA
- higher in Brazil because higher ages even though same populations size
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM
- how to manage resources to meet needs of population - Political economy approach analyzes who and what makes key decisions regarding solutions to economic problem
DEMOGRAPHICS AND INEQUALITY
- identify unseen poverty - collect race based data, demographics data to mitigate inequalities
INDOOR VS. OUTDOOR SEX WORK
- in canada, 85% iindoors - 10-15% street based (visible work)
COVID GENERATIONALIZED
- increases generational divide - baby boomers hoardiing - millenials selfish - gen x know how to social isolate - boomer remover = baby boomers dying - new generation speculated 9 months from now - corona generation = gen c, gen p, gen v, illenials, quarantines, genzoomers?? - pitting young against old people increases intergenerational conflict
HEALTH FOR SOCIOLOGISTS
- individual health - population health - healthcare institutions - health inequalities
HOMOPHOBIA AND TRANSPHOBIA
- individual traits (typically thought to be due to a lack of knowledge) - solution would be anti-homophobia anti-transphobia training
FORMAL AND INFORMAL RULES FOR INTERACTIONS
- institutional layer - laws, by-laws, regulations - norms of behaviour
SOCIAL ISOLATION ELDERLY
- isolation, depression, loneliness for older people - rely on family and friends for support and were not given access to them
WHAT'S BEING EXCHANGED AND HOW?
- labour, objects, commodification of labour power - purchased from workers by capitalists for a wage or salary
COVID WASTTE
- lifespan 450 years - more masks than jellyfish in ocean - waste in french riviera - 13 million tonnes of plastic already in ocean every year
RELATIONSHIPS AND COVID-19 POSITIVE PEOPLE
- losing friends and family - severity of illness undermined, gaslit by friends and family - award to relate experience and recovery - phone calls difficult because shortness of breath and fatigue - body politic support group
SEX WORKERS INCOME COVID
- lost most if not all income - turning to webcamming - many do not qualify or afraid to apply to benefits (might not have filed taxes, migrant or undocumented) - if keep working, increased personal risk - emergency funds for sexual assault centres but not sex workers
BIRTH RATES IN CANADA
- low - sex education and widely acceptable contraception - women in paid work force, high cost for raising a baby in cities
AGE AND CFR
- low age, CFR low - CFR increases around 45-50 y o and highest at 80 y o >
5 COUNTRIES STANDARDIZED
- low death rates in China once standardized using CDR in Canada - italy would have less death with canada's age structure, brazil/china almost 50% more - Burkina Faso has 1/5ths the number of deaths we'd expect if same age distribution as Canada
PERIPHERAL
- lower income - global south - poorer countries in Asia, Africa, South America, typically have history of colonization
COVID AND SES
- lower income neighbourhoods, more COVID - lower SES means less secure ands high risk jobs, less resources to prevent and deal with infection, less able to social distance/work from home - intersectional i.e. SES gradient often racialized
WAYS FASHION BRANDS HELP DURING COVID
- make masks, gowns, PPE - donates money - make sanitizer - donate ICU units
WHO MADE POLICE RECORDS FOR SEX WORKERS?
