Sociology Chapter 2: Culture & Construction

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culture-as-value thesis

the idea that we're socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong

Culture-as-rationale thesis

the idea that we're socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong

socialization

the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures

dual inheritance theory

the notion that humans are products of the interaction of genetic and cultural evolution

Ethnocentrism

the practice of assuming that one's own culture is superior to the cultures of others

cultural relativism

the practice of noting the differences between cultures without passing judgement

social construction

the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them

media socialization

the process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media

social learning

the transmission of knowledge and practices from one individual to another

signifiers

things that stand for other things (emojis, the christian cross)

culture shock

this cultural diversity makes travel captivating, but also quite disorienting, as out cultural competency becomes compromises

biosocial research methods

tools of sociological inquiry that investigate relationships between sociological variables and biological ones

social networks

webs of ties that link us to each other and, through other people's ties, to people to whom we're not directly linked

cultured physiques

bodies formed by what we do to and with them

binaries

categories we see as opposites or otherwise in opposition

When a person is able to understand and navigator cultures with ease, this is known as being

culturally competent

culture

differences in groups' shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas

In 1893, the Supreme Court ruled that tomatoes are

fruit

The Court ruled that tomatoes are___ so the Nix family had to pay the tax

fruit

beliefs

ideas about what is true and false

sequences

ideas arranged into a specific chronological order (outline, draft, edit and hug, kiss, fondle)

hierarchies

ideas placed into ranked relationships (Nordstrom is higher end than Kohl's)

associations

ideas that we have nothing in common except for the fact that they're connected by a third idea (rainbows/flags, red/green)

cultured capacities

our cultures also influence us to acquire culturally specific skills

norms

shared expectations for behavior

cultural cognitions

shared ideas and values (the idea that red means stop)

social media

social networks mediated by the internet

Webs of ties that link us to each other and, through other people's ties, to people to whom we're not directly linked are known as

social ties

We don't accept _____ passively

socialization

symbolic structure

a constellations of social constructs connected and opposed to one another in overlapping networks of meaning

social network analysis

a research method that involves the mapping of social ties and exchanges between them

culturally competent

able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease

interpersonal socialization

active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures

self-socialization

active efforts we make to ensure we're culturally competent members of our cultures

social construct

an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space

mass media

mediated communication intended to reach not just one or a handful of people but many

cultural objects

natural items given symbolic meaning, or natural resources extracted and molded to serve cultural purposes (stop sign)

values

notions as to what's right and wrong

homophily

our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us

Which of the following was NOT listed as a select agent of socialization?

pets

embodied

physically present and detectable in the body itself

cultural practices

produce cultural bodies, culturally influenced shapes and sizes, capacities, and physiological processes

subcultures

subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies

categories

subsets of things that we believe are sufficiently similar to one another to be considered the same (blue, blouses)

culturally conditioned

taught to respond physiologically to a socially constructed reality

social ties

the connections between us and other people


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