- manufactured by powerful white settler colonial state agents to legitimize and justify ever-growing police budgets and policing practices
SEX WORKERS RELIEF FUNDS
- march 2020 PACE society ,Vancouver - crowdfunded 20000 for 147 vancouver-based workers - e-transfer or cash - sex workers may live in poverty, - March 2020 Maggie and butterfly in Toronto crowd sourced 80000 for relief benefits - short term aide
COVID AND RACE
- marginalized groups more likely to die - cannot assume problem is biological (biological essentialism false, not differences) - cannot contribute to "misbehaviour" - need context to avoid impression that social problem is racial in nature
LTC LABOUR FORCE
- marginalized, racialized, immigrant, women - casualized - under-paid - work at multiple sites to make FT work
THE THREAT THAT MARKETS POSE TO SOCIETY
- markets necessary and important - when markets are allowed to dominate society, they threaten important social institutions that bind us as a collective - He wanted free markets - When markets insufficiently regulated, markets take essential things and commodify them in corrosive ways - Can result in human suffering - Markets do not value the things that societies need and doesn't distribute them according to those needs
MAKING PPE
- massive slave and labour abuse - less concern for ethics - female inmates in Hong Kong work night shifts to make masks - lockdown means factories supposed to reduce production by 50% but they did not - Top Glove in Malaysia accused of withholds wages, confiscating passports, debt bondage, forced labour - workers laid off with orders cancelled (even when clothes already made or fabrics purchased) - equally vulnerable LA undocumented garment workers, immigrants
COVID AND GENDER
- men die more than women - sex differences: genes, hormones, immune strength - gender differences: socialized, toxic masculinity
WOMEN POVERTY
- more likely than men to be low income - more likely to work PT precarious jobs, contract work wtc - more likely to reduce hours or miss work due to domestic responsibilities - 20% wage gap, gradually decreased around 2014 - immigrant and indigenous women affected most = feminization and facilitation of poverty - more likely to work pink collar jobs
HOW AGING IMPACTS SOCIETY
- more people are living longer to old age and in old age - policy actions can harm aging/elderly populations - contribute to family, community, society
SOCIAL ROLE THEORIES AND GENDER
- more social roles can result in better health (self-esteem, social support) - too many roles can result in worse health (stress, interferences with health behaviours)
DIFFERENT FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD FORMATIONS
- multigenerational households - queer and LGBTQS2+ families - chosen families
ANTI-ASIAN SENTIMENTS
- not treated well, but treated as cheap labour, not allowed to vote, own land etc. - cultural and moral deficiencies - also stoked fear and panic about he epidemiological threats - unsanitary, carriers of disease
THE WORKING POOR IN CANADA
- of people living in poverty, 1/6 in Canada work year round full time 7.6% in canada are the working poor: between 18-64 years old, not students, live independently, earn at least 3000/year and earn below income threshold - More likely to have less stable jobs, less insurance/benefits, - Also more likely to see hours and wages reduced during pandemic -- 2x higher working poor for immigrants -- 2.1x higher indigenous -- 2.2x higher working poor for black -- 1.5x arab/south asian/west asian -- 1.5x east asian/SE asian - Canada has a higher rate of working poor compared to other countries because minimum wage is close to the poverty line
VIOLENCE AND CONTROL
- one partner seeks control over the other - Violence = tool to maintain control - In heterosexual relationships, usually man seeking control because of gender inequality in society - the key to controlling is isolation (out of contact of friends, family members, keep them away from work, show up at work unannounced, monitoring their movements), control economic conditions (unemployment can be a threat to a man's masculinity, take out frustration on women, regain power/sense of masculinity), limited resources (courts, hotels closed) - Quarantine limits people they can tell, limit places they can escape to, isolation hides the abuse,
SEEING SOCIETY IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES
- our lives are shaped by society we live in i.e. history, social and cultural contexts, race, ethnicity, class, religion
OUTSOURCING HOUSEHOLD WORK
- outsource to low paid workers, typically women of colour which leads to inequality among women - During covid, outsourcing is limited i.e. child care, food prep, cleaning, teaching
WHO IS BENEFITED AND WHO IS SERVED?
- owners of capital (increases competition)
GENDER EMPLOYMENT GAP AND COVID
- parents with young children (0-12 y o) - March = more women lost jobs, april = more men lost jobs, may = more men regained employment losses - Covid-19 negatively affected parents with less education = double jeopardy (less education means fewer options to work from home, fewer) - of university-educated parents - women negatively affected (by april GEP no longer) - women more likely to take PT jobs - Dad's earn more than men who don't have kids which widens the wage gap further
COVID AND OUR SENSE OF SELF
- perception is limited - perception can become our reality - be intentional about who your mirrors are/what you are perceiving
SOCIAL RULES
- personal style comes from external rules (race, age, sexuality, body size) - imitation (friends dress alike, wanting to fit in) - belonging to groups i.e. art students expected to dress different but that is an expectation of their group ex. think jeans are comfortable but actually just want to fit in, was a common item that other people would typically wear in this situation.
EXAMPLES OF SEX WORK SERVICES
- phone sex - pronography - online webcamming - erotic massage - escorting - street-based work - exotic dancing/stripping - burlesque - professional domination and submission - sugar daddy/baby
DISCOURSE
- plays an important role in shaping our social worlds - institutionalized way of speaking or writing about reality in a way that defines what can legitimately be claimed as knowledge and what cannot - People in positions of power have more power to propagate their preferred world views, their takes on reality, what is just and what its not
INDIGENOUS IN CANADA
- problems with addition and alcoholism - consequence of genocide against communities racist myth of genetic alcoholism - intergenerational trauma, deprivation of land, social exclusion, physical/sexual/spiritual/psychological abuse during childhood
BODY RITUAL AMONG NACRIMENA
- reading about teeth care = mouth-rite in a shrine - seeing something we do everyday from a different perspective
POPULATION PYRAMID WORLD
- rectangle
POPULATION PYRAMID JAPAN
- rectangle but largest groups are 40 and 70
FCT AND HEALTH POLICY
- reduce resource inequalities - contextualize risk factors (how are risks produced) - prioritize interventions that minimize relevance of resources (universal or automatic interventions)
ADVANTAGES SEX WORK ONLINE
- safe pandemic - intimacy, creativity, community, pleasure, empowerement - big audiences
AUSTRALIA SEX WORK COVID
- sex workers fined in new south wales if continue to work - not getting federal income relief -
THE ELDERLY/SENIOR
- social construct - above 65 y o in Canada and peripheral countries - above 50-55 in semi-peripheral countries, Africa - about 40% of our lives - 2 if not 3 generations in the elderly
SOCIAL DISTANCING AND PHYSICAL DISTANCING PARADOX
- social distancing describes the community problem that exists - we are really physically close in big cities but socially we feel distant
DISADVANTAGES OF SEX WORK ONLINE
- some blocked for sex trafficking - fees from websites like OnlyFans take 20% income - competition - hard to establish boundaries with online clients - start-up costs - can be stigmatized - online trolls
EARLY STAGES OF DATING IN COVID
- some decide to stay together/move-in together and move quickly - Quarantining pods of groups of single people that agree to have regular physical contact with each other (like a family, wouldn't open bubble up)
HOSTILE ARCHITECTURE
- spikes on fences and railings to prevent loitering - spikes on ground, dividers on benches to prevent sleeping - uncomfortable seating to prevent prolonged stay - no benches
THE ECONOMISTIC FALLACY
- the economy is embedded in social, cultural, legal and political institutions - it needs to function with purpose to sustain human life and should be organized to support this goal - often argued that society should serve the needs of the economy = the economistic fallacy - should subordinate the market to democratic oversight (regulations) i.e. economy dependent on our public health...
EMOTIONAL LABOUR
- the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work (at home = emotional work) ex. godchild analysis of flight attendant interacting with clients
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN of PPE
- the globalization of capitalism - Shortage of masks highlights interdependence of worlds system and fragility of global economy - China used to make 41% of masks but because of covid their supply low and needed to import masks - Reliant on china's labour, cheap, exploited, less regulated
POVERTY TRAP
- the structural challenges faced when trying to escape poverty - Created when an economic system requires a sig amount of various amounts of capital in order to earn enough to escape poverty
KARL POLYANI FOUR IDEAS
- the threat that markets pose to society - fictitious commodities - the double movement - the economist fallacy
MOST VULNERABLE SEX WORKERS
- trans, disabled, street-based, indigenous, and POC
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR SINGLE PARENTS
- unemployment rate 16% everyone(29,000 jobs lost due to pandemic) - 2016 23% live in single parent households
STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND GENDER
- unequal distribution ofd wealth, power, privilege between women ands men has direct and indirect health effects
LIFE EXPECTANCY CHANGES WITH COVID-19
- unlikely to change because people dying are dying at older ages
BIRTH RATE CHANGES WITH COVID-19 IN INDONESIA
- use less contraception so more likely to have a fertility boom
COVID + SES IN SF
- used cell phone tracking data to track movements - wealthiest people limited their movements more than those in the bottom 10% of income - poorer areas did not see a drop in movement until 3 days later
SEX WORK IS STIGMATIZED
- vectors of disease, home-wreckers, sluts, unmarraigeable, trafficked victims, unfit parents, moral deviants - sex workers experience violence, police harassment, state apprehension of children
POPULATION PYRAMIND IN CANADA
- very few elderly people compared to middle + low young people
IDENTITY IN INTERACTION
- who we are created through interactions (less interactions during covid, lack of symbols creating identity) - interpret who I think they think I am - clothing socially embedded meaning - some social media getting dressed up too go no where
SEX WORKERS ARE RESILIENT AGENTS
- whorganizers gift whorephobia forming bloat sex workers rights movement - supported by AMnest Intl, WHO, AIDS international, UN AIDS, ec. - nothing about us, without us (do not draw up policies without us)
SOCIAL RULES WOMEN'S CLOTHING
- women wear skirts, bras, dresses, heels, shape wear to make women seem more womanly - omen walking a tight rope on how much to cover - clothing limits women's physical movement - heels bad for you - rejecting rules slippers not heels
VULNERABLE TO POVERTY
- women, radicalized and children
ONE WORLD SYSTEM
- world systems theory by Wallerstein - the entire global economy - Nations are shaped by their position in this system
HOW DO WE ADAPT TO CLOSED INFRASTRUCTURE?
- zoom friends - parks purposeful use + maintain distance - programs moved online
OPIOID CRISIS IN BC
The overdose crisis Jan 2016-Sept 2019 § More than 14,700 Canadians died from fatal overdose § Since Jan 2015, in BC 5919 fatal overdoses § A public health emergency in BC as of April 2016 § Known nationally as the epicenter of the OD crisis § A key factor of opioid epidemic is fentanyl § In 2019, BC saw a small decline in OD fatalities (but not OD emergency calls, still increases) § Largely attributed to intensive efforts to prevent OD death (supervised drug consumption facilities, widespread naloxone distribution and training, treatment expansion etc.)
SOCIAL KINSHIP
a fundamental tie shaped by patterns of sociability and a sense of alliance and affiliation (does not need to be of biological origins)
GENERATION
a label if you were born between arbitrary years
RACISM
a set of ideas that implies the superiority of one social group over another on the basis of perceived biological or cultural characteristics + the power to put these beliefs into practice in a way that controls, excludes, or exploits members of minority groups + power to transform prejudicial attitudes and sicrimnation into structures of oppression that function independently from the indentions of individual actors
FAMILY
a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
CLOTHING SOCIOLOGY
a symbol socially embedded in meaning 1. identity in interaction 2. social rules 3. social inequality
LOOKING GLASS SELF
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us - what we think others think of us
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development - 4 levels of technological development - criticized for polarizing global north from global south
AGEISM
age-based discrimination
CAPITALISM
an economic system based on private ownership of means of production, property or capital, competitive markets, wage labour, and the impetus to produce profit and accumulate private wealth
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY AND FEMINIST THEORY
analyzes how family perpetuates social inequality 1. Property and inheritance (property passed down through male heirs, families maintain wealth reinforcing class structure) 2. Patriarchy (gendered roles) 3. Race and ethnicity (racial and ethnic categories persist over generations only to the degree that people marry others like themselves)
POST COVID CAPITALISM
anti capitalist, end of neo-liberalism capitlaism 1. formally free labour becomes secure income and meaningful work (health care not tied to employment) 2. free enterprise becomes stable and affordable housing (housing not tied to income) 2. free markets become social welfare and ecological planning (climate response not tied to corporations)
IMPRESSION ONE GIVES
are intentional verbal and nonverbal practices to cultivate an image
DE FACTO DISCRIMINATION
discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit and social classes
ENVIRONMENT
disease prevalence, vaccine availability + physical, social and economic context + politics, legal system and health policy (presidential info etc) - does not take into account susceptibility (host) and exposure (environment)
3Ds in AGING
disease, disability and death
EPIDEMIOLOGY
diseases and how they spread across a population agent + host + environment = burden of disease - typically doesn't talk about susceptibility (host) and exposure (environment)
POLITICAL
distribution of power (who makes decisions? Where does authority lie?)
FAMILY VIOLENCE
emotional, physical or sexual abuse of one family member by another - Family is the most violent group in society besides police - Spousal violence most common form of family brutality (women 78% of victims) - Physical assault most common type of family violence (57% of all family violence incidents)
GENERATIONALISM
espoused belief that members of any given generation possess specific, defining characteristics that distinguish them from members of other generation - based on assumptions and stereotypes - ignores individual differences - form of ageism
EQAULITY
everyone offered the same tools
IMPERIAL COUNTRIES
exert substantial influence and power whether overtly or covertly (trade)
GENDERED RISK TAKING AND GENDER
gendered socialization shapes health through risk behaviour (drug use, accidents, poisoning etc.)
SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION UNIT OF ANALYSIS
group not individual
RACE
groups of people treated as distinct in society based on superficial physical differences that are made significant by a given society Race is a socially and politically constructed category Race categories are created to justify exploitation and disenfranchisement
SECOND SHIFT STATS 2010
heterosexual couples working FT who had children, women spend 49.8 hours, men 27.2
SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on hierarchical control over basic resources like money, wealth, status, education - universal feature - differs in kind and degree of stratification - exists before a person fills the role
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
how people relate to one another and influence each other's behaviour, identity, self-concept, how we are treated
LOW INCOME VANCOUVER
below 25,338 for a single adult
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
beyond symptom level to treat root causes of health inequities i.e. gender, environment, sexuality, race, location, education, SES
POPULATIONG CHANGE
births - deaths + in-migration - out-migration
STEREOTYPES
inaccurate generalization about the appearance, behaviour or other characteristics of members of particular groups
FERTIILITY
incidence of child-bearing in a country's population
MORTALITY
incidence of death in a country's population
MULTIPLEX RELATIONSHIPS
individuals are tied together by a number of domains ex. father is teacher but you are student ex. asking co-worker for coffee, become friends
EQUITY
individuals given tools specific to their circumstances so we can all strive for the same level of health
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
involves the verbal and nonverbal practices we employ as we attempt to present an acceptable image of ourselves to our audiences Ex. office hours: dress formally, use better vocab, bring props
DE JURE DISCRIMINATION
legal, in laws ex. indian act, chinese head act
TOXIC MASCULINITIES AND GENDER
masculine social pressures may lead to neglecting health (i.e. not sleeping, less healthy eating patterns) or underreporting health issues
CULTURAL RACISM AND RACE HEALTH OUTCOMES
negative prejudices and stereotypes shape discrimination and opportunity structures (e.g. work, property ownership)
CRUDE DEATH RATE
number of deaths/population size - many countries don't have an accurate number, could be underreporting
LTC INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS
nursing homes, chronic care, LTC hospitals, senior residences Can reduce or delay hospitalizations - Costs vary considerably by province: public/NFP/for-profit mix
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
or sex trafficking involves individuals who had been forced or coerced into providing sexual services or more commonly, other forms of labor, for little or no pay.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
organized set of beliefs, rules and patterns focused on meeting basic social needs (e.g. family, media, work, government, science, education, etc.) ex. sport/recreation spaces + TV
WHO 2050 ELDERLY
people over age of 60 will compromise 22% of population of the world - number of older people will be 2.5x now most babies born since 2000 will reach 100 - more people on earth will be over the age of 65 than under the age of five
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
physical spaces in our communities and/or neighbourhoods that - shape our interactions with one another as individuals - places we can go to maintain or forge relationships - low barrier - different activities so diff interactions - can be commercial or community - routine interactions over time with shared focus
HOST
physiology, pre-existing conditions + health behaviour + social identity
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM AND RACE HEALTH OUTCOMES
policies and procedures that reduce access to resources (e.g. segregation)
LATENT FUNCTIONS
positive unrecognized and unintentional ex. social connection, relations, jobs, values, outlet for stress
SOCIOLOGY
practice of looking for general patterns/external factors in society and lives of particular people - systematic study go human society - follows scientific method
EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION AND RACE HEALTH OUTCOMES
psychological stressors that produce adverse changes in physiology and health behaviour (e.g. police violence, micro-aggressions)
PURPOSEFUL AND NON-PURPOSEFUL CONNECTIONS
purposeful: make plans to meet non-purposeful: don't plan to meet ex. parks for parents to bring children for playdate or children interacting with children they don't know, parents connect over this
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
ranking based on income, occupation and education
ECONOMY
refers to the social institution through which a society's resources (goods and services) are managed
PINK COLLAR OCCUPATIONS
relatively low-paying, non manual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women - serving, cleaning, selling clothes - do not offer enough income to pay for necessities - extra costs associated with these jobs
GERENTOLOGY
seeks to understand process of aging and challenges as they grow older - study of age, aging
HOME CARE
serves 1 million of 20% pf 65+ - public and private providers - family and friends care is backbone of these services
CRISIS
sociological perspective helps situate crises within the global context, provides opportunity to see how society was put together and how it can be put together in future
DEMOGRAPHY
study of human size and composition of population - understand changes in rates of population growth
SOCIAL GERENTOLOGY
subfield of gerontology that studies the social and sociological aspect of growing old ex. concerns of dying
STANDARDIZATION
the adjustment of population size to compare characteristics such as death rates or age between countries
ECO-FASCISM
the belief that the only way to deal with climate change is eugenics and brutal suppression of migrants
SURVIVAL SEX WORK
the exchange of sexual services for money to pay rent, meals, or drugs
MIGRATION
the movement of population into and out of space or territory
MANIFEST OUTCOMES
the obvious ex. recreation, health
THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
the study of the larger world and our society's place in it 1. Where we live shapes lives we lead; ex. how gov responds to pandemic 2. Societies interconnected through globalization, social network and technological advancements ex. how connected do you feel to world 3. what happens in the rest of world affects life in Canada ex. BLM 4. Many social problems we face in Canada more serious elsewhere ex. food insecurity 5. Thinking globally helps us learn more about ourselves
SOCIAL-EXCHANGE THEORY
this theory describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation ex. what individuals bring to the marriage marketplace (ex. Wealth, power, beauty) ex. what do families do for us, financial security, raising children, emotional support
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION
this theory focuses in the family by exploring individuals within their own families (how they interact)
SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION and titanic
titanic survival rate organized by social grouping poor + immigrants
SOCIOLOGICAL THINKING/PERSPECTIVE
to shift lens away from individualistic and towards entire group or population
STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND RACE HEALTH OUTCOMES
unequal distribution of wealth, power, b/w POC and non-POC has direct and indirect effects
IMPRESSION ONE GIVES OFF
unintentional, inconsistent with image you are trying to give off
SECOND SHIFT
unpaid responsibilities taken on and borne by women in addition to their paid labour
WAR MEASURES ACT
used in WWI, WW2 and FLQ - predecessor to Emergency Act WWI Ukranian canadians fought for rights to be full citizens WWII 22,000 Japanese Canadians interned following Pearl Harbor attack (75% were Canadian citizens and 13,000 Canadian-born): property taken and sold without consent
FREE MARKETS
vs housework, emotion work - separation from household (previous farm work etc) - covid brought work into home - Government exposed in that it can provide more social programs than it has: the pandemic convinced some republicans to support universal basic income + some companies bring down paywalls (some services now free)
FREE ENTERPRISE
vs state subsidies - private companies - Still requires some state subsidies for basic infrastructure, policing etc - Marx: modern state role is just to control affairs of the bourgeoise (we disagree) - Reaction of state is different than 2008 but with proposals to bolster private sector (ex. airlines, pipelines) means private > public (not much has really changed)
FORMALLY FREE LABOUR
wage workers [ vs. wage contract vs. working conditions] - Frontline workers at greater risk if they are in contact with other people - not all work contracts and conditions are equal - Working conditions assumed to be good enough to get work done - Wage contract = exchange labour for money - Healthcare is tied to work (particularly in the US), work is tied to housing
BACK STAGE
what we do when our masks come off
FRONT STAGE
what we do when we know others are watching (setting, audience, what role we are playing)
SEEING STRANGE IN THE FAMILIAR
what you take for granted and how its familiar to you but realize how strange it is to others
AUDIENCE SEGREGATION
when individuals show a different face to different people
DISCRIMINATION
when prejudices and stereotypes put into action; actions or practice of dominant group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group
WHO IS HIGHER RISK FOR INSTITUTIONALIZATION
women, very old people, people who live alone, low income (who can't afford care to their homes), average age 85+
THE COMMUNITY PROBLEM
worsened when we close social infrastructure - not making connections or not wanting to make connections - over time, more individualized, separating ourselves
LIVES IN POVERTY IF..
cannot purchase a specific basket of goods in their own community (depends on city/town, size of family)
LIVES IN POVERTY IF...
cannot purchase a specific basket of goods in their own community (depends on city/town, size of family)
CFR
case fatality rate
MARGINALITY
certain factors and characteristics put groups and individuals on the margins of society ex. sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, gender/sex, SES
VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN
children are dependent on adults and have limited contact with the outside world, general social survey also suspects even more underreported
SYNDEMICS
co-occurrence of multiple epidemics (widespread occurrence of an infectious disease) that interact and worsen the effect of one another, defined by: (a) Clustering of two or more diseases or health conditions within a population (b) Contextual and social factors that create and reinforce the conditions in which two or more diseases cluster (c) Interaction of disease clusters resulting in worsened diseases burden among the affected population Ex. violence + substance use + adverse mental health + HIV infection together mutually reinforce
SELF CONCEPT
combination of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves - NOT present at birth - dynamic not fixed - developed thorough social interaction
HEALTHY
complete mental and physical and social-well being
PERIPHERY
countries colonized in past or present, systems established by the imperial countries may leave countries economically dependent on imperial nation
INSTITUTIONAL DYSFUNCTIONS
dangers or may disrupt the operation of society ex. cheating, long-term health risk
21ST CENTURY CAPITALISM
- The housing-work nexus: my rent is due, but how can we reflect on the long-term crisis of affordable housing - Evictions on hold, ordering a break in mortgage payments - If homes can be made into workplaces, can empty houses, vacant hotels and workplaces be turned into homes? What does that mean for structure of income equality.
PREJUDICE
"before" "judgement" negative attitudes, feelings, beliefs based on preconceived notions about members of selected groups
IN CANADA COVID
#cases in Canada #deaths in Canada slow down
POOR IN CANADA INCOME
$13,000-18,000, 40% from government help
UNPAID DOMESTIC LABOUR DURING COVID
- Researched from boston consulting group US&Europe 3000 participants showed women do 15 hours a week more than their partners + more responsibilities like school work - found same pattern within households of varying incomes - Canadian study 1,234 mothers and fathers showed Fathers taking on more domestic responsibilities but gendered division of tasks (i.e. women kids, men shopping pre-covid 30%, during covid 37.4% - nyt found men report 50-50 (overeporting) women report they do sig more
WHY DO WE SEE THESE GENDER TRENDS?
- SOCIAL ROLE THEORIES - STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES - GENDERED RISK TAKING - TOXIC MASCULINITIES
THE LANGUAGE OF KARL MARX
- Sees society as unequal based on power struggles in different sociological groups - Who owns means of production? - Whats being exchanged and how? - What is the goal of production? - Who is benefited and who is served? - How is it evolving and impacting our social life?
OPIOID CRISIS STATS DURING PANDEMIC
- Since beginning of pandemic, enormous surge - 112 in march, 117 in April vs 75 in Feb, May 170 - number of OD deaths considerably higher than COVID-19 deaths however response is so different - fears pandemic would exacerbate opioid crisis due to lower incomes, barriers to health care, comorbid conditions but infection hasn't increase just OD fatalities
THE DOUBLE MOVEMENT
- Society or state protects itself from market disruptions ex. The great depression and the emergence of modern welfare states, forming labour unions etc. - EX State expansion of income support in CANADA - reveals how markets fundamentally rely on intact social institutions and social fabric to operate - People lobby or picket or protest for state intervention
NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSES
-Places where people of different backgrounds are able to come together and participate in different activities that allow them to connect freely Ex. kitsilano neighbourhood house = daycare + individual living center for elderly + "living room" community area for coffee etc.
NUCLEAR FAMILY
1-2 parents + child
1910 IMMIGRATION ACT
Banned physically defective, feeble minded, afflicted with diseases, blacks and carribeans because not suited to the climate
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE?
Life expectancy Birth rates
THE POVERTY CYCLE
Social capital to get a job not accessible for people in poverty, hard to get education (expensive and time consuming), low SES and economic capital
WHY A SECOND SHIFT?
Societal and cultural gendered expectation of women and men
SYSTTEMIC RACISM
Systems in place from history that prevent black people from succeeding and bolstering white people for success
